How is IQ measured?

IQ is the intelligence quotient. Intelligence is usually called wisdom, also called wisdom. It is people's ability to understand objective things and use knowledge to solve practical problems. Intelligence includes many aspects, such as observation, memory, imagination, analytical judgment, thinking ability, adaptability, etc. The level of intelligence is usually expressed by the intelligence quotient, which is used to indicate the level of intellectual development.

In 1905, French psychologists developed the first scale to measure intelligence, the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale. It was introduced to my country in 1922 and revised by Mr. Wu Tianmin in Beijing in 1982. ** *51 questions, mainly suitable for measuring the intelligence of primary school students and junior high school students. In 1916, Wechsler in the United States compiled the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Children's Intelligence Scale (WISC), and the Wechsler Preschool Intelligence Scale (WPPSZ) for children aged 4-6.5 years old. In the mid-to-late 1980s, it was introduced to my country and revised and published in Chinese version, so it is widely used.

There are two types of IQ, one is ratio IQ, mental age ÷ chronological age = intelligence quotient. If a person's mental age is equal to his chronological age, his IQ is 100, indicating he has average intelligence. The other is deviation IQ, which takes the ratio of a person's test score to the average intelligence of normal people of the same age group as the IQ. Most intelligence tests today use dispersion IQ.

① In order to accurately express an intelligence level, intelligence measurement experts proposed the concept of deviation IQ, which uses a person's position among his peers, that is, by calculating how much the subject deviates from the average. Measured by one standard deviation, this is the deviation IQ, also known as intelligence quotient (IQ).

②For example, two adults of different ages, one’s intelligence test score is higher than the average score of the same age group, and the other’s test score is lower than the average score of the same age group, then we will Make this conclusion: the former has a higher IQ than the latter.

③At present, most intelligence measurements use the deviation IQ (IQ) to express a person's intelligence level.

④IQ distribution of the crowd.

In modern typical intelligence tests, the average IQ of the subject population is set to 100. According to certain statistical principles, half of the population has an IQ between 90 and 110, of which the IQ is between 90 and 110. 100 and 100-110 people each account for 25%. 14.5% have IQs between 110 and 120, 7% have IQs between 120 and 130, 3% have IQs between 130 and 140, and the remaining 0.5% have IQs above 140, and another 25% have IQs above 140. IQ is below 100 points.

⑤Supernormal intelligence and low intelligence

After the advent of intelligence tests, it has become easier to distinguish differences in intelligence. People have found that people with extremely high IQs (IQ above 130 points) and people with extremely low IQs (IQ below 70 points) are both in the minority, and those with medium or near-moderate intelligence (IQ between 80 and 120 points) account for about 1% of the entire population. 80%, those whose intelligence exceeds the normal level are called supernormal intelligence, and those whose intelligence is lower than the normal level are called low-normal intelligence.

We use the intelligence scale compiled by the American psychologist Wechsler, which was revised by Gong Yaoxian and others from Hunan Medical University in my country to formulate the Chinese norm. We can now test children aged 6-16 and adults aged 16 and over. Through psychological measurement, you can understand your own intelligence level and potential, identify intellectual impairment caused by traffic accidents, and provide scientific basis for giving full play to your own advantages, scientifically filling in your college entrance examination application, and providing eugenics and eugenics.

The IQ test includes eleven items, including tests on common sense, comprehension, arithmetic, analogies, memory, words, images, building blocks, arrangements, puzzles, and symbols. It takes about an hour to complete the entire test. It takes about an hour to summarize the analysis and write the test report.

IQ is IQ (short for Intelligence Quotient). Colloquially it can be understood as intelligence, specifically referring to numerical, spatial, logical, vocabulary, memory and other abilities. In a sense, IQ is like computer hardware such as CPU. A person with a high IQ can do very complex things in a short time. Just like Pentium-class and Centrino-class CPUs can run large software such as windowXP, while 386 and 486 can only run small software such as DOS.

When we study in school, in addition to learning knowledge, we also spend a lot of time on IQ training.

Learn mathematics to practice numerical calculation, spatial imagination, and logical reasoning skills, and use Chinese, English, history, geography, etc. to practice vocabulary and memory skills. The college entrance examination can be said to be a major review of people's abilities in these aspects.

Since the exam is time-limited, it requires people's ability to memorize and process complex information in a short period of time. Therefore, people with high IQs are particularly advantageous in exams. We all have this feeling. If a person has a good memory, it is something that everyone envies. Because most of the content tested in most exams are things that need to be memorized. Therefore, for candidates, good memory is the basis for high scores. If you have a good memory, good computing power, and good language skills, and if you work harder, it will be easy to get into a good university.

For most people, the usefulness of IQ ends here. Why do you say that? Because in actual social life, the use of high IQ is very limited. Only a few fields require high IQ. For example, chess sports relatively require high IQ. However, their need for IQ is not far-fetched. According to tests conducted by the Psychology Department of East China Normal University, Chang Hao, one of the best Go players in the country, has an IQ of 138, and Lee Chang-ho, known as the world's number one Go player, has an IQ of 139. Their IQs are at an excellent level, but they have not reached the genius level. (It is generally believed that an IQ greater than 140 is considered a genius). It seems that even the most intellectually demanding game of chess requires an adequate IQ and is not ridiculously high.

