The Ming and Qing Dynasties (before the Opium War) was a period when China's ancient civilization declined and gradually transformed into modern civilization. Please summarize.

2 years, a long and meaningless "reincarnation"

It was 196 years from the demise of the Ming Dynasty in 1644 to the Opium War in 184. However, during this nearly 2 years, China, ruled by the Manchu nobility, went through a long and meaningless "reincarnation". The difference between this reincarnation point and 2 years ago is that the nightmare of a country and a nation being beaten and enslaved for a long time has just begun. On the whole earth, the Chinese nation has begun to degenerate into a huge whole that has been slaughtered and oppressed for a long time.

Manchu eyes, mind and wrist

What makes this indisputable fact? Although in China in the new millennium, writers praising Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong are making a big splash, TV dramas praising that era are being broadcasted in turn, and a large number of officials and people are also chattering about the intrigue and sex of the characters in the drama, I am still willing to stand up and pour out pots and pans of foot washing water: this should be an era that has been basically rejected! At the same time, we should also calmly recall and analyze, so that we can understand: what is the Great Qing Dynasty doing in this particularly important 2 years in world history, this 2 years of repositioning the world pattern, and this 2 years in which the western world is advancing by leaps and bounds? Why did the Chinese nation take a "circle"?

At a time when many people are talking endlessly about the so-called "political achievements", "prosperous times" and "eternal emperor" of Kangxi and Yongzheng, I am willing to play an unpopular role with these people, splash dirty water, expose abscesses, and by the way, give these cultural groups a blow: a group of bastards who are not slaves enough! Extremely selfish autocracy made the country and the nation have no chance. I think that the rulers of the Manchu Dynasty had a strong sense of hardship as a whole, but this sense of hardship first considered not the national economy and people's livelihood and the country's prosperity and strength, but the selfishness of one surname and one clan above the country and the nation, and they only paid attention to how to make the Manchu regime "stable, stable and stable again". Therefore, from this perspective, the historical development opportunities of the country and the nation will inevitably "go away one after another"

Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the shipbuilding and shipping industry has always been China's strong point. However, by the Qing Dynasty, the pace of shipbuilding and shipping in China was greatly stagnant or even retrogressed, mostly for the sake of "stability" ―― in the 12th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1655), the Qing government ordered: "Coastal provinces should be strictly prohibited, and no sail into the sea will be allowed, and offenders will be severely punished". Of course, the reason for "sailing into the sea without permission" is "stability", because those Han Chinese who refuse to join, continue to resist and even flee to other countries are mostly related to the sea and sailing.

In the autumn of the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661), the Qing government carried out the policy of moving to the sea, and in order to eliminate the anti-Qing forces at sea, it came up with a unique trick of "strengthening the wall and clearing the wild": the Qing court ordered coastal residents to move inland, and sent a large number of officials to various places to supervise the migration. As a result, coastal residents were forcibly moved 3 miles from Liaodong to Wan Li, Guangdong. The historical records described the situation at that time as "burning houses and accumulating" However, for the sake of "stability", the rulers of the Manchu dynasty ignored these.

1684 was the 23rd year of Kangxi. This year should be a jubilant year for the fishermen of Qing Dynasty, because the national maritime ban was lifted. The reason for lifting the maritime ban was that the Qing Dynasty cleared away the "great menace" ―― after putting down the "San Francisco Rebellion" dominated by Wu Sangui a few years ago, it captured Taiwan Province on the other side and wiped out the Zheng regime that had been separated there for many years in the past year. The maritime ban was lifted, but the maritime merchants did not go smoothly. The Qing government introduced many rules and regulations one after another, such as forbidding large ships to go abroad, forbidding merchant ships to trade in places such as Nanyang Luzon, forbidding ships to be sold to foreign countries, and forbidding many ships to exceed the quota of rice with rations, and forbidding to stay in foreign countries after going abroad. In order to ban it, the government is requested to send a navy to inspect it, and those who violate it will be severely punished. The punishment is also extremely heavy, such as those who sell ships to foreign countries, and those who build and buy ships are immediately beheaded; As for the situation of the people who went to stay in foreign countries, they will know that the people who went with them will be cangue in March, and at the same time write in foreign countries, so that they will behead the people who stayed immediately after they are arrested.

