How to cultivate mushrooms artificially?

Cultivation techniques of Agaricus bisporus

Agaricus bisporus belongs to Basidiomycetes, Agaricus, Agaricus and Agaricus. At present, Agaricus bisporus cultivated in China are all white varieties, which are mainly suitable for fresh sale or canned processing.

Agaricus bisporus is tender and contains more mannose, trehalose and various amino acids, which is delicious and nutritious. According to the determination, every100g of dried Lentinus edodes contains 36-40g of protein, 3.6g of fat, 31.2g of carbohydrate, 718mg of phosphorus, 0/88.5mg of iron13/kloc.

Agaricus bisporus has certain medicinal value and immune function to viral diseases. Agaricus bisporus polysaccharide and protein have certain anticancer activity, which can inhibit the occurrence of tumors. Tyrosinase can dissolve a certain amount of cholesterol and has a certain effect on lowering blood pressure. Both trypsin and maltase contribute to the digestion of food. Chinese medicine believes that Agaricus bisporus has the functions of refreshing, promoting digestion and lowering blood pressure.

The artificial cultivation of Agaricus bisporus began in Louis XIV of France, about 300 years ago. In China, the artificial cultivation of Agaricus bisporus began at 1935, and the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus at 1m2 requires an investment of about 10 yuan, which can produce 5- 10 kg Agaricus bisporus. The economic benefit is very good.

I. Conditions for growth and development

1, Nutrition: Mushrooms are saprophytic fungi, and their growth and development depend entirely on the nutrients in the culture medium. The carbon sources that mushrooms can use are glucose, sucrose, maltose, starch, vitamins, hemicellulose and lignin. They must be decomposed into simple carbohydrates by other microorganisms and enzymes secreted by mushroom mycelium before they can be absorbed and utilized. The nitrogen sources that mushrooms can use are urea, ammonium salt, peptone, amino acids and so on. Mushroom growth also needs some mineral elements, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium and trace elements, such as iron and molybdenum. Therefore, when preparing culture medium, besides manure, urea, ammonium sulfate, calcium superphosphate and other main raw materials, a certain proportion of gypsum and lime should be added to meet the needs of mushroom growth and development.

2. Temperature: The mycelium growth temperature is 5-33℃, and the optimum temperature is 23-25℃. Below 5℃, the mycelium grows slowly. Above 25℃, although it grows fast, it is slender and weak and easy to age. When the temperature exceeds 32℃, the mycelium is easy to decline or turn yellow and upside down, so that it stops growing.

The fruiting body can be formed at 7-22℃, and the optimum temperature is 15- 18℃. In this temperature range, the fruiting period only lasts about 3 months. In the range of 13- 18℃, the fruiting period can reach 6 months. The fruiting body formed at lower temperature is white, thick, round and mushroom-shaped, with thick meat and high yield. In the process of fruiting body formation, especially during the period from young buds to young mushrooms, the temperature can only be maintained at the original temperature and cannot be increased, otherwise a large number of Pleurotus ostreatus or a large number of mushroom buds will shrink and die. Because hyphae are essentially like interconnected "tubes", they intertwine with each other at low temperature to form mushroom buds, and nutrients are transported to the mushroom buds through the flow of protoplasm in hyphae cells for growth and development. If the temperature rises, especially at a high temperature for a long time, the mycelium transports the nutrients in the mushroom buds to the surrounding hyphae for the mycelium to spread and grow, resulting in a large number of mushroom buds dying. The optimum sporulation temperature is 65438 08-20℃. If it exceeds 27℃, it is a fairly mature fruiting body and will not produce spores. The optimum temperature for spore germination is 24-26℃. Too high or too low will prolong the germination time or not germinate.

