Asking about the development history of Lingbi Stone

China has a long history of collecting and appreciating strange stones. Lingbi stone, known as the first of the four famous stones in ancient times, has been fascinated by many literati, poets and dignitaries throughout the ages, and has interpreted one touching story after another. Understanding the development history of Lingbi stone culture is of great significance for improving our overall appreciation level.

Lingbi Stone is named after being produced in Lingbi County, Anhui Province. As early as "The History of Yu Gong", there was a record of "floating on the shore" in Xuzhou. Another article said, "There are many beautiful stones on the bank of Surabaya". When Meng Changjun of the State of Qi in the Warring States period knew about this, he ordered the emissary to "ask for it with money" and give it to "the temple for support". The Spinmeishi stone here is what people call Lingbi stone.

In the following historical period, until the Tang Dynasty, Mohist poets and officials were very expensive, and Lingbi stone was rarely mentioned in the literature. However, as a stone culture phenomenon, it will inevitably form and develop with the development of society. Xunzi in the Spring and Autumn Period once described the story that "a fool in the Song Dynasty" was ridiculed for collecting strange stones. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the records of stone appreciation were mostly confined to royal palaces and noble gardens. Tao Yuanming, revered by later generations as the originator of stone appreciation, was lying drunk, and he didn't exactly refer to what kind of stone it was. Therefore, Lingbi stone, like other strange stones, is still relatively vague in this period.

The Tang Dynasty witnessed social stability and cultural prosperity. Scholars and poets, poetry and wine are romantic. They introduced strange stones to people and introduced them into the study and living room. In the face of strange stones, poetry flourishes. Lingbi stone is solid, supercilious, with peaks and valleys, ingenious rock glazes, clean and beautiful colors, which naturally arouse their songs and preferences. Some famous poets, such as Bai Juyi, Liu Yuxi, Du Mu, etc. , are all fans of Lingbi stone. Bai Juyi lives in Lindong Caotang, a fishing village in Suzhou, and often wanders between the mountains and rivers of Lingbi. He put the grotesque Lingbi stone in the atrium, helped the piano to store wine and sang proudly. On the basis of summarizing the experience of playing with stones, Bai Juyi also put forward the famous "Ten Virtues of Love for Stones", which comprehensively summarized the cultural interest of playing with stones and laid the foundation for the development of stone appreciation theory.

Song Dynasty was a prosperous period of Lingbi stone culture. The first person who started the "obsession" with stone appreciation was Li Yu, the sentimental artistic queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty in this era.

Li Yu was born in Xuzhou, inherited his father's business, established an inkstone official, and developed Lingbi Yanshan and southern Anhui inkstones. Since then, Lingbi stone has become famous all over the world. At that time, Li Yu hid a mountain (including the strange stone in Mo Chi), which was a rare treasure. According to "Lingbi Stone Examination", this textual research mountain is more than one foot in diameter, with 36 peaks, each with its own name, and the peaks are connected with holes in a staggered way. The lower hole is folded into the upper hole, and there is a dragon pool inside. Rainy and humid, a little water dripped into the pool and stayed dry for a long time. After that, the mountain changed hands several times and became a much-told story in the history of Tibetan stone.

Su Shi and Mi Fei, the two most legendary artists in the history of stone appreciation in China, both appeared in the Song Dynasty.

During his tenure as the magistrate of Xuzhou, Su Shi couldn't put it down, and went to Lingbi County many times to find Lingbi Stone to confess. His character of appreciating stones and playing with stones is as open-minded and cheerful as his character. In exchange for the "Elk Wanjing Stone", he splashed ink as the owner of the "Ugly Stone Wind Bamboo Map". There is a strange stone in Lingbi Zhang's garden, which is called "Little Penglai". Ask for the title "Dongpo lay man wakes up after being drunk" and treasure it. He was transferred from Xuzhou and made a special trip to Lingbi to visit the master of Zhang's Garden. At the invitation of Zhang, he wrote an article "Lingbi Zhang's Garden Pavilion", which will be handed down to future generations. Once, he happened to get a stone, and he was so happy that he lay fast asleep on a boulder at the northern foot of Yunlong Mountain. Wake up in the middle of the night, look at the stars all over the sky, throw stones freely, full of poetry. He wrote the eternal swan song of "Drunk walking on Huangmaogang, the mountains are like sheep, and the top of the mountain is full of drunken stones". From then on, this stone was called "Dongpo is in bed". Ancient and modern people came to bed to climb stones and mourn, and many people wrote poems and painted. Like Miffy's stone worship, it has become an eternal story.