Some things are beyond imagination. For example, one year, Emperor Jiaqing sent an edict to the King of Thailand, forbidding China merchants to operate on behalf of the country's merchant ships. Because Thais are not used to operation, they hire more people from Fujian and Guangdong to sail. Transport the things from Thailand to the port in China, and then take the goods from China to Thailand when you return. But it is such a win-win way that the emperor still stepped in to stop it. Why stop it? I dare to speculate: is it to take into account the decency of the Qing Dynasty, or to guard against the Han people and other nationalities? Fei Zhengqing is a well-known observer of China in the West. After discussing the phenomenon of Manchu rule in detail, he concluded: "In the final analysis, they tend to retrogress, look inward, defend and exclude." In terms of mining industry, the practice of Manchu rulers is very similar to that of maritime trade.

In fact, not only maritime trade and minerals, but also many things can become a breakthrough if they can develop normally, and then become an opportunity for national self-improvement. For example, in Britain in the 184s, wool textile became the fuse of its industrial revolution. However, the rulers of the Manchu dynasty absolutely didn't want any revolutionary fuse, even if this nation would jump into the Longmen from now on! No, what the rulers of the Qing Dynasty dreamed of was the trillion subjects who were always kneeling on their knees and willing to paint the ground for their liver and brain, and always comfortably in front of the "master" who was held, carried and cared for.

It's interesting here. I want to talk about the shotgun-

By the Qianlong period, the production technology of shotgun was quite mature. Some places have set up "people's strong" (about militia) to assist the army. Their weapons don't require the same standards as the army, so some people have already taken the idea of shotgun. However, in February of the forty-second year of Qianlong (1777), Emperor Qianlong ordered the whole country to stop practicing muskets (shotgun) for the people's strong. The reason was that there had just been a rebellion in Shandong. Fortunately, they didn't have a shotgun in hand, so they were quickly wiped out.

However, the power of shotgun is obvious, so a governor named Gao Jin called for the reform of the martial arts examination-changing the dancing knife into shotgun, and determining the score according to the number of targets. This is really a good idea, but after "careful consideration", Emperor Qianlong rejected this suggestion and forbade Wu Ke to switch to shotgun. He said that shotgun is the key to success, and it is not suitable for the people to exercise and hide more. His example is the example of Shandong above, and then he said that if Wu Ke changed to shotgun, Wu Sheng would always learn to shoot, and it would be difficult for people to buy gunpowder and lead pills privately, and the world would be difficult to control. So "what Gao Jin played is absolutely not feasible."

On second thought, what Gan Long said is indeed reasonable, and the "stability" of the country should indeed limit shotgun. However, his "careful consideration" is obviously aimed at home, but he has not considered the threat from abroad. I'm afraid this is what we painfully saw in historical movies when China confronted the British and French armies several decades later: under the shooting of the other side, the soldiers of the Qing army who were loyal, brave and patriotic fell like straw under a sickle, and the way the Qing army could fight back was similar to that of the earthen cannon of the Ming Dynasty two hundred years ago (the range of explosive powder was extremely limited), and a large number of bows and arrows and swords and spears were used for thousands of years. I think, maybe Qianlong didn't expect this. Then think again, if Qianlong knew something underground, he might not regret it, because after that, his Qing dynasty's Wang Zuo lasted for more than 6 years.

In the view of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, there were more threats to their political power than "shotgun", that is, the heretical thoughts of a few Chinese intellectuals. With these thoughts, they will inevitably produce anti-bones, so there will be a series of "literary prisons", and there will be countless "killing without forgiveness" that implicate innocent people, frighten plants and make ghosts cry. In fact, in the second year of Kangxi in the early Qing Dynasty (1653), there was a case of Zhuang Tinglong (beside the word Jia Jin), but the literary inquisition really rose in the late Kangxi period. The reason is also very clear: after Emperor Kangxi wiped out the regime of Yongli in Nanming, pacified San Francisco and destroyed the opponents who were playing with guns in Taiwan Province, it was those "pens" that made him uneasy and urgently needed to be rectified and cracked down. They were those who were obsessed with the late master of the Ming Dynasty and ridiculed the origins and current politics of the Qing Dynasty from time to time.

