Urgent request: Quotes from representatives of Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, and Mohism

I read a love from Confucius, which is called "benevolence". What is "benevolence"? Confucius did not define it. When we open the Analects of Confucius, we will find many explanations of "benevolence" by Confucius, but one thing is certain, that is, Fan Chi asked Confucius about "benevolence" and Confucius said to love others. So benevolence is love, and what is this kind of love? This kind of love is a kind of love that extends oneself to others, empathizes with others, and puts oneself in their shoes. It is not simply I love you, it is about what it is, both pros and cons. The positive version of your love is "If you want to establish yourself, you will establish others; if you want to achieve yourself, you will reach others." If you want to be established, let others be established. If you want to be smooth, let others be smooth. That is, if you want to pursue happiness, you can also make others happy. This is a positive aspect; what is the negative, or negative aspect, is "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you." Even if you don't want to do it yourself, don't impose it on others. If you don’t want to go hungry, you don’t want to punish others to starve, so this is a kind of psychological ability to empathize with others, put yourself in others’ shoes, and compare yourself to others. This is the “benevolence” of Confucius. Therefore, I think Confucius’ ideal can be summarized this way: start from yourself, start from the side, make the world full of love, and build a harmonious society. This is Confucius' ideal. So I read a love in Confucius, or in other words, I read a love in Confucius to build harmony.

What about Mencius? In Mencius, I read a sense of righteousness. We usually talk about the way of Confucius and Mencius, the way of Confucius and Mencius. In fact, Confucius and Mencius are different. There is a big difference between Mencius and Confucius. What is the difference? Confucius talks about "benevolence" and Mencius talks about "righteousness". What is the difference between benevolence and righteousness? Benevolence loves others, benevolence is a kind of love, what is righteousness, righteousness is the heart of shame, what is shame is that one feels ashamed; evil means hating others, so benevolence is positive, righteousness is negative, righteousness is bringing He is critical, so in Mencius, he has an aura, because Yi wants to criticize himself and make himself feel ashamed. If I do something immoral, I feel ashamed; in addition, he also criticizes others and makes himself feel ashamed when others do something immoral. He also criticized moral matters, so righteousness needs the support of a kind of spiritual power, and this spiritual power can be transformed into material power. This thing is called the awe-inspiring Qi in Mencius, so Mencius said: I am good at cultivating my awe-inspiring Qi. When he has awe-inspiring aura, he has power. When he has aura, he has power. When he has power, he is powerful. So Mencius spoke aggressively and was very rude. Let's read the book "Mencius". You open the first chapter. "King Hui of Liang, Part 1", what does it say? It says that Mencius went to see King Hui of Liang, and King Hui of Liang said, "Sou, you have come thousands of miles away, and you will benefit our country"? Old man, what good are you doing to our country by coming all the way here? What did Mencius say, "Your Majesty, why do you need to talk about benefit? It's just benevolence and righteousness." Your Majesty, why do you talk about benefits when you talk about benevolence and righteousness? Why do you talk about benevolence and righteousness? Why do you talk about benevolence and righteousness? Why don't you talk about it? Interests. Therefore, Mencius speaks in a straightforward manner. Mencius is such a person. My feelings about reading Mencius are different from those of reading Confucius. Reading The Analects of Confucius is like taking a breath of spring breeze, and reading Mencius is like hearing war drums. After reading Mencius, you feel excited. You always want to stand up and do something, but there is really nothing to find. It’s okay to argue individually or find someone to argue with. Mencius was very argumentative. So when I read "Mencius", I read that there was a righteousness that could rule the world peacefully.

The following is about Mozi. Mencius did not like Mozi. Mencius said: "Yang's love for me means that he has no king; Mo's love means that he has no father; without a king and father, he is like a beast." He called Mozi a beast. In fact, we can see that Mencius and Mozi have many things in common. Where do they overlap? I like to speak out. We just gave examples. Mozi did it himself. Everyone knows the story of Mozi saving Song Dynasty. He said that Gongshu Ban was also called Lu Ban. Because Lu Ban's status was too high, we should not use the name Lu Ban. Gongshu Ban created a kind of siege for Chu State. He used his weapon, called a ladder, to attack the Song Dynasty. After Mozi heard the news, he drove for ten days and ten nights, some said from Qi State, some said from Lu State, to Yingdu in Chu State to stop the war. Why should Mozi care? Of course, Mozi stopped this war.