If Su Dongpo's contribution in the history of stone appreciation mainly lies in practice, then Mi Fei, as a famous painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, often got the inspiration of painting and calligraphy creation in the process of stone storage and stone appreciation, and applied his own theory of painting and calligraphy creation to stone appreciation, and put forward four principles of "wrinkle, thinness, leakage and transparency". These four principles are still the basic principles for evaluating strange stones. It has contributed to the perfection of stone appreciation theory. As for the story of "Mi Fei worshiping the stone", its influence on stone appreciation in later generations is immeasurable.

Ye Mengde, a writer in the Southern Song Dynasty, was also a stone lover. He wrote in Stone Forest: Being good at Liang Shi is a hobby. Ancient and modern literati may not be really good when they meet poets. The best can't be solved by yourself. Yu Shaoxing, the Spring Festival official, returned to Lingbi County, and the world thought it was a strange stone. When I was sick on the boat, I heard that there were many tea markets and wanted to sell them. I was in a hurry to get one at 800, so I got it back. Explore all 700 gold, go out together, don't feel sick, sleep at night. Know how good the stone is, don't talk about it. Those who dig trenches and rock streams themselves and hide in the soil are getting more and more strange. Today, there are more than a dozen caves here, and there are more strange stones than I can count. I still love them. The old man was so obsessed with Lingbi stone that he won a stone and slept with it. He was so happy that he even fell ill. His feeling that "every poet is not necessarily good" and "the good one can't be reconciled with his heart" just shows his persistence in the dream realm of stone and man, man and stone, being able to "communicate" with stone and treating stone as non-stone, which is the infinite charm of Lingbi stone.

When it comes to the development history of Lingbi Stone, we can't help but mention the "petrochemical gang" in Song Huizong, which brought disaster to the country and people. From Song Renzong in 105 1 year to Lingbi County (Hong Shi County) to Song Huizong to build "Genyue" in Kaifeng, a large number of Lingbi stones have been requisitioned for hundreds of years. There are dozens of "Genyue" with Lingbi Stone as its independent landscape. Among them, the most famous is Lingbi Stone, which has a huge volume and is named as "Qingyun Qifeng", as well as "Golden Dragon Jade Turtle" and "Wangyunlong Tower". Legend has it that there is one side, Lingbi stone, which is more than 20 feet high. After being shipped to Kaifengfu, it broke through the wall and was carried by thousands of people, Hui Zong said; "This stone is sacred." It was a gold belt, hung on a stone, and then moved to the garden. To a certain extent, it stimulated the development of Lingbi stone. Up to now, there is still a relic stone of flower stone hidden in Ganlong Palace of Xuzhou Museum.

In the Song Dynasty, when the stone culture flourished, a classic monograph "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" appeared. Yunlin Stone Spectrum contains 1 16 kinds of stone products, and Lingbi stone is listed as the first product, praising Lingbi stone as the most interesting stone, laying the foundation of "the first stone in the world" (Qingganlong language). By the end of the Song Dynasty, there was another "Ten Scores of Xuanhe". Because of the admiration and collection of emperors and literati in past dynasties, Lingbi Stone is world-renowned.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties saw great achievements in China's strange stone culture. There are endless monographs on stone appreciation, and the theory of stone appreciation is more perfect and rigorous; Some distribution soldiers, peddlers and pawns, farmers and craftsmen have also entered the elegant ranks of collecting strange stones.

Mi Wanzhong, the most famous master of Tibetan stone in Ming Dynasty, was called Mi Taifu, and was a descendant of Mi Fei. His heart is pure and bright, and he is addicted to strange stones. Officials travel everywhere, with robes and sleeves, and only stones. All the Lingbi stones in his collection are unique, each with its own shape. If one of them looks like a flying cloud, it is engraved with four characters: "Floating jade on the shore". There is also a Lingbi stone, which has been circulated for hundreds of years and is extremely precious. Master Mi invited great painters to paint, and Dong Qichang, a great celebrity, made a "postscript" collection.

Among the stone lovers in Qing Dynasty, Cao Xueqin and Pu Songling are the most noteworthy. The life path of these two great writers is very bumpy. They write hard, pinning their "loneliness and anger". Shi Qingxu is a self-portrait of Pu Weng Ai Shi. In the story, Shuntian was punished by Yun Fei. "It's a good stone, but I didn't hesitate to go straight when I saw it." Once, he got a strange stone, "exquisite in all directions and beautiful in peaks and hills." I am extremely happy, such as getting the treasure. With sandalwood, make a promise to each other for all books. But it was repeatedly taken away by strongmen. Yun Fei was determined to punish him until he wanted to die for a stone. Pu Songling integrated stone, man and god, showing his devotion to strange stones. The famous historical stone "Haiyue Stone" once treasured by Pu Songling is now treasured in Pu Songling Memorial Hall. This Lingbi stone is listed as a national precious cultural relic.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the theory of stone appreciation was more perfect. Cao Zhao's Gegu Essentials made a pertinent evaluation of Lingbi Stone. Su Yuan's Poems, Lingbi's Poems, etc. They all spoke highly of Lingbi Stone. Zheng Banqiao, one of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou", perfected the Song people's view of stone appreciation. On the basis of "thinness, transparency, wrinkle and leakage", this paper further puts forward that "ugliness is male and ugliness is beautiful", making Fang Zhen a good product; Ugliness to the extreme is the ultimate "ugly view" of beauty.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many literati not only collected Lingbi stone, but also hung Lingbi stone products "parallel" and handicrafts in the Zhai Palace as an elegant thing. The romantic emperor Qianlong went down to Jiangnan, not only inscribed "the first stone in the world", but also transported many famous stones from Jiangnan to Beijing. There are Lingbi stones in the rockery of the Royal Garden and the social altar of Zhongshan Park. The park is also engraved with the inscription "Painting the Moon" by Qianlong and "Violet Flowering".

