There are still many people whose names can be written on Britain’s journey to becoming a great nation. If so, please tell us from a historical perspective.

Isaac Newton, the father of modern natural science, made outstanding contributions in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural philosophy. He is the author of "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", "Optics", "II "Nominal Theorem" and "Calculus". Among them, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" is one of the top ten Western books. Mike Hart said that in the hundreds of years after Newton was born, people's civilization has undergone earth-shaking changes, and most of these changes are based on Newton's foundational work. theories and discoveries. Newton's discovery not only brought about a technological and economic revolution, it also completely changed political and religious thought, art and philosophy.

Charles Robert Darwin, biologist, founder of the theory of evolution. The publication of the epoch-making work "The Origin of Species" proposed the theory of biological evolution, thereby destroying all kinds of idealistic theories of divine creation and species immutability. Among them, "The Origin of Species" is one of the top ten Western books. In addition to biology, his theories have a foundational role that cannot be ignored for the development of anthropology, psychology, and philosophy.

James Watt, inventor, was an important figure in the Industrial Revolution. In 1776, he built the first practical steam engine, and invented the barometer, pneumatic hammer, condenser, etc. Later, he went through a series of major improvements, making it a "universal prime mover" and widely used in industry. He ushered in a new era of energy utilization for mankind and marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

Michael Faraday, a physicist and chemist, made a key breakthrough in the electric field in 1831, which forever changed human civilization.

James Clerk Maxwell, physicist and mathematician. The founder of classical electrodynamics and the founder of statistical physics. In the history of science, it is believed that Newton unified the laws of motion in the sky and the earth, which was the first great synthesis. Maxwell unified electricity and light, which was the second great synthesis. , so he is as famous as Newton, and his contribution to basic natural science is second only to Newton. "On Electricity and Magnetism" published in 1873 is also regarded as the most important physics and natural science classic after Newton's "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy".

William Shakespeare, a writer, dramatist and poet, occupies a special position in the history of Western literature. He is known as "Zeus on the Olympic Mountains of human literature". Shakespeare's studies have become the most famous in the world. branch of character research.

Adam Smith is the father of modern economics. His famous work "The Wealth of Nations" is one of the top ten Western works.

Alexander Fleming, biologist and bacteriologist, first discovered penicillin. The discovery of penicillin marked the discovery of a drug with powerful bactericidal effects, ending an era when infectious diseases were almost untreatable. Since then, there has been an upsurge in the search for new antibiotic drugs, and mankind has entered a new era of synthesizing new drugs.

John Locke, a philosopher, first proposed the basic idea of ??liberal constitutional democracy and the founder of liberalism. He profoundly influenced the founding fathers of the United States and the French Enlightenment thinkers. He is widely regarded as the most influential thinker in the Enlightenment era. Influential thinker and liberal whose theories were reflected in the United States' Declaration of Independence.

William Harvey, physiologist who discovered blood circulation and the function of the heart and was the first to use experimental methods in biology and medicine. His contribution was epoch-making and laid the foundation for the development of modern physiological science.

Joseph Lister, physiologist, surgeon, founder of surgical antisepsis. In 1867, he published a paper announcing the surgical disinfection method, which reduced the post-operative mortality rate from 45% to 15% in less than 10 years. Saved hundreds of millions of lives on earth.

Edward Jenner, physiologist and surgeon, is famous for researching and promoting the cowpox vaccine to prevent smallpox, and is known as the father of immunology.

Thomas Robert Malthus was a philosopher. His "On Population" proposed that the population would grow indefinitely, which later led to the promotion of family planning and contraception. It is one of the top ten Western works.

Francis Bacon, philosopher and scientist, was the first great philosopher to realize that science and technology could change the world, and advocated experimental and inductive reasoning methodologies.

John Dalton, physicist and chemist, first introduced the atomic hypothesis into the scientific community.

The key theories he provided played an important foundational role in the field of chemistry and promoted the great development of chemistry.

