What are the main factors affecting the formation of flower mushrooms?

From the investigation of the occurrence mechanism of flower mushrooms and the actual growth environment, the main factors affecting the formation of flower mushrooms are humidity, temperature, and light, and are also related to wind speed, altitude, etc. Air relative humidity is the most important influencing factor.

(1) Humidity Relative humidity of the air is the most important and direct factor affecting the formation of flower mushrooms. The relative humidity of the air suitable for the normal growth of shiitake mushroom fruiting bodies is 85% to 90%, and when the relative humidity is between 65% and 74%, it is conducive to the formation of the texture of the mushrooms; when it is higher than 80% for a long time, the texture of the shiitake mushrooms cannot be formed. Under such humidity conditions, even if the temperature is low, it is difficult to form flower mushrooms, and only thick winter mushrooms can be formed. On the contrary, low relative humidity, despite high temperatures, can form inferior flower mushrooms with thin caps even in summer. However, if the humidity is too low, and it is lower than 50% to 60% for a long time, the cap will crack prematurely and too deeply and cannot grow, causing the growth of the fruiting body to be seriously inhibited, and only flower mushrooms with little commercial value can be formed. Ding may cause the mushroom buds to become dead mushrooms. The humidity is higher than 75% to 80% for a long time, and the skin does not crack or has only a tiny mesh pattern.

Generally, under microclimate conditions with an average relative humidity of about 70% and a temperature of 8 to 10°C, or a relative humidity of 50% to 60%, turtles will appear on the caps in 3 to 4 days. If the cracked pattern continues to grow, it is a high-quality flower mushroom. For a short period of time at night, the relative humidity is higher than 80%, which will not affect the quality of the mushrooms. During the formation of the mushrooms, the average relative humidity should be maintained between 65% and 74%, and they should not be exposed to rain.

Any factors that can affect the relative humidity of the air can directly or indirectly affect the formation of flower mushrooms.

The evaporation of ground water vapor in the mushroom field will directly affect the formation of the fruiting body cap texture and the depth of cracking. If the mushroom field is humid, the evaporation of water vapor will be large, and the relative humidity of the air in the natural microclimate will also increase, which is not conducive to the formation of flower mushrooms. Therefore, the mushroom-producing site should be located in a place with higher ground, good ventilation, and dry soil. The use of a shelf model is more conducive to the formation of flower mushrooms. If the ground is humid, it should be covered with plastic sheeting or linoleum felt to control the evaporation of water on the ground. A drier site can not only maintain the moisture content of the mushroom wood itself, but also quickly reduce the space humidity. For tree cultivation, you can generally choose gravel land or dry forest land in the mountains that is sunny and ventilated, or it can be appropriately modified to meet the requirements. However, the dryness of the site should be controlled so that the tube does not lose water, otherwise it will be too dry or the ventilation will be too strong. It is impossible for large flower mushrooms to appear in the mushroom field.

(2) Temperature Although temperature and temperature difference are not the decisive factors affecting the formation of flower mushrooms, they also play an important role in the formation and quality of flower mushrooms.

Different varieties of shiitake mushrooms have different adaptability to temperature for the occurrence and development of their fruiting bodies. It is the same variety. Within a certain temperature range that it adapts to, if the temperature is high, the fruiting body will grow quickly and the production cycle is short, but the stalk will be long, the flesh is thin, the umbrella is easy to open, and the quality is poor; if the temperature is low, the fruiting body will grow slowly and the tissue will be dense. , the mushroom meat is thick and the stalk is short, which is conducive to the formation of flower mushrooms. That is to say, within the temperature range in which shiitake mushroom fruiting bodies grow, mushroom meat thickness is negatively correlated with temperature, that is, mushroom meat becomes thicker as the temperature decreases.

