Why is chess called chess?

Chess has a long history in China. There were official records about chess in the Warring States period, such as Songs of the South? There are six books in Evocation. Go hand in hand with Cao, forcing each other; "If you become a little owl, you will be more single-minded." . "Shuo Yuan" contains: Yong Men Zizhou Qin Yi saw Meng Changjun saying: "The first step is Wang Qian, and ... Yan Dou Qi dances Zheng Nv." Therefore, as early as the Warring States period, chess became popular among nobles. According to the above situation and the shape of chess, chess was born in the southern clan areas of China around the Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century). In early China chess, the chess system consisted of three instruments: chess, chopsticks and chessboard. The two sides play chess, with six players on each side, namely: owl, Lu, pheasant, calf and stopper (two pieces). The chess pieces are carved with ivory. Bam, equivalent to dice, must be thrown before playing chess. The chessboard is a square chessboard. In the game, "throw six sticks and play six chess games", fight with wits, attack each other and kill each other. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the military system consisted of five men, one handsome man and six men. At that time, as a military training football match, there were also 6 people on each side. It can be seen that early chess was a game symbolizing the fighting at that time. On the basis of this chess system, a kind of chess called "Sai" appeared later, which only played chess without throwing chopsticks, and got rid of the element of winning by luck in early chess.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Sai Opera was quite popular, and it was also called "Wu Ge". The chessboard unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in Yunmeng, Hubei Province and the painted wooden figurines unearthed from the Mo Zuizi Han Tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province can reflect the description of the shape of Sai Opera in Bian Shao's Sai Fu in the Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, the shape of chess was constantly changing, and it had a communication relationship with India. By the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Liang Wudi (reigned in 56 1 ~ 578) was established as Jing, and Wang Bao wrote Xi? Preface ",Geng Xin wrote Xiang Jing Fu, which marked the completion of the second major reform in the form of chess. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, chess activities were carried out steadily, which was frequently recorded in history books. Among them, the most important is the narration of Wu Zetian's dream chess in the Shiliju series "Liang Gong Jiu Jian" and the story of Censhun's dream chess in the first year of Baoying (AD 762) in Niu Senru's "The Record of Mysteries". Combining Suzhou brocade decorated with four patterns of "Qin, Qi, Calligraphy and Painting" and bronze chess pieces with figures painted on the back unearthed in Kaifeng, Henan, we can draw the conclusion that the shape of chess in Tang Dynasty is quite similar to that of early chess. The popularity of chess at that time can be seen from many records in poetry legends. The three-volume version of Xiang Bo Xiang's Opera Song may be a work of the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was an era when chess was widely popular, and its form also changed greatly. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Sima Guang's Elephant Drama in Seven Countries, His Elephant Drama Style and Chess, and Chao's Elephant Drama Map came out one after another, and Elephant Drama was also deeply loved by the people.

After nearly a hundred years of practice, chess was shaped into a modern model at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty: 32 pieces, a chessboard with a river boundary, and so on. During the Southern Song Dynasty, chess became a very popular chess activity. Writers such as Li Qingzhao and Liu Kezhuang, politicians such as Hong Zun and Wen Tianxiang all like playing chess. In the "chess to be called" formulated by the court, players account for more than half. There are professionals known as "chess masters" among the people, as well as craftsmen of autocratic chess and chessboards. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hong Mai's Chess Classic, Chen's Chess Manual and Chen's Guang Ji also appeared. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, chess continued to be popular among the people, and the technical level was constantly improved, and a number of summative theoretical monographs appeared, among which the most important ones were Dream in Dream, Eighteen Changes of Jin Peng, The Secret in Orange, Shu Ya, Plum Blossom Music, Zhuxiangzhai Chess Manual and so on. Scholars such as Yang Shen, Tang Yin, Lang Ying, Luo Qi and Yuan Mei all like playing chess. The emergence of a large number of famous chess players shows that chess is loved by people from all walks of life. After the founding of New China, chess entered a new stage of development. From 65438 to 0956, chess became a national sport. Since then, national competitions have been held almost every year. 1962 The China Qi Xiang Association, a subsidiary of the All-China Sports Federation, was established, and corresponding subordinate associations were also established in various places. Over the past 40 years, due to the promotion of mass chess activities and competitions, the level of chess has improved rapidly, and outstanding players have emerged, among which the most famous players are Yang Guanlin, Hu Ronghua, Liu Dahua, Zhao Guorong, Li Laiqun, Lv Qin and Xu Yinchuan.

