What are the characteristics of Hakka dwellings and Dai bamboo buildings?

Most Dai people in Xishuangbanna live by the water of Pingba or by the mountains and rivers in the valley. The house is a "trunk" bamboo building. Individual ethnic groups call the buildings they live in "extraordinary".

Dai people pay special attention to the naming of local place names and village names. Generally, they are named according to local natural scenery, environmental characteristics and historical legends, and some place names and village names often have certain religious colors. For example, Yun Jinghong means "City of Dawn" in Dai language. Legend has it that when the Buddha visited another place, the local people took out gold cloth and laid it on the road to meet him. The Buddha was very happy. He named this place Han Meng (Land of Gold), which is the Olive Dam in front of him. Some village names are named according to the characteristics of the natural environment, such as Ma Meng, which is translated into Chinese as Hot Water Pond Village. Manyong, translated as Peacock Village in Chinese. In addition, before liberation, the Dai people were ruled by feudal lords, and every village had to bear special labor for the feudal lords. The names of all kinds of labor have become village names, such as raising horses, raising elephants, washing dishes and so on.

The village where the Dai people live has a quiet environment and the buildings in the village are neat and tidy. Regardless of the size of the village and the number of households (ranging from one to two hundred households to one or twenty households), there are rivers, streams or lakes next to the village. The houses in the village are neatly arranged and hidden among green trees and bamboo forests. The road in the village is wide and flat. Where there is a Buddhist temple, there is a bodhi tree next to the temple. Houses are surrounded by bamboo fences or wooden fences, and fruit trees, flowers and trees or firewood forests (mostly black-hearted trees) are planted in the fences. There is a clearing under the bamboo building, namely the courtyard dam. Walking into the Dai village, you can see coconut trees dancing, betel nuts standing tall and straight, beautiful bamboo with slender waist and bananas shaking huge green leaves. The water in the village is gurgling, flowers are blooming and birds are singing together, just like charming tropical mountain paintings and beautiful frontier village poems, which makes people linger.

Dai bamboo building in Xishuangbanna is a kind of "dry fence" building. The name Zhulou is not a common name of Dai people, but a special name for houses by Dai people. Before liberation, the mangosteen in Xishuangbanna was as green as the sea, and the Dai people living in the bamboo sea could not afford to build tall buildings. In addition, the local climate is hot and humid, so they have to use local materials and bamboo as building materials. The whole building is made up of bamboo structures: bamboo columns, bamboo fences, bamboo buildings, bamboo rafters, bamboo floors, bamboo stairs and bamboo tiles. Therefore, it is called Bamboo House. After liberation, especially in recent years, with the development of production and the improvement of people's living standards, building materials have developed into wood, brick and tile roof structures (only a few are bamboo and thatched roof structures). Although the building materials are different, the architectural form still maintains the characteristics of the bamboo building. Therefore, the name Zhu Lou was inherited and became a special name.

Dai people call the building where they live "hen", which evolved from "roast hum". "Roast Hum" literally translates as "Phoenix spreads its wings". According to legend, in ancient times, Dai people did not have houses, but lived in caves or deep forests. Later, a man named Paya Samuti built a flat-topped hut with leaves and grass, but he couldn't live in rainy days. One day, while Paya Samuti was struggling to build a house, a beautiful phoenix braved the wind and rain and flew in. The phoenix spreads its wings in a "human" shape. When the phoenix bowed its head and trailed, the herringbone wings were just covered, and the phoenix was caught in the rain, just like the shape of a two-story building on the ground. Therefore, Paya Samuti was inspired to build this high-rise residence with bamboo and wood according to the trend of phoenix getting wet in the rain. This kind of building can not only prevent rain and moisture, but also prevent wild animals. He named this building "Baking Chun" and passed it on to future generations.

In order to remember Payasamuti, people renamed "Kao Hum" as "Very Payasamuti". Later, with the continuous improvement of housing forms, people called all kinds of bamboo buildings "extraordinary".

Before liberation, under the influence of the feudal lords system of the Dai nationality, there were different levels of people and houses among the Dai people. The Dai people have an old rule that "the residence should be different from the official residence". At that time, the main living room was called "Drinking Call" and "Drinking Call" was spacious and tall, with more than 100 wooden columns and two wooden ladders, all above 10. The living room of the poor can only be limited to 40 wooden columns, and the ladder can't exceed 9 levels. Widowed people can only live in a low room with three stairs. Even in a family, the house of separated children generally cannot exceed that of parents. Hakka dwellings in southern Jiangxi can be roughly divided into two types, namely "hall-house combination" dwellings and "enclosure-style" dwellings. "Modular" houses are distributed in all counties and cities in the whole region, which is the mainstream form of houses in southern Jiangxi. "Wai House" is mainly distributed in Dingnan, Longnan, Quannan, Xunwu, Anyuan and Xinfeng counties in Hexi, and is a special form of Hakka houses in southern Jiangxi.