3. Moisture and humidity: The water needed in the growth of mushrooms comes from the covering of culture materials and the relative humidity of the air in the cultivation place. In the growth stage of mushroom mycelium, the water content of the culture medium is required to be 60-65%. Less than 50% of hyphae grow slowly, and many villous hyphae are slender, which makes it difficult to form fruiting bodies; When the oxygen content in the culture medium is higher than 70%, the growth of mushroom mycelium will also be affected. The humidity of the overburden should be kept at about 18-20%. Excessive drying will affect the development of mycelium and young mushrooms and reduce the quality of mushrooms. During the fruiting period, the relative humidity of the air should be controlled between 85-90%. If it exceeds 95%, water droplets will remain on the bacterial cover for a long time, which is easy to produce various plaques; If it is less than 70%, the surface of the bottle cap will harden or even crack, which is easy to sag; If it is less than 50%, the small mushroom buds will wither and die, and the mushrooms will stop growing.

4. Air: Mushrooms are aerobic fungi, which need a lot of fresh air in both the mycelium growth stage and the fruiting body generation stage. The CO2 concentration during spawning period should be controlled between 0.034-0. 1%. If it exceeds 0. 1% in the fruiting period, the cap is small, the handle is slender, and the umbrella is easy to open; If the concentration of CO2 is higher than 0.5%, it will inhibit the differentiation of fruiting bodies, stop fruiting, and at the same time, the villous hyphae in the culture medium will grow vigorously on the surface covered with soil. Therefore, it is necessary to ventilate in time and provide sufficient fresh air.

5, lighting: mushroom growth does not need light, the whole process can be carried out in a completely dark environment. The fruiting bodies grown in dark environment are white in color, round in shape and good in quality. However, when the fruiting body is generated, it is best to stimulate it with scattered light. The light in the mushroom room should not be too bright at this time. If the light is too strong, the surface of the mushroom body is easy to dry and turn yellow, and the quality decreases.

6.PH value: Mushroom mycelium can grow at PH value of 5.8-8.0, and the most suitable PH value is about 7. Because the mycelium will produce carbonic acid and oxalic acid in the growth process, the accumulation of these organic acids in the culture medium and covering soil layer will gradually make the living environment of mycelium sour and the PH value decrease. Therefore, when sowing, the PH value of the culture material should be adjusted to 7.8-8.0; Adjusting the PH value of soil particles to about 8.0 is beneficial to the growth of mycelium and can inhibit the occurrence of mold.

Second, the main points

Process: preparing materials → pre-wetting → building piles → turning piles → making beds → entering sheds → sowing → fruiting management → covering soil → fruiting management → harvesting.

(1) Formula of culture medium and requirements of various materials (calculated by 240m2)

1. Formula: 2900kg of straw, 2900kg of dry cow dung, 40kg of urea, 25kg of ammonium bicarbonate, 75kg of calcium superphosphate, 0/00kg of lime and 0/00kg of cake fertilizer. A total of 6050kg, 233.6kg per meter.

2. Preparation of culture medium: (1) Straw should be fresh and yellow without mildew, and dry. All moldy and rain-soaked straws can't be used.

(2) The purity of cow dung should be above 80%. If there is more soil, the amount of cow dung should be increased appropriately. Collect, dry in the sun and crush for later use to prevent mildew and rain. After the cow dung is crushed, the diameter of the dung ball shall not exceed 1cm, and the cow dung shall not be less than 500kg.

(3) The ratio of dung to grass is generally 4:6 or 5:5. When dung is less than grass, cake fertilizer should be added.

In the preparation of culture materials, there are more manure and less grass, and the permeability of culture materials is poor; However, there is more grass and less manure, and the culture medium has good air permeability, but poor nutrients. Therefore, when composting, in addition to dung and grass, cake fertilizer and chemical fertilizer should be added to supplement nutrients and increase looseness.

(2) Treatment methods before composting.

1. Fermentation time: It takes 20-25 days to ferment with straw and cow dung.

2. Prewetting the culture material: firstly, cut the straw into 15-30cm long, soak it in water for about 30 minutes, take it out, pile it up for 1-2 days, and spray water on the surface twice a day.

3. Pre-stacking: after the straw is pre-wetted 1-2 days. Spread the pre-wetted straw into a pile with a width of 2.2m, a height of 30 cm and a length of 18m, then sprinkle some lime on the surface of the straw, spray water once to make lime powder penetrate into the straw, sprinkle a small amount of ammonium bicarbonate, and spread a layer of straw, and so on until the pile is finished. Generally, 4kg ammonium bicarbonate and 8kg lime are used each time.