Generally, low-temperature varieties are more likely to form high-quality flower mushrooms. Because of low-temperature varieties, the formation of fruiting body primordia and fruiting body development are adapted to slow growth at lower temperatures, and the mushroom body tissue is dense and thick. For high-temperature varieties, the fruiting temperature is relatively high. Although the caps can crack to form flower mushrooms under continuous dry conditions, due to the too fast growth rate, the mushroom flesh will open before the flesh thickens, so it can only It becomes an inferior flower mushroom with thin flesh and long handle. The temperature difference is conducive to the formation of the primordia of shiitake mushrooms, and is also conducive to accelerating the cracking and deepening of the caps under certain low temperature and low humidity conditions, accelerating the formation of high-quality flower mushrooms. Because the temperature difference increases the asynchronous division of epidermal cells and bacterial cells, and at the same time, climates with large temperature differences often have large air humidity saturation differences. When the temperature rises, the temperature saturation difference increases rapidly, which accelerates the generation of patterns and cracks. deepen. According to tests by the Hubei Institute of Meteorological Science, relevant data analysis on the relationship between the formation of high-quality shiitake mushrooms and meteorological factors: In the middle and late stages of fruiting body growth, if the daily temperature difference is above 14°C for 3 to 4 consecutive days, cracks will appear on the cap. , the greater the temperature difference and the longer the duration, the more obvious the cracks will be, and finally a distinctive white flower mushroom will be formed. Lower temperatures (8 to 15°C), larger temperature differences (8 to 10°C), and lower relative humidity (65% to 74%) produce high-quality flower mushrooms with large flowers.

Throughout the year, the climate in spring and autumn north of the Yangtze River in my country is low temperature, low humidity, and large temperature differences, while in the south, the climate is low temperature, low humidity, and large temperature difference in autumn and winter, so these seasons are conducive to the formation of flower mushrooms. The relationship between the formation of flower mushrooms and the difference in temperature and humidity in the production area is shown in Table 8.

(3) Light Light can induce the mycelium in the matrix to gather toward the light surface. The stronger the light, the greater this effect will be. At the same time, strong light can increase the evaporation of water on the surface of the cap. The water absorbed by the individual from the culture material cannot satisfy the evaporation of water on the cap surface, which accelerates its cracking.

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Table 8 The relationship between the quality of shiitake mushrooms and meteorological conditions

Light intensity directly affects the relative humidity of the air. Strong light plus good ventilation , which will inevitably greatly reduce the relative humidity of the air, thus accelerating the cracking of the cap and deepening the cracks.

Flower mushrooms have different requirements for light intensity at different stages of growth. When young buds first appear, they cannot withstand strong light, otherwise they will crack and die. Only when the individual flower mushrooms have accumulated considerable nutrients and reached a stable state (that is, the mushroom buds must grow to a certain size, such as 2 to 3 cm) and will not die due to drastic changes in the environment, can the illumination be increased.

Usually, the fruiting body of shiitake mushrooms develops well when the light intensity is 1000-1300 lux. If you want to promote cracking and deepening of the skin, it can be increased to 1500 lux. The duration of sunshine is also very important for the formation of flower mushrooms. big. During the mushroom fruiting period from November 1982 to March 1983, the Longquan City section of Zhejiang produced large quantities and high quality of wood flower mushrooms. According to actual measurements in several mushroom farms, the average number of ten-day sunshine hours is 59.8 hours, which is more than 60% higher than the average of 31.7 hours in the previous five years. Especially in mid-December 1982, the number of flower mushrooms was the largest, with the number of ten-day sunshine hours being 63 hours, and in late December 1982. 55 hours, which is much more than in previous years.

(4) Wind speed If the wind speed is increased in the mushroom shed, it will help reduce the adhesion of water vapor in the air to the surface of the mushroom body, and accelerate the cracking of the skin to form flower mushrooms. When choosing a mushroom farm, you should choose a more ventilated place, and there should be a certain distance between the mushroom sheds and the ventilation should not affect each other. The direction of the mushroom border should be north-south to facilitate ventilation.

(5) Altitude Although altitude does not directly affect the formation of flower mushrooms, under natural conditions, altitude can affect the temperature and temperature difference. Lower temperatures and larger temperature differences can promote the formation of flower mushrooms and improve the quality of flower mushrooms. The temperature in the north is lower than in the south, so the altitude must be chosen appropriately, otherwise the temperature will be too low, the low temperature will last for a long time throughout the year, and the mushroom growth period will be short, which will affect the yield. In southern my country, the climate is relatively mild, and mushroom cultivation requires an altitude of more than 450 meters. In autumn and winter in this area (the climate is drier, suitable for mushroom growth), the temperature can be maintained at around 8 to 15°C, with a temperature difference of up to 8 ~10°C or above, the naturally formed flower mushrooms are of good quality. At present, most of the varieties used for flower mushroom cultivation are medium-to-low-temperature varieties used for original wood cultivation, such as L-241-4, L-135, etc. The vegetative growth stage requires a relatively long period spanning spring, summer and autumn. time. Therefore, high altitude is also beneficial to avoid the high temperature in southern summer that affects the cultivation of bacterial tubes, and is conducive to the over-summer cultivation of bacterial tubes or mushroom wood.