Which famous people in ancient times were smart when they were young?

The Book of the Later Han Dynasty said that Kong Rong was a "juvenile prodigy". According to the Rong Family Biography, there are seven Kong Rong brothers, and he ranks sixth. When he was four years old, every time his brothers ate pears together, they always took the big ones, but he always picked the small ones. When the adults at home asked him why, he replied, "I am a child, and I should take care of the young." Because of this, he was praised by Kong's relatives. At the age of ten, Kong Rong came to Luoyang with his father. At that time, Li in southern Henan was already very famous. The person he accepted was called "going to the Dragon Gate" (Li Yingchuan in the Later Han Dynasty). However, he "does not waste customers", which does not mean that he does not receive celebrities and well-known families. When I was a child, Kong Rong insisted on meeting Mars. He said to the gatekeeper of the Li family, "I am the son of the Li family. Please inform me." After Mars invited him in, he asked him, "Is there any kindness between Gao Ming's ancestors, father and servant?" Kong Rong replied, "Of course. Confucius, the former monarch, and Li Laojun, the ancestor of the monarch, are friends with each other and are integrated with your family. " All the people present were amazed that he was so clever at an early age and was a "different child" ("Shi Shuo Xin Yu Yan Yu cited" Rong Biezhuan "). Mars also praised him for "becoming a great musical instrument" in the future.

Three years later, his father died, and Kong Rong stayed at home in mourning. At this time, he was thirsty for knowledge and read widely, which gradually attracted the attention of the country. On the occasion of Huan Ling in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the disasters of the parties broke out one after another. Eunuchs control state affairs, block roads, suppress dissidents, and search for upright people in the ruling and opposition parties. At that time, Yang Shan Zhang Jian was hated by Zhong Changshi (the eunuch leader) Hou Lan and was forced to flee everywhere. James Zhang had an old friendship with Kong Bao, Kong Rong's younger brother, and then fled to Kong's home. It happened that Kong Bao was out, and only 16-year-old Kong Rong was at home. James Zhang saw that he was young and didn't trust him at first. Kong Rong said, "Although my brother is away, can't I do something for you?" So he hid James Zhang at home. Unexpectedly, things leaked out. Kong Rong was arrested and imprisoned, and was locked up with his younger brother Kong Bao. The two brothers fought to the death, and the counties were in doubt, so they had to write to their superiors to deal with it. As a result, they asked Kong Bao about his crimes, but Kong Rong became famous. At that time, Tao and the border guards in the plain were both handsome at that time, and Kong Rong was just as famous as the two and became a great celebrity at that time.

Although Kong Rong was a "post-Great Sage", he became a celebrity in troubled times. He once boasted that he wanted to help the Han Dynasty, but he lacked political knowledge and wisdom. During his tenure in Beihai Township, his main achievements were to establish a school, show Confucianism, raise talents and hang on to life. As for fighting with soldiers, this famous man will make a fool of himself. He was besieged by the Yellow Scarf Army and Yuan Shao's men many times in Beihai, so that he "abandoned the county without protecting the four sides" (The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Cui Yan was quoted from Kyushu Chunqiu). On one occasion, he was trapped by the Guan Hai Department of the Yellow Scarf Army in Duchang and was rescued by Liu Bei. Once again, in the first year of Jian 'an, Yuan Tan, the son of Yuan Shao, led the troops around Kong Rong in Qingzhou. For several months, there were only a few hundred defenders left in the city, and the situation was in jeopardy, while Kong Rong "sat alone, studied and spoke freely" (as before). As a result, only a "bad guy in the city died", leaving me alone, and my wife and children became prisoners. On the one hand, it is unrealistic to think highly of yourself, and on the other hand, it is because you are incompetent. In this way, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the strongmen were in dispute and the powerful were separated, Kong Rong, though "unwilling to be mediocre as a county magistrate" (ditto), achieved nothing after all, and could only be a celebrity at best.

Recommend virtuous people and induce backward people.