There are also many famous artists who play with and collect Lingbi stone in modern times, but there is not much breakthrough in the study of Lingbi stone. After the forties, the strange stone culture once declined for decades.

In the late 1980s, the spring breeze of reform and opening-up blew the land of China green, and the once neglected Lingbi stone resurfaced. Some people with economic minds go to the origin of Lingbi stone to "treasure hunt". Lingbi stone's unique inner charm, once the floating dust on the body is erased, will inevitably emit brilliant brilliance. Local farmers regard mining Lingbi stone as a way to get rich. 199 1 year, China Gemstone Association held a preparatory committee for ornamental stones in Beijing, and then local associations were established one after another. The national garden department also held a biennial exhibition of strange stones, which opened the long river of the strange stone market, and Lingbi stone became a necessary collection of strange stone museums all over the world. In the mid-1990s, it was a glorious day for Lingbi Stone to enter the market, and the turbulent economic tide came. There are more than 300 stone halls in Yugou Town, the main producing area of Lingbi stone. As the birthplace of Han culture, Xuzhou is close to the origin of Lingbi stone. Unique geographical conditions and strong economic strength. Make batches of Lingbi stone and top grade stone flood into Xuzhou. Xuzhou Lingbi Kistler Museum, located in Xuzhou, a scenic tourist resort in yunlong lake, is listed as the top ten excellent Kistler Museums in China by China Collectors Association. Some government officials, retired cadres, teachers and bosses of enterprise groups think it is a good idea to collect the treasure of Lingbi stone. Some people have also opened stone museums in Beijing, Guangzhou, Yantai and other places. Some stone merchants shuttle between the origin of Lingbi stone and major cities in China, transporting thousands of tons of Lingbi stone, which has contributed to the circulation of Lingbi stone. 65438-0999 Mr. Wang Chen set up "Xuzhou Kistler Website" with his own funds, collecting exquisite products of Lingbi Stone, which is going to the world with a temporary new attitude.

It is undeniable that until now, people with profound cultural accomplishment are still the core of the Tibetan stone team. The rich cultural background and experience of these people have a certain influence in society. Under the radiation of the high-grade level and circle of strange stone culture, the whole team of Tibetan stone has been supported and guided. During this period, a group of Tibetan artists with rich stones appeared.

In the upsurge of Lingbi stone, various stone-playing books and picture books came out one after another. 1996 "China Shishiwan Spectrum" lists 28 kinds of lingbi stones with the grade of 198, and tries to classify them. In September, 2000, China's first Lingbi Stone monograph "China Lingbi Strange Stone" written by Mr. Zhang Xuncai was published. From June 5438 to February 2002, Anhui Fine Arts Publishing House published the album "China Lingbi Stone". In February, 2002, Wang Wenzheng, editor-in-chief of Xuzhou Stone Culture Research Association, published China Lingbi Stone Spectrum. The continuous publication of these monographs on stone appreciation shows that Lingbi stone culture has developed to a new level, marking the revival of Lingbi stone culture.

In recent years, Lingbi stone culture has been developed unprecedentedly. Lingbi stone has attracted more and more attention from Chinese and foreign Tibetan stone circles. However, things will be reversed. At present, the outstanding problems are as follows: First, the phenomenon of indiscriminate mining and excavation is serious, which destroys and wastes Lingbi stone resources to some extent. Second, some utilitarians took pains to deceive the world with tricks and axes in order to gain profits from it, which also damaged the reputation of Lingbi Stone to some extent. There are also serious people who make a mountain out of a molehill, take advantage of the small shortcomings of Lingbi stone, cover up the whole with shortcomings, and replace the face with points to discredit the reputation of Lingbi stone. All these have aroused the full attention of the local government and people of insight.

"Lingbi stone is strange in the world, and its sound is like bronze jasper." Lingbi stone, which has been romantic for thousands of years, bathed in the spring breeze, will surely be more brilliant in the long river of history.