4. Pre-wetting of other materials: The day before straw pre-stacking, cow dung and cake fertilizer should be humidified with 1% lime water, and the water content should be held by hands, and 2-3 drops of water should be dropped between fingers.

(3) Stacking and overturning

1. Preparation before pile construction: Before pile construction, calcium superphosphate, urea, gypsum and calcium carbonate are crushed and mixed evenly, and then fully mixed with pre-wetted cow dung and cake fertilizer to make a mixture.

2. Stacking: 2 days after pre-stacking. When building a pile, the water content should be 4-5 drops after twisting the straw by hand. Spread the pre-wetted straw on the ground, with a thickness of 30cm, a width of 2.2m and a length of 18m, and then spray the mixture with an amount of 1/6 of the total amount. The straw thickness of each layer from the second layer to the sixth layer is 30cm. The dosage of the mixture is 1/6 of the total, and the operation is the same as that of the first layer. The pile height is 1.8m, and the top of the pile is turtle-backed. When stacking materials, the bottom layer is not watered, the middle layer is watered less, and the upper layer is watered more until the water overflows around the pile. Generally, on the fourth day or so, the material temperature will rise to about 70℃. Cover with straw curtain after composting and plastic film before it rains.

3. First pile turning: 5-7 days after pile construction, when the material temperature reaches the highest temperature of 65-70℃ and begins to decrease, pile turning will be carried out. When turning the pile, the material should be shaken loose, so that ammonia gas in the material can be emitted, and the middle material should be turned over and the bottom material should be turned over, and the middle material should be turned over to both sides. Each shed material should be sprayed with dichlorvos and water evenly in layers. In case of rainy day, cover it with film in time, and uncover the film immediately after the rain stops to prevent the ammonia gas from being too heavy.

4. Second turning: 5-6 days after the first turning, the second turning is carried out, and the turning method is the same as before. The width of the pile should be reduced to 2 meters, and the height and length remain unchanged. Insert a wooden stick with a thickness of 12- 15 cm every 1.5m, and pull it out after the pile is rebuilt, and use it as an exhaust hole to discharge polluted gases such as ammonia.

5. Third pile turning: 5 days after the second pile turning. The method is as above. Adjust the PH value to 7.8-8 when turning the pile, add lime water when it is low, and add water when it is high. When the material temperature exceeds 60℃, an exhaust port shall be set every1.0m.

6. Fourth pile turning: 4 days after the third pile turning. The water content is 65-70%, and each shed is evenly sprayed with formaldehyde 1.5kg and mixed with water. Simple outdoor secondary fermentation (2-3 days) is needed.

7. According to the fermentation temperature and fermentation degree, if the feed temperature starts to drop after several days of fermentation, it must be turned over, or it must be turned over if it reaches about 80℃ for 2-3 consecutive days. We must grasp the situation of turning over flexibly.

(four) the quality standard of compost fermentation before entering the shed

1, and the medium is brown.

2. Straw is soft and elastic, and raw materials such as straw and cow dung are evenly mixed.

3. The water content of the material is 65%, and there is a watermark between the finger of the material and 1-2 drops of water.

4, PH7.5 or so.

5, no pests and bacteria, no abnormal smell such as fecal odor, sour taste, ammonia smell, etc. , with the unique fragrance of mushrooms.

(5) into the shed

1, disinfection and disinfestation: before entering the shed, use 0.5kg phoxim to disinfest the whole mushroom shed at night.

2. When making the bed surface, sprinkle some lime first and mix the straw fine materials evenly. Don't compact when paving, it should be flat, and the middle is 2-3 cm thicker than the edge.

3. The thickness of the culture medium is about 20 cm.

4. After the materials are laid, clean the aisle in the shed, put all the tools into the shed and close the doors and windows.

5, each shed (240m2) with 2.5kg formaldehyde, fumigation disinfection method for 24 hours.

