The beginning of the composition Tea

For thousands of years, our ancestors left more than a thousand tea poems and tea words to future generations. China's poems about tea are rich in quantity, wide in subject matter and diverse in genre, and they are a wonderful flower in the treasure house of China literature.

Nv Jiao written by Zuo Si in the Western Jin Dynasty may be the earliest tea poem written by China. "The heart is a tea play. Praise the tripod. " In Zuo Si, two charming girls are eager to taste fragrant teas and blow boiling water into the tripod with their mouths. About the same age as Zuo Si's poems, there are two poems about tea: one is Zhang Zai's "Climbing the Tower of Chengdu", which approves the tea in Beijing with the poem "Fang Cha Guan Liu Qing, overflowing nine districts"; One is Sun Chu's Song of Sun Chuge, which points out the origin of tea with the poem "Ginger, cinnamon and tea grow in Bashu and pepper, orange and magnolia grow in the mountains". After the Tang and Song Dynasties, tea poems suddenly increased. These tea poems and tea words not only reflect the poet's love for tea, but also reflect the position of tea in people's cultural life.

In the Tang Dynasty, with the development of tea production and trade, a large number of poems with tea as the theme appeared. For example, Li Bai's "Answering a nephew and a monk to give Yuquan cactus tea": "This stone will be born tomorrow, and Yuquan will not rest"; Du Fu's "Re-crossing the Third of Five Songs": "On the sunset stage, when drinking tea"; Bai Juyi's "Night Smell of Changzhou, Cuihuzhou Chashan Pavilion Banquet": "Smell of Chashan Night, bamboo and green songs are all around"; Lu Tong's "Raise a Pen, Xie Meng, Persuade and Send New Tea": "I only feel a breeze blowing under my arm", "Yuchuanzi wants to take this breeze to go home" and so on. Some praised the efficacy of tea, and some borrowed tea to express the poet's feelings, which was widely read by later generations. Poet Gao Yuan's Poems on Chashan: "It's really hard to pick Li Tuo's words to cultivate mulberry. When a husband is in the service, all the rooms are the same. On the wall at the door, wild hazelnuts are unkempt. In the end, there is no benefit to the DPRK, and there are scales on both hands and feet ... The election is day and night, and the horseshoe is faint in the morning, which shows the author's sympathy for the people of Guzhushan who suffer from tribute tea. Li Ying's Song of Tea Mountain Tribute and Baking describes the scene of officials paying tribute to tea, and also shows the poet's sympathy for CoCo Lee's suffering and inner anguish. In addition, there are Tutu's Tate Tea Mountain and Tate Temple, Miracle's Xie Hu Tea and Twelve Rhymes of Chanting Tea, Yuan Zhen's seven-sentence poem, and Yan Zhenqing's five-character moonlit tea couplets, all of which show the prosperity and prosperity of tea poetry in the Tang Dynasty.

In the nearly 100 years before the Jingkang Revolution in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Central Plains region experienced economic prosperity. At that time, tea fights and tea banquets prevailed, so tea poems and ci poems mostly focused on meeting friends, singing duets, touching the scene and expressing feelings. The most representative is Ouyang Xiu's poem "Shuangjing Tea":

Xijiang old stone, tea on the stone is like chicken feet

Poor wax is not cold, spring comes early, and Mr. Shuangjing Wool has a hundred herbs.

White hair follicle with red and blue gauze and ten Hu tea to raise one or two buds.

Chang 'an is rich and expensive, boasting for three days.

Su Shi's "Cao Fu Heyuan Tries to Bake New Tea" and his other poem "Drinking Chuqing in the Lake after Rain" constitute a wonderful couplet. Fan Zhongyan's Tea Fighting Song and Cai Xiang's Beiyuan Tea are praised by later scholars.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the construction of the south of the Yangtze River, many contents appeared in tea poems and tea ci, among which the most representative ones were Lu You and Yang Wanli's tea poems. Lu You said in the poem Twelve Miscellaneous Poems in Late Autumn:

What's the point of buying wine? I am ashamed to talk about my career.

Chat with Hongsi from Hengpu and make Mengshan purple bamboo shoot tea by yourself.

It reflects that the author lived in poverty in his later years and had no money to buy wine, so he had to use tea instead of wine and grind tea himself. In Yang Wanli's "Cooking Double Well Tea with Liuyiquan", there is a song like this:

When the sun is casting and building a stream, going home at sunset will be a dream.

When will you go back to Wang Teng Pavilion, watch the wind furnace and cook by yourself?

It expresses the poet's longing for his hometown, hoping that one day he can personally fry and drink Shuangjing tea in Tengwangge.