Joule, a physicist and the founder of thermodynamics, first discovered the conversion relationship between heat and work, and thus obtained the law of conservation of energy and developed the first law of thermodynamics. This law is 19 One of the four major discoveries in natural science of the century.

Henry Cavendish, physicist and chemist, who proved that water is not an element, predicted the existence of rare gases in the air, widely applied the concept of electric potential to electricity, and accurately measured the earth's Density. Due to Cavendish's outstanding contributions in the field of chemistry, later generations called him "Newton in chemistry". The Cavendish Laboratory named after him is the birthplace of world physics and has trained thirty students. The above Nobel Prize winners in physics.

Robert Boyle was a chemist and the founder of analytical chemistry. 1661 was the beginning of modern chemistry. Boyle's book "The Skeptical Chemist" made him the first person to establish chemistry. As a pioneer in science.

Ernest Rutherford, recognized as the greatest experimental physicist of the twentieth century, made significant contributions to radioactivity and atomic structure. He was also the first person to study nuclear physics and is known as the father of modern nuclear physics.

Paul Dirac, a British theoretical physicist, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, and made important contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics.

Bertrand Russell, philosopher, mathematician, logician, one of the most famous and influential scholars and pacifist social activists in the West in the 20th century, and the founder of analytic philosophy.

Edmundo Halley, astronomer, was the first to apply Newton's laws to the motion of comets and correctly predicted the return motion of the comet now known as Halley. He also discovered that The proper motions of the three stars Sirius, Procyon and Arcturus, as well as the long-term acceleration of the moon, were studied.

French Sanger, biochemist, discoverer of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing technology, this discovery is the most important discovery in biochemistry in the 20th century, so Sanger is the most important discovery in biochemistry in the 20th century. One of the world's greatest scientists and the only one to win two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, Sanger's discoveries laid the foundation for research in genetics and genomics.

Alan Matheson Turing is known as the father of computer science and the father of artificial intelligence. He is the founder of computer logic and proposed the "Turing machine" and the "Turing test". Important concepts. The "Turing Award" was specially established to commemorate his outstanding contributions in the field of computing.

Stephen William Hawking, physicist and the most important contemporary general relativity and cosmologist, first proposed the black hole theory.

Dickens, a writer, made outstanding contributions to the pioneering and development of British critical realism literature. His works are still popular today and have had a profound impact on the development of British literature.

Milton, a poet, is one of the six greatest poets in the history of British literature. Milton is a representative of Puritan literature. His representative works include "Paradise Lost" and Homer's "Homer's Epic". Galli Dante's "Divine Comedy" is also known as the three major Western poems.

David Ricardo, economist, the master of bourgeois classical political economics, his main economic masterpiece is "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" completed in 1817, which expounds his taxation theory.

John Maynard Keynes is the most influential economist in modern Western economics. The macroeconomics he founded is closely related to the psychoanalysis method created by Freud and the method discovered by Einstein. Together, the theory of relativity is known as the three major spiritual revolutions in human intellectual circles in the twentieth century.

Arnold Joseph Toynbee, historian, was once hailed as "the greatest historian in modern times." Toynbee had a unique vision of history. His 12-volume masterpiece "A Study of History" tells the story of the rise and decline of major nations in the world, and is known as "the greatest achievement of modern historians."

Charles Lyell, a geographical geologist, the founder of the gradualism in geology and the realist method of "comparing the present with the past", Engels gave Lyell a high evaluation. He said that only It was Ryle who for the first time brought reason to geology, for he replaced the sudden revolutions caused by the whims of the Creator by the gradual action of the slow changes of the earth.

Thomas Sternus Eliot, poet, playwright, leader of the modernist movement in poetry, published "The Waste Land" in 1922, which won him international reputation and was praised by critics. It is regarded as one of the most influential poems of the twentieth century and is considered a milestone in modern British poetry.

William Butler Yeats was a poet, playwright and essayist. Yeats’s poetry was influenced by romanticism, aestheticism, mysticism, symbolism and metaphysical poetry, and evolved its unique style. style. Yeats's art represents the epitome of the transition from tradition to modernity in English poetry.