Mozi first persuaded Gongshu Ban and the King of Chu, but he seemed unconvinced. Then he practiced on the spot. He took off his clothes to make a city wall, used a board to simulate it, and fought with Gongshu Ban. Gongshu Ban used nine ways to attack the city. Mozi After using nine ways to defend the city, Gongshu Ban finally had no other options. Mozi had not exhausted all his options. Gongshu Pan said: I have a solution, but I won’t tell you. Mozi said: I know what your solution is, and I won’t tell you. Said; King Chu said: Tell me what you can do; Mozi said: Gongshu Bang's way is very simple, just kill the minister. If you kill me, no one will help the Song Dynasty, but I tell you , three hundred of my disciples have brought my methods and tools to guard Song City, waiting for the Chu soldiers to come and die. The king of Chu had no choice but to stop fighting. The question is why Mozi wanted to meddle in this business. Some people say that Mozi was from the Song Dynasty, because there are two versions of Mozi’s origin. One is that he was from the Song Dynasty, and the other is that he was from the Lu Kingdom. But according to this record, we Knowing that Mozi was not in the Song State at that time, he was either in the Qi State or the Lu State, so he traveled ten days and ten nights to get to Yingdu. Moreover, after Mozi saved the Song State, he left the Chu State on his way back. When passing through the Song Dynasty, it was raining heavily, and the people of the Song Dynasty refused to let him go in to take shelter from the rain. Therefore, Mozi had no direct interest in the Song Dynasty. He was completely acting chivalrously. So when I read Mozi, I read that he was passionate about helping people who were suffering. In Confucius, Mencius, Mo, and Han, I read the attitude towards life; in Laozi, Zhuangzi, and Xunzi, I read the wisdom of life. What kind of wisdom is it? Let's talk about Lao Tzu. Laozi and Han Feizi have something in common. Some of our philosophers combine Sun Tzu, Lao Tzu and Han Fei Zi to talk about it. They think that from "Sun Tzu's Art of War" to "Lao Tzu" to "Han Fei Zi", they are all in the same line. On this issue, I am inclined Yu agrees with Mr. Li Zehou's point of view that Laozi's philosophy comes from military dialectics. The book "Laozi" can be read as a military book. It contains many military methods, but this military dialectics has become political in "Laozi" Dialectics talks about governing a country, for example, governing a big country is like cooking a small one. It has changed from military dialectics to philosophical dialectics, and finally in the daily lives of our people, it has become dialectics of life. In fact, for us ordinary people, reading "Laozi" mainly reads the dialectics of life. So what is the dialectics of life that Laozi talks about? It is that the weak can overcome the strong, the soft can overcome the strong, and doing nothing means doing everything. What is the weakest thing in the world? It's water. What's the most invincible thing? Still water. Water can attack fortresses, water can defeat the strong, drops of water can penetrate rocks, and when floods come over, everything will be gone. Who can fight against water? But water is the weakest. Is the strong always strong? Does being weak mean you will always be weak? Misfortunes are where blessings depend, and blessings are where misfortunes lie. Bad things contain elements of good things, and good things also contain precursors of bad things, so if you succeed, don’t be proud; if you are in a weak situation, don’t be discouraged. Weakness can become strong. If a person wants to succeed, , his method is not to fight, don’t fight. Lao Tzu said: "Because it does not fight, no one in the world can fight with it." This is Lao Tzu’s dialectics of life. This dialectics of life has a great influence on China. Many Chinese sayings and folk proverbs are transformed from Lao Tzu’s thoughts. For example, the first rafter will die first, and the first bird will be killed first. This is Lao Tzu’s thought. , Why not be the first for the world? These ideas all come from Lao Tzu, so Lao Tzu's ideas are also very interesting, that is, they can be used in different fields and produce different results.