Chess is a chess game in which two people take turns to win by "dying" or "trapping" their opponents, and it has hundreds of millions of fans. It can not only enrich cultural life and cultivate sentiment, but also help to develop intelligence, enlighten thinking, exercise dialectical analysis ability and cultivate tenacious will.

Before the Tang Dynasty, there were only four arms of chess: general, chariot, horse and pawn. Song Chao's blameless "Guangqi" has 32 pieces, the same as the total number of modern pieces, but I wonder if there is a river boundary on the board. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the stone forest "Guangji" published two overall works of chess. There are many chess books published in Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially Xu Zhiai's elegant taste in Ming Dynasty, Secrets in Orange by Zhu Jinzhen, Plum Blossom by Wang Zaiyue in Qing Dynasty, Music Score of Zhuxiang Zhai Xiang Opera by Zhang Qiaodong, etc. Chess has been listed as a national sport since 1956 in China. In recent years, in addition to men's individual competitions, national competitions have also added men's team competitions, women's individual competitions and women's team competitions. Players with outstanding achievements shall be awarded the titles of "chess master" and "grandmaster" by the State Sports Commission.

Chess is the traditional culture of the Chinese nation, which is not only deeply loved by the masses at home, but also widely circulated abroad. 1978, the Asian Chess Federation was established. Chess has also made gratifying progress among Europeans and Americans. The United States, France, Germany, Canada and other countries have established chess associations or chess clubs. Some chess masters also play China chess. In order to promote the internationalization of chess, 1988 established the "China China Chess Federation Preparatory Committee" in Beijing. 1 The World Cup Chess Championship was held in Singapore on 1990.

Play chess and eat.

1. In the game, the player holding the red chess goes first, and the two sides take turns to go one by one until the outcome is tied and the game is over. It's the turn of a chess player to move a piece from one intersection to another, or to eat the opponent's piece and occupy its intersection, which is considered as a move. Both sides are walking, which is called a round.

2, all kinds of chess pieces.

Shuai (General): Shuai He will be the leader of chess and the goal of both sides. It can only move in the "Nine Palaces", up and down, left and right, and can only walk one grid at a time according to the vertical line or horizontal line. Handsome and handsome can't face each other directly on the same straight line, otherwise walking will be judged as negative.

Stone (Stone): Stone (Stone) is the bodyguard of Shuai (Jiang) and can only walk in Jiugong. Its chess path can only be a diagonal in Jiugong.

Xiang Xiang: Xiang Xiang's main function is to defend and protect his handsome (general). Its way of walking is to walk two squares diagonally at a time, commonly known as "walking field" Elephants (elephants) can't cross the river if their activities are limited to the squares in the "river boundary", and they can't walk if there are chess pieces in the center of the word "field", commonly known as "elephant eyes".

Car: The car is the best in chess, and it can walk regardless of horizontal or vertical lines. As long as there are no obstacles, the number of steps is not limited. Therefore, one car can control 17 points, so it is known as "one car and ten children are cold".

Gun: When the gun doesn't eat, it walks exactly like a car.

Horse: The way a horse walks is always inclined, that is, first walk one square horizontally or straight, and then walk obliquely, commonly known as "the horse walks the sun". A horse can choose eight points around it at a time, so it is called "imposing on all sides". If there are other chess pieces in the direction you want to go, the horse can't go over, commonly known as "jumping horse legs."

Bing (Bing): Before crossing the river, Bing (Bing) can only move forward step by step. After crossing the river, they are allowed to move left and right, but only one step at a time.