In the Yuan Dynasty, there were also many poems about tea. Famous ones are Chu Cai's Seven Poems of Begging for Tea from Western Regions, Hong's Tea Song, Xie Zongke's Tea Bag and Xie's Yangxian Tea. Most tea poems in Yuan Dynasty reflect the artistic conception and feelings of drinking tea.

There are more poems about tea in Ming Dynasty than in Yuan Dynasty. Famous ones include Huang Zongxi's Yuyao Waterfall Tea, Wen Zhiming's Fried Tea, Chen Jiru's Lost Topic, and Lu Rong's Send Tea Monk. In addition, it is particularly worth mentioning that there are many tea poems in the Ming Dynasty that reflect people's sufferings and satirize current politics. Such as Gao Qi's "Tea Picking Ci":

Thunder crosses the stream and the mountain warms Yun Lan, and a short flag is half inserted in the secluded bush.

Who picked the most songs in the basket for Yinchai's daughter?

When you come back, the fragrance is still in your hand, and the fine products are first guarded.

The bamboo stove hasn't been baked yet, so it's sold in cages with Hunan merchants.

Shanjia can't understand the cultivation of whole grains, and food and clothing are in the spring rain every year.

The poem describes that after the tea farmers handed over the tea leaves to the officials, all the rest were sold to the merchants, but they were unwilling to taste the new pain, which showed the poet's great sympathy and concern for people's lives. Another example is Han, who lived in Zhejiang in the Ming Dynasty, wrote Fuyang folk songs on the basis of processing and polishing folk songs, exposing the tyranny of tribute tea and fish in Fuyang, Zhejiang at that time. These two poets who sympathized with the sufferings of the people were later persecuted for writing poems. Gao Qi was beheaded in the city, and Han was dismissed from office and imprisoned, almost losing his life. But these poems remain in people's hearts.

There were many poets in Qing Dynasty, such as Zheng Xie, Jintian, Zhang Chen, Cao Tingdong and Zhang Rixi. They are also famous poems. It is particularly worth mentioning that Aisingiorro Hongli, Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, visited Jiangnan six times and wrote poems for Longjing Tea in Hangzhou West Lake five times. Among them, the poem "Watching Tea Picking for Songs" is the most widely read by later generations:

Young before fire, old after fire, but riding fire is the best.

West Lake Longjing is famous for its time-honored brand. It's time to try it.

The villagers followed the peppers at the lower level, returning the baskets and paws.

Continuous addition of slow fire in the ground furnace, rotation of the dry kettle and soft wind frying.

It takes a lot of effort to stir-fry and bake slowly

I don't know Wang Su's Zhi Nu, but Lu Yu's Tea Classic is too fine.

Although I don't want to be a good person, I'm afraid I'll be clever.

The emperor wrote tea poems, which is rare in the history of tea culture in China.

As for modern times, there are also many poems about tea, such as "Zan Gao Qiao Yinfeng Tea" by Guo Moruo and "meijiawu Improvisation" by Chen Yi.

As well as the works of Zhao Puchu, Qi Gong and Pu Jie Aisingiorro, are all good tea poems worth reading.

China's tea poems and ci poems are not only numerous, but also have a wide range of subjects, such as Wang Yucheng's Dragon and Phoenix Tea.

Fan Zhongyan's Jiukeng Tea, Mei's Qibao Tea, Meng Ding Tea from Xie Ren, Su Shi's Moon Rabbit Tea, Su Shi's

Zhe's "Song Cheng Tu Han and Japanese Tea Making", Yu Ruoying's "Longjing Tea" and so on. Famous ones are Lu Guimeng's Xie Shanquan, Su Shi's Wisdom of Searching for Coke, and Zhu's Water Curtain of Kangwang Valley. Tea sets were written by Pi Rixiu and Lu Guimeng respectively, such as tea barn, tea stove, tea baking, tea tripod, tea ou and so on. The tea makers are Bai Juyi's Huaishanquan Fried Tea, Pi Rixiu's Boiling Tea, Su Dongpo's Fried Tea in Several Rivers and Lu You's Fried Tea after Snow. Baked tea house in Gu Kuang, tea house in Lu Guimeng, tea making in Cai xiang, Mei's answer to send new tea to Shen wasteland in Jianzhou, Yao He's "Seeking New Tea", Zhang Rixi's "Tea Picking Song", Huang Tingjian's "Sending New Tea to Nan Chan" and Wei's "Xi". A sentence in Su Shi's "Er Yun Cao Fu sends a message to try baking new tea in the valley" compares tea to beauty. There is a saying in Zhou Zichong's poem "Five Poems for Reward" that tea is always as good as food. In the poem "Tea", Qin Shaoyou compared tea to a famous flower, while in the poem "Shu Tea Ci", Shi Jianwu said that "the mountain monk asked me what I was compared with, and I was afraid of being angry when I wanted to make nectar", and compared tea to nectar, which all expressed his praise for tea. Lu You compared himself with Lu Yu, a tea god of the same clan, and praised in the poem "Try Tea": "It is better for Lu Yu not to drink with Tao Qian than to destroy tea." It means that you would rather give up drinking and drink tea; In the poem Xie Feng, Shen Liao thinks that "there is no fish to be harvested, but I am not tired of it", but he is willing to take fish from the teahouse, which fully reflects the poet's preference for tea.