In p>1711, the 5th year of Kangxi, Dai Mingshi's Nanshan Collection was imprisoned. The wit of Tongcheng, Anhui Province, never thought that he published historical books nine years ago, just because he used Wang Gui's things recorded in a book of a dead Ming Dynasty veteran, and used the Nanming Yongli number, he was exposed and angered by Emperor Kangxi, and the result was lying dead on the street two years later; The dead man, Fang Xiaobao, didn't escape bad luck. He was slaughtered, and many relatives were implicated, including Fang Bao, who wrote "Miscellanies in Prison" because of his imprisonment.

The more famous literary inquisition was the Lv Liuliang case in Yongzheng period. The similarity with the previous case lies in the fact that Lv Liuliang Tongfang Xiaobiao, like him, was an old man with solar terms in the Ming Dynasty, and had a great disrespect for the Qing Dynasty in his writings. It was also many years after his death that others implicated him in the crime. It's just that the case was very dramatic during the trial. Yongzheng asked the protagonist of the case to stay alive, and his purpose was to criticize, correct and guide him to show his wisdom and generosity. His skill was not brilliant, and even his son, Gan Long, seemed to feel that there were many loopholes in it, so Yongzheng's eloquent masterpiece "The Lost Book of Sense of Justice" sent to the local government at that time was taken back, so the "mouse released by the cat" was recaptured, and it was still killed.

according to historical records, there were many literary inquisitions in the Qing dynasty. besides the above-mentioned examples, there were also cases of Cha Siting, Hu Zhongzao, Wang Xihou and Xu Shukui, and other cases, large and small, were countless. Many people were implicated in the case, and the punishment suffered was also an eye-opener. For example, the dead were opened and slaughtered, the living were killed, beheaded and hanged, relatives were sent away, and women were put into office. Among them, there are those who die without complaining, but more are innocent people who are implicated. In fact, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty did not know that there were many souls who died unjustly, such as the examiner who wrote the title "Only the people stop" and the scholar who wrote the poem "The breeze can't read, why bother to turn over the books" at will, and the official who named himself "Gu Xi Lao Ren" but didn't know that this title had been "dedicated" by Emperor Qianlong, although the whole family cried for help, even though many onlookers shook the sky.

This kind of "shocking power" is indeed so great that many scholars in the middle and late Qing Dynasty did not talk about politics as their knowledge and practice, and used a lot of wisdom and wisdom in learning such as writing, exegesis and tedious textual research of famous things. The world called it "entomology", which was actually useless to the world. "I am afraid to smell the literary inquisition, and I write books for rice and Liang." Gong Zizhen looked down on such literati, but how many scholars did not?

a long period of stagnation and silence of an era will inevitably affect the vitality of the whole nation. In fact, when Gong Zizhen, who is young and arrogant, is ready to completely abandon the boring and meaningless "entomology", he has found that this country is lifeless and lifeless, and it has become a declining society that is extremely lacking in talents, history, talent, talents, talents, talents, talents, talents and talents, and even thieves are rare. In 182, it was the time when the whole western world was full of vigor and vitality, and here in the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Jiaqing died after 25 years as a monarch, and the new monarch Wen Ning who succeeded him set the title for future use-Daoguang. It was in this year that the last great poet in the old century in China walked into the deep reeds on an evening with uneven lights in a suburb, and he advised people not to climb the mountains and look far again, because he had clearly felt that the vast land of the Central Plains was suddenly lifeless-

The pavilions were jagged without lights, and people were walking in the depths of the reeds.

don't look up to the heights, but suddenly the twilight in the central plains is coming.

Nineteen years later, the poet is still the same, but he is no longer full of heroic spirit, but has become more depressed and sad. Faced with the long night and the silence of thousands of horses, the poet can't help but send out an earth-shattering inner cry:

Kyushu is angry and thunderous, and thousands of horses are sorrowful to study.

I advise God to get back on his feet and not stick to one pattern. The end

For many years after p>184, the "God of Heaven" did not perk up, but it was an extremely deep disaster. However, the thunder rang after all, and the talent woke up after all. But when people wake up, their homes are broken, the scenery is different, the country is no longer a country, and the whole nation is reduced to a state of fish.