3. Eat: When any chess piece moves, if there is an opponent's chess piece in the target position, you can take the opponent's chess piece out of the board and replace it with your own chess piece (that is, "eat"). Only the son who eats the cannon has a different way from other sons: there must be a chess piece jumping between the cannon and the eaten son, commonly known as "making a cannon" or "shooting a bullet".

Chessboard and chess pieces

Chess is a competitive game between two players. Thirty-two chess pieces * * * are divided into two groups, red and black, with sixteen pieces in each group, one for each player. Arms are the same and can be divided into seven types:

Red: Red has a handsome man, two officers, two photographers, two chariots, two horses and five soldiers.

Black: Black has a general, two men, two elephants, two cars, two horses and five cannons.

Among them, handsome in general; Officials and scholars; Phase and image; Soldiers and pawns have exactly the same function, just to distinguish between bonus chess and black chess.

The place where the chess pieces move is called a chessboard. On the plane of the rectangle, there are nine parallel vertical lines and ten parallel horizontal lines intersecting, and there are ninety intersections, where the chess pieces are placed. The middle part, that is, the blank area without vertical lines between the fifth and sixth horizontal lines of the chessboard, is called the square between the two ends of the "river boundary", that is, the square between the fourth and sixth vertical lines at both ends, and it is called "Jiugong" (there are exactly nine intersections).

The whole chessboard is divided into two equal parts by the river boundary. In order to record the game and learn chess, the current rules stipulate that each vertical line of the red side is represented by chinese numerals 1-9 from right to left, and each vertical line of the black side is represented by Arabic numerals' 1' ~' 9'. Before the game starts, the red and black sides should put the chess pieces in the designated position. Every step of any chess piece, walking sideways like a car, writes "advance", "retreat" and "flat".

When any chess piece moves, if there is an opponent's chess piece in the position where Party B's chess piece can reach, the opponent's chess piece can be taken out of the chessboard (called eating) and replaced with his own chess piece. It's just that the way a cannon "eats" is different from the way it walks: it must be separated from its opponent's chess pieces by a chess piece (whether it is its own or his opponent's), and only when this condition is met can it "eat" others. It must be noted that there is a chess piece in the middle, which is commonly known as the "gun rack". Handsome, and if you are eaten or can't move, you will lose chess. The game commentary is the best, and other books are also useful. But if you want to buy many books, all the games are included. And it looks interesting, not boring. It's important to be interested in groups, but it's no use reading books.

In addition, novices should not play chess software, which is for challenge and entertainment. If you want to find someone in actual combat, you'd better be better than yourself and don't exaggerate.

Initial placement position of chessboard and chess pieces

Cars and horses are like soldiers, like cars.

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A pawn/pawn/pawn/pawn

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Soldiers/soldiers/soldiers/soldiers/soldiers/soldiers

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The horses and chariots are handsome.

Internationalization of China Chess

Chess is the traditional culture of the Chinese nation, which is not only deeply loved by the masses at home, but also widely circulated abroad, especially among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. Many overseas Chinese and compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao regard chess as a bridge and link between overseas Chinese and the motherland, and regard chess activities as the inheritance and development of their own national culture by the descendants of the Chinese people. In recent decades, with the continuous development of trade and cultural exchanges, chess has also developed many fans in Britain, the United States, France, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany and other countries. Chess is spreading from its birthplace to every corner of the world through Asia.

From the perspective of Asia, chess is very popular not only in Hong Kong and Macao, but also among overseas Chinese in Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Japan. Those regions and countries hold chess competitions every year and set up chess associations or chess associations respectively.

During the period of1978165438+10, the Asian Chess Federation came into being with the initiative and cooperation of overseas Chinese celebrities and chess professionals in some parts of Southeast Asia. At present, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, China, Brunei, West Malaya, Hong Kong and Macau are all members of the Asian Elephant Federation. The current president is Mr. Fok Ying Tung, a Hong Kong celebrity.