There is another field that seems to particularly require high IQ, which is scientific research. However, I believe that the IQ requirements in this field will not be too high, at least not higher than the IQ required by chess players. So, is there a bottom line of IQ requirements for engaging in scientific research?

This issue seems to be inconclusive. We can refer to the opinions of some scientific researchers. Zhang Guanghou, a famous Chinese mathematician, did not have outstanding intelligence when he was studying in primary school or middle school. He said: "You don't need to be too smart to do mathematics. Moderate talent is enough. The main thing is perseverance and perseverance." Darwin also said: " The most important reason why I can succeed in science is my love for science, my tenacity for long-term exploration, my search for observation, and my diligence in my career." Wei Wei, the founder of modern "cybernetics" and a great mathematician. Na said in his autobiography that the three or four people who were called prodigies at the same time as him in his childhood did nothing when they grew up due to various factors such as lack of diligence and other conditions. On the contrary, some people performed mediocrely in their childhood, but due to later Due to his diligence and the influence of the environment, he eventually became a great man in the history of science and technology.

I wonder if anyone has done such a study, which lists the bottom line of IQ required for various industries. I think if there really is such a bottom line, chess players should have the highest standards, and they may not be able to reach a level above excellence. What about people who do scientific research? I think mid-range is fine.

So, what is the situation outside these two areas? I think most industries should not have any special requirements for IQ, just reaching a passing level.

Let’s talk about the political industry first. Being president in the United States does not require a high IQ. For example, George W. Bush was often ridiculed for his low IQ. A study by Loewenstein College in Pennsylvania, USA, showed that his IQ was 91. Bush was only slightly taller, at 98.

What are the concepts of IQ 91 and 98? According to statistics made by British and Finnish scientists, the people with the highest IQs in the world are the nationals of China, Singapore, South Korea and Japan, with their average IQ as high as 105. The next smartest people are distributed in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, and their average IQ is 100. In other words, Bush Jr. and Bush Sr. have lower IQs than at least half of the Chinese and at least half of the Americans. Even a person with such a low IQ can still become president and gain high support rates. It can be seen that in the United States, at least in the political field, there seems to be no superstition about high IQ. People value more the personal charm of politicians.

After talking about the political world, let’s look at the economic world. We have seen that many of China’s Forbes rich list have primary school education, and American rich people also have primary school education, such as Henry Ford, the founder of Ford Motor Company. Many college students have heard of Yu Minhong, the founder of New Oriental School. Yu's IQ was not very outstanding. He took the college entrance examination three times before passing the exam.

Maybe if we look at the conversations of the world’s richest man, Buffett, we will have a deeper understanding of this issue.

Warren Buffett ranked third among the world's 200 billionaires recently announced by Forbes magazine. When a reporter asked: "How did you get to where you are now and become a man richer than God?" Buffett replied:

How I got to this point is easy to say. I'm sure you'll be happy to hear that my success is not due to a high IQ. I think the most important thing is rationality. I always regard intelligence and talent as the horsepower of an engine, but the output, that is, the efficiency of the engine, depends on reason. So why don't some smart people get the results they should get when they do things? This involves factors such as habits, personality and temperament, whether the behavior is rational, and whether you are hindering yourself. Like I said, everyone here is perfectly capable of doing anything I do and much more.

The standard for measuring intelligence level, the formula for measuring IQ is:

IQ=mental age/actual age at the time of test × 100

For example, an 8-year-old child , after intelligence testing, his intelligence level is equivalent to that of a 10-year-old child in the norm. Therefore, this child's IQ=10/8×100=125. IQ is a 200-point scale. Those with a score of 90 to 110 are within the normal intelligence range, those with a score of 120 to 140 are considered smart, and those with a score of 140 or above are considered geniuses. The lower the score, the worse the intelligence. Those with scores below 70 are mentally retarded, those with 50 to 70 are stupid, those with 25 to 50 are dementia, and those with 0 to 25 are idiots. Intelligence has both a genetic basis and is influenced by the environment. If the parents have high intelligence, their children will often have high intelligence; if the parents have average intelligence, their children will have average intelligence; if the parents have deficient intelligence, their children may have incomplete intellectual development. An investigation using the twin method on 122 pairs of monozygotic twins (separated in two places since childhood, with different living environments and educational conditions) found that their intelligence is quite similar, which fully proves that intelligence has its genetic basis. There are only a few people with excellent and extremely poor talents, and most people have intermediate intelligence. Although intellectual development has a genetic basis, it is also strongly affected by environmental factors. The genetic basis only stipulates the possibility of intellectual development, that is, it stipulates the upper and lower limits of intellectual development, while the actual performance of intelligence is affected by many factors (such as one's hard study and social environment, etc.). For example, although Person A has a higher potential for intellectual development than Person B, due to the existence of certain environmental conditions, Person B's potential is fully expressed, and his IQ is closer to the upper limit of his potential than Person A, while Person A The actual performance of the intelligence of person B may lag behind person B. Therefore, acquired education is extremely important for children's intellectual development. Society, schools, and families should work together to provide scientific education according to the laws of children's physical and mental development.