On the one hand, Kong Rong was arrogant and thought that "heroes and handsome men were out of reach at that time" (Kyushu Spring and Autumn Annals), on the other hand, he was quite knowledgeable. He is tolerant of good people. Anyone who points out his shortcomings to his face will praise his advantages behind his back. If you know the talents of others and don't recommend them, you think it's your own fault; The rest, even with the slightest kindness, were treated by him. Because of this, he "recommended sages and won many awards" in his official career. In Beihai, he successively recommended Peng Ying, Wang Xiu, Li Yuan and others, and invited the court to be Gaomi's "Gongzheng Township", the hometown of Zheng Xuan, a famous scholar at that time. When Kong Rong was a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine, there were many guests every day. He said with emotion, "The guests are always full, and the wine in the bottle is not empty, so I have no worries."

Kong Rong's style of "being fond of attracting interests and being backward" is unshakable. When he worked in Shaofu in his later years, he also strongly recommended Xiaozhang Sheng, a famous scholar of Wu State, to Cao Cao. In On Xiaozhang Sheng, he sympathized with his old friends who were "trapped in Sun Shi" and "lonely in danger and sorrow" and lamented that "knowledge at home is scattered and exhausted". I hope that Cao will lend a helping hand to the sages, and he has a great feeling of "crying as a bosom friend in his later years" (Xie Ao's "Thinking about Crying on the West Taiwan"). In the first year of Jian 'an, Kong Rong met Mi Fei who was twenty years younger than himself. Mi Heng is also an upright and upright person. He is just proud and hates evil, but he is friendly with Kong Rong and Yang Xiu, and they share his personality. Kong Rong also appreciated Mi Fei's ability and political integrity, and wrote a letter to Cao Cao praising him as "wise and talented". ..... loyal fruit integrity, ambition with frost and snow "("Mi Heng table recommended "). However, it is such a young and promising Jian 'an writer who died young because of his arrogant personality. Mi Fei's death undoubtedly foretold the fate of Kong Rong.

Call a spade a spade and hit the nail on the head.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the situation was turbulent, social thoughts were gradually liberated, and Confucianism could not completely standardize people's code of conduct. As a saint, Kong Rong studied Confucianism since childhood, but due to the influence of the times and his integrity, his speech and behavior are often very natural. Kong Rong often travels in casual clothes, without official clothes or headscarves. In Kong Rong's mind, the so-called filial piety is also unworthy. He even said, "What is the relationship between father and son? As far as its original intention is concerned, it is actually lust. What is a child to a mother? Is it also ridiculous? For example, if you send something in a bottle, it will leave. " Who would have thought that such deviant remarks came from the son of Confucius? We contacted the Han dynasty rulers who advocated "ruling the world by filial piety" at that time. The nonsense of Wang Xiang lying on the ice and Guo Ju burying children kept appearing in the official history, and we had to admire Kong Rong's courage.

Kong Rong was one of the righteous representatives of the gentry at that time. He was upright in Geng Jie and proud all his life. As soon as he entered the official career in his early years, he showed his sharpness and corrected corrupt officials. "Chen has no words to sin." When Dong Zhuo manipulated the abolition of the imperial court, he often ignored Zhuo's purpose. As a result, all the samurai corps commanders moved to Zuoyilang. Later, in Xuchang, Kong Rong often commented or wrote articles, attacking some measures that mocked Cao Cao. When Qiu married Yuan Shu, Cao Cao took it out on the table and planned to kill him. When Kong Rong knew this, he hurried to see Cao Cao, who didn't wear royal robes, and persuaded him not to kill innocent people, so as not to lose the hearts of people all over the world. And claimed: "If you kill Yang Biao, I, Kong Rong, will take off my clothes and go home tomorrow, and I will never be an official again." (The History of the Three Kingdoms, Cui Yan, quoted from Continued Han) Because of Kong Rong's argument, Yang Biao was saved from death. In the ninth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao captured Yecheng, and his son Cao Pina and Yuan Shao's daughter-in-law Zhen Shi became his wife. When Kong Rong knew this, he wrote to Cao Cao and said, "The King of Wu attacked Zhou, and my sister gave it to the Duke of Zhou." Cao Cao didn't understand that this was a mockery of their father and son and asked what the classics were. Kong Rong replied, "Just take it for granted." At that time, years of war, coupled with famine and shortage of rations, Cao Cao ordered the prohibition of alcohol, and Kong Rong made a series of books against it. Cao Cao was jealous of Kong Rong's repeated obstruction of himself, because the situation in the north was still unstable at that time, and Kong Rong's reputation was too great, so there was nothing he could do. In the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, the situation in the north was stable. On the eve of the great cause of reunification, Cao Cao began to attack Kong Rong in order to eliminate internal interference. He instigated the Prime Minister's army to plan a drink offering, falsely accused Kong Rong of "bad planning" and once "let go" with Miheng. The charge is Kong Rong's statement about the relationship between parents and children. So, in August of the 13th year of Jian' an, Kong Rong was abandoned and his wife and children were killed at the same time.