Since the establishment of the Asian Elephant Federation, chess activities in Asia have become more active, chess exchanges and competitions between Asian countries and regions have increased year by year, the level of players has generally improved, and many promising young players have emerged. Singapore, the Philippines and Thailand have also specially trained some female players, and the number of female players has gradually increased. The "Asian Cup Chess Championship", which embodies the friendship and level of Asian players, has been held for five times. The Asian City Masters Invitational Tournament was founded in 198 1 and has been held for three times. It is reported that the 4th Asian City Masters will be held in Macau. The Asian Elephant Federation has also held many friendly competitions and mutual visits between member countries and regions.

In recent years, chess has made gratifying progress among Europeans and Americans. The United States, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Canada and other countries have established chess associations or chess clubs. It is worth noting that chess masters in some countries have also played China chess, and like some China players in China, they have become "two-armed generals" who are good at both chess. In order to further promote the internationalization of chess, attract more Europeans and Americans to play chess, spread oriental chess to the whole world, and let people all over the world share the traditional culture of the Chinese nation and get endless fun from it, the Asian Elephant Federation entrusted the Qi Xiang Association of China to hold the "Seven-Star Cup" international invitational tournament, which is held every two years and has been held twice so far. The 2nd "Seven-Star Cup" International Invitational Tournament has 20 contestants from the Philippines, Thailand, the United States, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, West Berlin, France, China, Hongkong, Macau and other countries and regions. It is reported that the chess organizations of various countries and regions participating in the "Seven Stars Cup" will organize a chess federation through the next few games to further promote the internationalization of chess.

In order to encourage and attract non-Chinese foreigners to actively participate in chess activities and improve their chess skills, Mr. Fok Ying-tung of Hong Kong offered a huge bonus of 500,000 US dollars to be awarded to non-Chinese foreigners who won the "Ten consecutive championships" chess competition in Hu Ronghua. In addition, the Asian Elephant Federation has raised 3 million Hong Kong cities' funds to promote chess, and plans to translate chess books with annual interest and hold training courses for coaches and referees to help cultivate chess lovers among pure foreigners and promote chess to the world.

See you at the National Games.

According to the competition rules, the China Chess Competition in the 6th National Games from 65438 to 0987 will be divided into two groups: men's and women's. Due to the large number of teams, the competition is divided into two stages: the preliminary round and the final round. The preliminaries will be held in Fuzhou, Fujian in April, and the finals will be held in Panyu, Guangdong in late 10. The competition adopts the sub-station and single team system, with 4 men and 3 women in each team.

There will be more than 180 male and female chess players, which will be the largest chess match in the history of China National Games. In the past 1 and the 3rd National Games, although there were China chess competitions, they were all individual competitions. There are very few participating units and players. At the Fourth National Games in China, men competed in team events, while women's events were only held in individual events for a short time, so the scale and number of participants were not as good as this time.

Who is the male team leader? The author thinks that this will depend on the average strength and level of each team. From the analysis of the results of teams in recent national competitions, Shanghai, Hebei and Guangdong have the greatest hope. The Shanghai team includes Hu Ronghua, the "contemporary chess king" and "ten consecutive champions", as well as three generals, Yu and Yu. Among them, only Wu Zhengwei is a novice. In fact, he has been among the best in Shanghai many times, but there are so many talents in Shanghai that he has never had a chance to play in the past. In the 1986 National China Chess Team Competition held in Handan, the Shanghai team won the championship by virtue of its absolute advantage before the final round was over. In this National Games, the Shanghai team is naturally the most promising to win the championship.

Hebei team has grandmaster Li Laiqun and grandmaster Liu Dianzhong, and 1983 and 1985 won the national team championship twice. 1986 national team competition, at first, the voice of winning the championship was the highest, but due to the great ideological pressure of hosting the competition in my hometown, the players in three or four stations, especially four stations, did not play well on the spot. As a result, the defending failed. But after more than a year of pre-match training, especially psychological training, this weakness of Hebei team will be overcome. If the level of the last two players can play normally, Hebei team will still be a strong contender for the gold medal.