Because tea can be beneficial to thinking, poets have the habit of drinking tea and have a deeper understanding of tea. In the poem "Start Writing, Xie Meng Persuades to Send New Tea", Lu Tong wrote about the experience of boiling tea and drinking tea besides Xie Meng's suggestion to send new tea and his deep sympathy for the working people who have worked hard to pick tea. According to the poem, because tea tastes good, the poet drank several bowls, and every time he drank a bowl, he had a new feeling:

……

A bowl of throat kiss moistens.

Two bowls of broken loneliness.

Three bowls of heartbroken, only five thousand volumes of words.

Four bowls of sweat, life is not smooth, scattered to the pores.

Five bowls of bones and muscles are clear, and six bowls are immortal.

I can't eat seven bowls, but I feel the wind blowing under my arm.

……

Lu Tong's description of different tea drinking experiences has had a far-reaching impact on advocating tea drinking. Therefore, after the Tang Dynasty, Lu Tong, together with his Seven Bowls of Tea Poems, was often recited by later generations, and Lu Tong was called a poet who loved tea. In Song Dynasty, Fan Zhongyan's Song of Fighting Tea, Mei's On Tea Taste, Su Shi's Visit to Buddhism, Drinking Seven Cups of Tea a Day, Striving for Books and Being a Teacher and Apprentice, and Yeluchucai's Poems of Yuan Dynasty, all talk about the admiration for Lutong because of their seven rhymes.

Since Lu Tong, many poets have talked about the experience of drinking tea, affirming the role of tea, which can be described as a supplement to Lu Tong)/> Insufficient. After Lu Tong, Cui Daorong, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "two kinds of tea to thank Zhu Changshi": "Drunk in the mountains, you will feel light and want to go to heaven", thinking that tea can sober up and make people light and healthy. Mr. Bao Anjing's Two Teas by Su Shi in Song Dynasty: "Give a gift to Bao Jushi, and the monks will fight with the sand people"; Lu you tasted tea: "The sandman has more than three houses, but he is never tired of it." Everyone thinks that tea has the power of "breaking sleep"; Huang Tingjian's "Send New Tea to Southern Zen Master": "Baking ripe tea can cure dizziness" and thinks that tea can cure dizziness. In addition, Ouyang Xiu's Tea Song, Lu You's Tea Classic sent by Xie Guang, Liu Yuxi's Tea Song in Xishan Lan Ruo and his Tea Classic, etc. , are talking about the efficacy of tea.

Among thousands of tea poems and tea words in China, there are various poetry genres, including five ancient poems and seven ancient poems; There are five methods, seven methods and exclusive methods; There are five sentences, six sentences, seven sentences, and many rare genres in the sea of poetry, which can also be found in tea poems.

1. Fable poem

Writing poems in the form of fables is memorable and thought-provoking. This fable poem about tea, recorded in a note novel in Qing Dynasty, is about the "confrontation" between tea, wine and water. At the beginning of the poem, the tea said to the wine, "There are many merits in repelling the sandman, and it is even more commendable to help the war and sing." It's all because of wine that the country is ruined. How can guests just drink tea? " The wine gave a tit-for-tat answer: "Shake the table and the purple house will recommend manna, which is of great significance for settling the lawsuit and kissing." I was used at the sacrificial banquet first, but I once talked about yellow soup. " The yellow soup here actually refers to tea. After listening to the conversation between tea and wine, Shui interjected: "Making tea, that well, yes, the spring water is used to make wine and pour silver bottles." The two families and Zheng Mo are idle, and they can't reconcile without me! "

4. Baota poetry

Yuan Zhen, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was called "Bai Yuan" because he lived in an official position and made friends with Bai Juyi. Yuan Zhen has a poem named "One-character to Seven-character Poetry Tea", which is rare not only in tea poems, but also in other poems. The poem says:

Tea,

Fragrant leaves, buds,

Poets love monks' houses.

Grinding and carving white jade, Luo Zhihong yarn.

Pan-fried yellow core color, bowl turned to dust flower.

Invite the bright moon after night and light the morning glow before morning.

Wash all people in ancient and modern times tirelessly, and you can't boast when you are drunk.