Although Kong Rong's death was largely caused by himself, it was also related to Cao Cao's avoidance of virtue and harm to energy. Today, people who rehabilitate Cao Cao are praising him for loving, seeking and using talents, but at the same time they also ignore the other side of Cao Cao's sometimes narrow-minded, jealous of talents and killing talents. Isn't Cao Cao's slaughter of Kong Rong, Yang Xiu, Cui Yan and Hua Tuo and his murder of Mi Fei the most obvious example?

Articles on "exquisite body and spirit" and "juggling"

Kong Rong is not only a celebrity, but also a writer. Cao Pi listed it as one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an" (see Dian Lun Wen). After his death, Cao Pi collected 25 posthumous articles for him. However, this limited legacy was lost in later generations, and most of it was only fragments, of which only eight poems were left. As far as his handed down works are concerned, his prose is superior to poetry. Cao Pi said in Dian Lun Paper: "Kong Rong has a wonderful body and a great man; "But you can't hold a theory, you can't talk about it. As for it, it is ridiculous. Yang and Ban also spoke highly of him, but also pointed out his shortcomings. Kong Rong's prose is known for its sharp humor, which can be seen from the aforementioned letters in which Kong Rong mocked Cao Cao and his son. His two books, The Difficulty of Banning Books for Cao Gonglie, are also strong satires. In the first part, the ancient philosophers, Wang Shengxian and civil servants made a career out of wine and came to the conclusion that "wine is not good for politics". The second one is more ironic. Cao Cao said that alcohol can ruin the country and must be banned. Kong Rong retorted: Some women have lost the world, so why can't they get married? When I arrived, I simply hit the nail on the head and told Cao Cao's old story: "If you doubt and care about two, you can't take the death of the king as a warning." In his article, Kong Rong argued irrationally and opposed the prohibition of alcohol, which is unreasonable. It only shows his ups and downs and sharp writing style. This may be the reason why Cao Pi criticized him as "unreasonable and ridiculous".

In addition to the above features, Kong Rong's prose has a deep and euphemistic style, such as the famous On Xiaozhang Sheng mentioned above. On the whole, his prose pays attention to the beauty and symmetry of words, and has a strong atmosphere of lovers, which is what distinguishes Kong Rong from other writers of the same period. At the same time, people also pointed out that his articles "exquisite writing style" and "straightforward writing style, vivid with qi" ("Lectures on the History of Liu Medieval Literature") reflected the literary creation in the Jian 'an period.

Compared with prose, Kong Rong's poetry is inferior. His second "Miscellaneous Poem" expressed the grief of his young son's death, which was a good lyric poem at that time.

Among Kong Rong's poems, his last poem has a high cognitive value. It reveals the social reality of "exorcising evil spirits and harming righteousness, and floating clouds destroy the sky" sadly, because most of his murder charges are due to his profound understanding of Lv Chi and Lv Cui. In feudal society, all upright people who are just proud and have no power are inevitably wronged and hurt. "There are many concerns about survival, and everything is over after a long sleep." Although this tone is pessimistic and desperate, it is, after all, Kong Rong's final complaint against the dark reality.

Kong Rong, a litterateur in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, was one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an". He was a famous Confucian scholar at that time and made considerable achievements in Confucianism and literature. He was respected and admired by the world, and Kong Rong made the story of Pear a household name. Later he was killed by Cao Cao. Today we will appreciate the scholar's way of dealing with people and the reason why he was killed.