James Joyce, poet and writer, is one of the greatest writers of the 20th century and one of the founders of postmodern literature. His works and the idea of ??"stream of consciousness" have had a huge impact on the world's literary world.

Virginia Woolf, a writer, is known as the pioneer of modernism and feminism in the twentieth century. She is another representative writer of stream-of-consciousness literature.

David Herbert Lawrence, writer, is one of the most important figures in English literature in the 20th century. Lawrence's works contain excessive descriptions of pornography and have been severely criticized. However, he strives to explore the depths of the human soul in his works and successfully uses touching artistic descriptions.

Alexander Pope was the greatest British poet in the 18th century; a representative of the peak of literary classicism and an outstanding ideological enlightenmentist.

John Keats, one of the outstanding English poetry writers, is also a main member of the Romantic School.

Percy Byshey Shelley, romantic democratic poet, first socialist poet, novelist, philosopher, essayist and political writer, reformer, Platonist and idealist

George Gordon Byron was a great Romantic poet in the early 19th century. His representative works include "The Travels of Childe Harold", "Don Juan", etc. He created a group of "Byronic heroes" in his poems.

Bernard Shaw, playwright, an outstanding modern British realistic dramatist, is a world-famous language master who is good at humor and satire.

Geoffrey Chaucer, the father of English literature, is recognized as the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages. Chaucer played a pivotal role in promoting and orthodoxy of the medieval English vernacular.

Humphrey Davy, chemist and founder of electrochemistry, is considered the scientist who discovered the most elements. He opened up a new way to produce metal elements by electrolysis: using voltaic cells to study the chemical effects of electricity. The caustic alkali that could not be decomposed before was electrolyzed, thus potassium and sodium were discovered, and later alkaline earth metals such as barium, magnesium, calcium, and strontium were produced.

Joseph John Thomson, a physicist who first discovered the existence of electrons in nature, is famous for his experiments with electrons and isotopes.

George Boole, a mathematician and the founder of logical Boolean algebra, provided important mathematical methods and theoretical foundations for the design of computers a hundred years later.

Alexander Bell, the father of the telephone.

Frederick Golan Hopkins, a biochemist, first proposed the existence of vitamins. He invented a series of biochemical experimental methods, such as uric acid analysis, determination of lactic acid in muscles, etc. , which is of great significance to biochemical research.

In 1953, Watson and Crick in the UK used X-ray structural analysis to obtain the double helix structure of genetic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Biology and Medicine. Like Sanger's first discovery of the sequence of nucleotides in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), it became the most outstanding contribution to the field of molecular biology in the 20th century.

Robert Hooke, physicist and inventor, proposed the wave theory of light and Hooke's law, and was the inventor of vacuum pumps, microscopes and telescopes.

David Hume, philosopher, economist, one of the most important enlightenment figures in the history of Western philosophy. Skepticism, founder of naturalistic philosophy.

Thomas Hobbes, a philosopher, created a complete system of mechanical materialism and believed that the universe is the sum of all extended objects that move mechanically. He proposed the "state of nature" and the theory of the origin of nations.

Baird, the father of television

Fleming, the father of the vacuum tube

Arthur Stanley Eddington, astronomer, physics He was the first scientist to preach the theory of relativity in English.

Jonathan Swift, writer and master of satirical literature, is world-famous for his works such as "Gulliver's Travels" and "The Tale of a Bucket".

Daniel Defoe, writer, journalist. The founder of realist novels in the British Enlightenment period, his representative work "Robinson Crusoe" created Robinson, a typical character who struggled with difficulties and achieved perfect virtues.

Christopher Marlowe, poet and playwright, Marlowe revolutionized medieval European drama, creating giant characters and "majestic lines of poetry" on the stage that reflected the spirit of the times.

John Dryden, poet, playwright, and literary critic. He was an important critic and dramatist in the British classical period. He made outstanding contributions to the occurrence and development of British classical drama through drama criticism and creative practice. It was he who first proposed the term metaphysical poet. He enjoys a very high status in the history of European criticism.