Guangdong team has new champion grandmaster Lv Qin and old master Cai Furu. In the 1986 national team competition, the old champion Yang Guanlin was greatly affected and failed to enter the top three. However, the Sixth National Games will be hosted by them, and the Guangdong team must pay special attention. If we can adjust the lineup, we can regroup and become strong rivals for the championship in Shanghai and Hebei.

As for the strength of the Heilongjiang team and Liaoning team of the northern two armies, we can't ignore it. In the history, Liaoning team won the championship twice. Bubu and the two masters and the No.3 and No.3 Congtai players have average strength, but their psychological control ability is slightly poor, and their record in the last eight sessions is not good. Heilongjiang team has Wang Jialiang, Zhao Guorong, Sun Zhiwei and other masters, 1985 won the second place in the national team, and 1986 retired to sixth place, but its strength is not weak. It is said that at the National Games, Wang Jialiang may take a back seat, serve as a staff member and make plans, and several young players will take on the heavy responsibilities. This adjustment may be more important than Wang Jialiang's personal struggle. Hubei team has grandmaster Liu Dahua. Although it started badly in the national team competition of 1986 and was defeated by the second team of Hebei, it later fought bravely and beat the first team of Guangdong and Hebei at a critical moment, and finally entered the top three. Zhejiang team has "Desperate Saburo" Yu Youhua and "Flying Knife" Chen Xiaokun. Because teams 3 and 4 are slightly weaker, there is little hope of winning the championship, but it will be an obstacle for each team to win the championship. The above four teams have great hopes of entering the top six. In addition, Jiangsu, Anhui, Sichuan, locomotive and other teams also have the possibility of competing for the top six.

The situation of women's team competition is different from that of men. Because each team consists of three players, one more than the previous team competition, this new rule will bring new changes to the whole competition result.

In recent years, the strength of China women's chess team has been greatly improved. Originally, Guangdong, Beijing and Shanghai had three pillars, and now Shanghai, Guangdong and Anhui have three pillars. Guangdong team won three consecutive championships from 1982. 1 No.2 Huang Zijun and Huang's chess skills are in the golden age, and they won the championship from 1985 with unbeaten record in the National Games. In the 1986 national competition, although he lost to the Shanghai team at first, he was not discouraged, and then he won several rounds and finally defended his title successfully. The number of women's teams in the National Games has increased to three, and the Guangdong team also has candidates. Shanghai team has grandmaster singles, master Huang and rookie Chang Hong, and has the strength to win the championship. The Anhui team is on the rise. 1 Gao Hua won the national individual championship on 1985, and won the national championship with No.2 Wu Shuying in the national team competition on 1986. Women's China Chess Team Champion in this National Games may be produced in Guangdong, Shanghai and Anhui, and it is also possible to win the top three.

The notation of China chess.

The notation of China chess is generally composed of four words.

The word 1 is the name of the chess piece. Such as "horse" or "car".

The second word is the number of the straight line where the chess piece is located.

The third word indicates the moving direction of the chess piece: use "flat" to indicate horizontal walking, "forward" or "upward" to indicate forward walking, and "backward" or "downward" to indicate backward walking.

The fourth word is the number of steps that the chess piece moves forward and backward, or the number of steps that reach a straight line.

For example:

"Two artillery levels and five artillery levels" refers to the translation of red artillery from Line 2 to Line 5.

"Horse 8 into 7" means that the dark horse advances from straight line 8 to straight line 7.

When two chess pieces with the same name are on the same straight line, they need to be distinguished by "front" or "back". For example, "the front horse retreats to six" (indicating that the red horse in front retreats to a straight line six) and "the rear cannon draws four" (indicating that the black cannon in the back moves to a straight line four).

Some China chess websites.

Guangdong China Chess Network:/

China Chess Master Network:/

Shantou Chess Academy Network:/