Kong Rong's intelligence is obvious to all: at the age of ten, Kong Rong followed his father to Luoyang to meet the famous scholar-bureaucrat Li Yuanli. He is so knowledgeable that many scholars want to see him. However, there were too many tourists, so Li Yuanli decided to meet only relatives and friends. Kong Rong came to the front of the Li family and told the gatekeeper that he and his father were relatives of the Li family. The gatekeeper took them to their master. Li Yuanli certainly wants to know what is the relationship with them. Kong Rong generously explained: My ancestor Confucius once asked your ancestor Lao Zi (Lao Zi was originally named Li Er) for a gift. Your ancestors were my ancestors' teachers, so we should be family friends. Li Yuanli and his guests listened to Kong Rong's reasoning and were full of praise for his intelligence and wisdom. However, a guest Yang Chen sarcastically said, "It's time, but it's not necessarily good to be older." Kong Rong immediately retorted, "Then I think you must have been great when you were a child." Chen Wei was refuted by him, blushing and speechless for a long time. This reflects Kong Rong's cleverness and wit from one side, but it also reflects Kong Rong's love of sarcasm, which is his character.

Generally speaking, smart people have the weakness of overrating themselves and looking down on others, especially not listening to the opposite opinions. If we can't overcome this weakness, cleverness may become a sword of self-harm. At the same time, a smart person is doomed to find fault with the world he lives in, which is the best evidence that personality determines fate. Kong Rong is such a clever man that he never hides his cleverness.

Kong Rong, with his cleverness, arrogant words, outspoken, said what he thought, and never considered the feelings of the other party, even if the other party was Cao Cao, who had the power to monopolize the world. After Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, he gave Yuan Shao's daughter-in-law, Zhen Shi (the protagonist of Luo Shenfu), to Cao Pi. Kong Rong wrote a personal letter to Cao Cao, saying, "Once upon a time, I cut off Zhou and gave my beloved concubine da ji to his younger brother, Duke Zhou. This time, Tsao followed the example of the prince and gave Zhen Shi to the prince. He is quite generous. Congratulations! " Cao Cao thought it was a good word, so he was very happy. When I returned to Xuchang, I asked where the Kong Rong Temple was. Kong Rong replied slowly, "Ah, I got it. In my analysis, the wise and kind prince of Wu would not have the heart to kill the beauty and give da ji to his younger brother, so as to satisfy his love for jade and care for his compatriots. Isn't it the best of both worlds? " Cao Cao realized that Kong Rong was laughing at their father and son and secretly held a grudge.

Kong Rong has a common fault among literati, that is, he thinks he is talented and wants to do great things, but he can't do great things and doesn't do small things. They are all frivolous literati, who only drink and write poems and talk loudly, but they don't and don't want to do practical things: "Integrating into the North Sea, relying on intelligence to support themselves and overflowing their talents, which was beyond the reach of heroes at that time. I am also ambitious, I want to improve the armor of the army, and I want to make contributions with the sages. Since I established a colony in Dai Yu, I refuse mediocrity, such as staying in the county, serving the local people and going to meetings. However, what he appointed, curious and different, was ignorant. As for those who look back, it is ridiculous to be respectful. Although the ceremony is prepared, it has nothing to do with state affairs. " "It's hard to learn from facts." . Therefore, although he is ambitious, he still looks down on the mediocrity welcomed by his colleagues, but his way of doing things is more divorced from reality. Although he made some achievements in culture, he could not do it economically and militarily, so that he had nowhere to live later. Politically, it is even more chaotic, and the key to complex problems cannot be seen, and the cunning lower-level officials cannot be cured. Doing things is very disorganized, sometimes relaxing management, sometimes "killing five Du You at once" and "raping corrupt people and fooling the market can't be cured." This gives those who hate him an excuse to beat him.