Baota poem is a kind of miscellaneous poem, which was originally called a seven-character poem, from one sentence to seven sentences, or two sentences were chosen as a rhyme. Later, it was increased to cross-sentence or fifteen sentences, and the number of words in each sentence or every two sentences was increased by one word in turn. Yuan Zhen said in his "Notes on Pagoda Tea Poems": A poem of one to seven words, "Ming Yun, sent to Dong Jun with Wang Qi." At the beginning of the poem, the theme is tea. Then I wrote the essence of tea, which is delicious and beautiful. The third sentence, obviously inverted, says that tea is deeply loved by "poets" and "monks", and tea and poetry always complement each other. The fourth sentence is about making tea, because in ancient times, we drank cake tea, so we first crushed the tea with a mill carved with white jade, and then screened it out with a tea tube made of red yarn. The fifth sentence says that tea should be fried in Huang Rui color at the arrow, and then put into a bowl for foaming. The sixth sentence talks about drinking tea, not only in the evening, but also in the morning. At the end of the article, it is pointed out that the wonderful use of tea, whether ancient or modern, will feel energetic, especially drinking tea after drinking can help sober up. Therefore, Yuan Zhen's pagoda tea poems express three meanings: first, from the nature of tea to people's love for tea; Second, from tea cooking to people's tea drinking customs; Third, the function of tea is that it can refresh the mind.

3. Palindrome

The words in the palindrome go back and forth, and they all become chapters with the same meaning. Su Shi, a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, was one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. He wrote dozens of tea poems in his life, and writing tea poems in palindromes is also a must for Su. In the narration of this poem entitled "Remembering a Dream, Telling Two Poems", Su Shi wrote: "On December 15th, the snow began to clear up. The dreamer boiled a small group of tea with snow water and made the beauty sing a song to drink. The dream was a palindrome. I feel that I think of a cloud:' I sleep in a blue shirt with flowers', which means I spit flowers with flying swallows. It is a continuation, a cloud of two quatrains. " From the narration, we can know that Su Dongpo is really a tea fan, even dreaming about drinking tea. No wonder he calls himself a "tea lover", which has always been a story talked about by later generations. The poem says:

Xiuyan jade's bowl is full of fine silk, and he has leisure to sleep in a blue shirt.

The song swallows the water clouds and condenses the quiet courtyard, and the dream scares the snow and rocks.

Empty flowers fall into the urn, and the mountains melt snow every day, and the river rises.

Red baking shallow ou new fire, dragon ball small grinding bucket clear window.

The words in the poem, read backwards and backwards, have become chapters with the same meaning. Su Shi used palindrome poems to chant tea, which is rare among thousands of tea poems.

4. Couplet poems

Couplets are a way of writing poems in ancient times. Several people write a poem, but it needs to be coherent in meaning and connected into a chapter. Among the tea poems in the Tang Dynasty, there is a poem named "Five Words Moonlight Sipping Tea Couplet", which was written by six authors. They are: Yan Zhenqing, a famous painter and calligrapher, a native of Jingzhao Wannian (Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), an official of the Ministry, whose real name is Lu Guogong, known as "Yan Lugong"; Lu, county commandant of Jiaxing (now Zhejiang); Zhang Jian, a native of Luze, Shenzhou (now Shenxian County, Hebei Province), was an official. Zhao people, Luzhou secretariat. Cuiwan, unknown origin; Day, that is, monk Ming. The poem says:

Pan Hua invited guests to sit down and drink for love (Shi Xiu).

After sobering up, it is advisable to have a banquet at night and leave a monk alone in the garden (recommended).

You don't have to climb the laurel tree, so you can't pretend to be a tree.

The autumn wind is strong, and the history is called Beidou Zun (Cui Wan).

Clean bones and muscles, dredge and purify the soul (true feelings).

If you are not drunk like spring mash, why not talk about youth (Japan).

Plain porcelain is laid on a quiet night, and the fragrance is full of leisure (Shi Xiu).

There are six people in this joint, plus the first sentence and the second sentence, a total of seven sentences. In order to be different, the author uses many synonyms related to tea tasting. For example, Lu used the metaphor of "drinking instead of wine" to substitute tea for wine; Zhang Jian's "Hua Yan" refers to a tea banquet; Yan Zhenqing used "Liu Hua" to refer to drinking tea. Because the poem is about drinking tea on a moonlit night, the word "laurel" is used It is also rare to use couplets to chant tea in tea poems.

5. Chorus poetry

Among thousands of tea poems, Pi Rixiu and Lu Guimeng's chorus poems are unique and rare.

Pi Rixiu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Xiangyang (now Xiangfan City, Hubei Province) and graduated from Hanlin University. Lu Guimeng, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Changzhou (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province) and worked in two places. They are very close friends, love tea, are elegant, and often write poems. Therefore, they are called "Pilu". They wrote 10 chorus poems with tea, including Teahouse, Tea Man, Tea Bud, Tea Warehouse, Tea Furnace, Tea Baking, Tea Ding, Tea Ou and Tea Boiling.