After 6.24 hours, open the doors and windows in the shed and ventilate until there is no odor such as formaldehyde, ammonia and odor.

7. Inoculate after measuring the temperature of the culture medium below 28℃ and the PH value around 7.5.

(6) sowing

1. If it's sunny, it's better to arrange it after 3 pm.

2. The sowing amount is1-1.5 bottles of bacteria per square meter.

3. Clean the sowing tools with 3‰ potassium permanganate solution, and then dry them with clean gauze.

4. First, take half of the total strain and spread it on the material surface, then insert your finger into the material and move it a few times to make the wheat grains fall 2-3 cm below the material surface, and then sprinkle the remaining half of the seeds on the material surface.

5. Gently tap the surface of the material with a wooden board or basin bottom.

6. Cover the surface of the material with toilet paper or newspaper.

(7) Management of bacteria

1. Always observe the temperature in the shed and the material temperature. The highest temperature in the material does not exceed 29℃, and the optimum temperature is 22-27℃.

If the temperature in the shed is not high within three days, there is no need for ventilation, and the newspaper will be withdrawn after three days.

3. After three days, the bacteria germinate normally and can be slightly ventilated. After seven days, the ventilation rate can be increased to promote the growth of hyphae into the material until three quarters of the hyphae are ready to be covered with soil.

(8) Covering soil

1. Preparation: River soil and clay are better. Dig out the surface about 20cm before covering the soil, then break the soil and put it in the sun for a few days to sieve.

2. Three days before covering the soil, fully mix 40kgCaCO3 and 50kg superphosphate in each shed, and wet the covering material with limewater. It is required that the PH value of the covering material should be around 7.5, and the moisture should be rubbed by hand, so that it will disperse when it falls. The high cables piled to 1m will be covered with plastic sheets, and the soil will not be covered until 12 hours.

3. 3-4 days before covering the soil, the material surface of the mushroom shed should be slightly arranged, and the material surface should not be uneven. If the surface of the material is dry, lime water with PH value of 7.2 should be sprayed frequently in the first 2-3 days, and then sprayed lightly to adjust it to a wet state.

4. Before covering the soil, mix 0.5kg phoxim and a small amount of water in each shed. Spray it on the surface of the material by light spray and fine spray.

5. Covering: Take out the covering material from a clean small basin and sprinkle it gently on the surface of the material with a thickness of 2.5-3 cm.

6. 5-7 days after covering the soil, close the vent to promote the growth of mycelium to the soil layer. After the hyphae climb the soil, increase the ventilation, and sprinkle a layer of fine soil without nutrition on the surface of the covering soil, and the thickness is appropriate for the hyphae to be invisible.

(9) About the best sowing date

The best sowing date of Agaricus bisporus is September 5-15, and it can't exceed September 25 at the latest. The sowing date is too late, and the cooling affects the yield of autumn mushrooms. Sowing for 7 days every night affects the harvest of Pleurotus ostreatus. Therefore, it is required to complete the straw pre-wetting work before August 10, and strive to start fruiting around June 10.

(10) mushroom shed (winter greenhouse) requirements

1, the shed body should be firm, the drainage should be smooth, and there is no water in the aisle.

2. The canopy is thicker, with the highest temperature of 22℃ and the lowest temperature of 5℃.

3. There are two rows of vents under the north wall and mushroom house; The south wall has ventilation openings, and the east and west walls have ventilation passages relatively; The standard shed is 8 meters wide and 30 meters long, and it runs from east to west. The shed is built in a higher place with excavation depth of 1m and no water. There are four bacterial beds in the shed, the middle three aisles are 66cm wide, the bacterial beds on both sides of the wall are 1m wide, and the middle two beds are1.2m; Wide. The excavated soil in the corridor is used as the front and rear walls, the front wall is 30cm high and the rear wall is 1.2m high.

(1 1) Harvest

After sowing, mushrooms begin to grow in about 35 days. The first crop produces a large amount of mushrooms, so it is necessary to arrange picking in time. The selection criteria are that the umbrella diameter is within 3-3.5 cm and the handle length is within 0.5 cm.