The person recommended by Kong Rong is as arrogant and sarcastic as he is. For example, Mi Heng, who he recommended, read a lot and was extremely arrogant. Kong Rong recommended Mi Fei to Cao Cao, saying that he had both ability and political integrity: "Shu is wise and talented. Don't forget what you see in your eyes, what you say in your mouth and what you hear in your ears; Sex and Tao are in harmony, and thinking is like a god; ... loyalty and shame, ambition and frost; Seeing good is shocking, and evil is hateful; Any resistance line, history and fish, almost too much. A bird is better than no bird; If you are a permanent dynasty, there will be considerable. Flying and arguing, full of anger; Solve doubts and doubts, the enemy is more than enough. " However, when Mi Fei first met Cao Cao, he was frivolous and rude. He belittled civil and military officials such as Xun, Xun You, Guo Jia, Zhang Liao and Huang Xu, and even called them slaves. This also reflected the literati's dissatisfaction with Cao Cao's autocracy at that time. Isn't Cao annoyed? Cao Cao submit to humiliation, named Mi Heng as a drummer. Mi Heng played drums naked and scolded Cao Cao. Cao Cao hated Mi Fei's guts, and finally borrowed Liu Biao's hand. Liu Biao borrowed Huang Zu's hand to kill Mi Fei. But Cao Cao was also very angry with Kong Rong, suspecting that Kong Rong's intention in recommending Mi Fei was to insult himself. It further aggravated Cao Cao's determination to "get rid of it and then be quick".

Kong Rong advocates glitz and casualness, likes to live a bohemian life, and the gentry's style is very serious. During the Three Kingdoms period, people were displaced, most fields were deserted, and people's lives were not guaranteed. In order to save food, Cao Cao once banned alcohol, because wine was made of food. But Kong Rong loves drinking very much, so he wrote a personal letter to Cao Cao, focusing on the benefits of drinking: "There is a star of wine flags in the sky, and there is a county of Jiuquan in the ground. People have the virtue of taking wine as the purpose. Yao can't be holy without drinking for thousands of minutes. And I am so stubborn that I have to get married. " What he means is: "There is an alcoholic star in the sky and Jiuquan County in the ground. People call it' nine virtues' in large numbers, and Emperor Yao' s' Qianzhong' is called a saint. Moreover, Xia Jie and Shang Zhouwang are both countries that died because of women. Why not prohibit marriage? " Cao Cao was afraid of Kong Rong's great talent and name, but he choked back his anger and didn't kill him immediately. Lv Chi, an ancient counselor, played in the imperial court: Kong Rong was dismissed from office according to law. However, he doesn't care. "Although there is a power outage at home, the guests are full every day and love to drink. They often sigh: "The guests are always full, and the wine in the bottle is not empty, so I have no worries." "At that time, prohibition, gathering people to drink and have fun every day, was punished. Didn't Cao make him angry?

Kong Rong was loyal to the Han Dynasty, and in view of Cao Cao's strategy of "following the vassal from the son of heaven", he advocated "respecting the emperor, expanding the monarchical power and weakening the vassal". This understanding is to ask Cao Cao to regain power in Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty! Cao Cao can't stand Kong Rong, an ignorant political enemy. Finally, I found a lot of trumped-up charges and killed them. Kong Rong's murder charges are as follows: "First, when he was in Beihai County, he saw the chaos in the world, called his troops to seize the Liu family's world and became emperor himself. This is totally unfounded. Second, vilify the "imperial court" to the messenger of Sun Quan. Third, in court, I don't obey etiquette and often walk into court without a hat. Fourth, and Mi Heng flaunt each other. Fifth, unfilial. " For these reasons, Kong Rong was killed. If you want to add more crimes, you can always find a solution. As for the real cause of his death, Kong Rong made it very clear in "Doomsday Poems": "If you talk too much, you will lose. The leakage is bitter and not dense. The end of the ant hole in this river is broken. This mountain is far from the ape-man cave. The trickle of Jianghan River. The skylight leads to the haunted house. Evil hurts justice. Clouds covered the sky. Words are disloyal. Fantasy is not real. People have two or three hearts. Ann can be one of them. Three people make a city tiger. Dip in the glue paint. There are many concerns about survival. After a long sleep, everything is over. "

It is sad for a cultural person who is arrogant and indifferent to the world to live in troubled times. After his death, Cao Pi offered a reward to the whole country for collecting Kong Rong's articles, and some people who handed them in were rewarded with gold and silk. In Dian Lun, Cao Pi also listed Kong Rong as the first of the "seven sons of Jian 'an". If Kong Rong were alive today, he would be a good commentator, praising and criticizing current events every day, just like a mirror in our life. The so-called bronze mirror can be well dressed; Taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall; Learn from others and you will know the gains and losses. But ambitious politicians may hate mirrors that are too transparent, because the shortcomings reflected in them are the clearest.