(a) Hall-style modular residential buildings

Hakka people in southern Jiangxi generally call the hall "Tang" or "Tang Fu", and "Tang" refers to the ancestral hall. Call the house "house" and the house "house". The hall is the center of the house, and many "main houses" and "horizontal houses" are connected together to form a "big house field", which is essentially born out of the ancient quadrangles in the Central Plains. Hakka dwellings in southern Jiangxi are the mainstream, widely distributed in counties and cities, among which "nine halls and eighteen wells" are the most typical.

1, structural characteristics

The simplest combination unit of "hall-style combination" residential building is "four fans and three rooms", also known as "three rooms crossing", that is, three rooms with one bright and two dark. The main room is the hall, and the second room is the room. The kitchen, animal house and toilet are generally built next to the room or separately. This is the most common residential building in Gannan. Generally speaking, a slightly richer person has two buildings, each with three or five rooms, separated by a horizontal patio, and the two buildings are connected by an axillary gallery. The Ming rooms of the two houses become the front hall (hall) and the back hall (upper hall), which are also collectively called the "main hall". The second room in the front hall is the wing, and the second room in the back hall is the main room. In this way, a closed "main room" composed of two units is formed, commonly known as "two-hall style", commonly known as "three-three-three" and "five-five-five".

On this basis, if the scale needs to be expanded in the future, the "horizontal houses" will be expanded on both sides of the main house. The horizontal house is flush with the main house or two rooms protrude from the front, and the plane is inverted "concave". There is a thoroughfare between the main house and the horizontal house, which is called "lane" or "jam", and Fujian and Guangdong are called "horizontal flat". There are small doors before and after the thoroughfare, and a vertical patio is left in the lane for lighting and drainage. The door of every room in a horizontal house is open to the road. The main room leads from the armpit corridor to the alley. In this way, taking the main hall of the main house as the central axis, plus the alleys and horizontal houses on both sides, a house commonly known as "two halls and two horizontal houses" was formed. If this kind of residential building needs to be expanded, similar alleys and horizontal houses can be symmetrically added on the outer side of the horizontal house, which can be called two halls, four horizontals and six horizontals ... You can also build a three-room or five-room main house in front of the main house with patio and axillary corridor as the boundary, so that the original front building and vestibule can be turned into middle building and middle hall, and the back building can be called front building and vestibule, and the alleys and horizontal houses on both sides can be pushed forward at the same time. This kind of house consisting of three main rooms and two rows of horizontal rooms is called "three halls and two horizontal rooms". This is the most representative form of this kind of residence.

With the development of clans and the growth of population, the three halls and two horizontal buildings can be expanded to "three halls and four horizontal buildings" and "three halls and six horizontal buildings" until they develop into big houses called "nine wells and eighteen halls" or "nine halls and eighteen wells" by the people. Although there are different opinions on "Nine Wells and Eighteen Halls" or "Nine Halls and Eighteen Halls", in terms of scale, they are all extensions of depth and breadth, and they are the highest realm pursued by Hakka people in southern Jiangxi.

Because Gannan is located in the hilly area, it has a vast territory, a vast territory and a sparsely populated area, and its commerce is underdeveloped. "Although there is no pain of freezing to death, it is also a home with a huge room." Therefore, residential buildings generally adopt civil structures. Civil structures can be divided into adobe civil structures and rammed earth-wood structures, among which rammed earth structures are more in the south and less in the north. Brick-and-wood houses generally appear in houses of wealthy families or temple buildings. Traditional brick-and-wood houses are generally blue brick and gray tile drywall (in the past, red bricks were not burned in Gannan). Among them, there are more brick houses in the north than in the south. Masonry walls and adobe walls are load-bearing. Columns are not used much, mainly for halls. Because the halls of this kind of houses are all open halls (there is no front rafter wall in the back hall and no back rafter wall in the front hall), and generally there is no floor, so some main halls with large space or halls with porches have two rafters to support the rafters and ceilings.

Generally, there are ponds and rice fields in front of houses with more than two horizontal houses, which are often made of clay bricks. This pond and Woping are not only places for residents to wash clothes and dry things, but also naturally become their sphere of influence for further development. Taking two or three horizontal houses as the basic unit combination, it has been expanding to the front, back, left and right, reaching hundreds, and even forming a big house with one village and one surname. Up to now, there are still many ancient villages in Gannan, which are typical representatives of this kind of folk houses.

2. Living in Feng Shui

In the past, the concept of Feng Shui prevailed in southern Jiangxi. Every time you build a house, please ask Mr. Geography to choose the location of the base, and also choose the auspicious day to break ground, lay the foundation, Anmen and Shangliang. Most houses and homesteads face north and south, as the saying goes: "North faces south, and there is food and leisure (Yin Han); Sitting south facing north, the gods live in it. " The geomantic omen taught by Mr. Geography pays attention to the so-called dragon, bureau and water, and thinks that "the dragon dominates the ding, the bureau dominates the fame, and the water dominates the wealth". Therefore, every feng shui, the first sight is the dragon's life and death; Shuikou is on a certain word, giving birth to mountains and water. Looking at Long Mai, it seems that Longzu Mountain is the first, and then look at the context, and there are points of dragons, crossing dragons and so on. He also said that dragons should have a strong pulse and strength. In order to match the background, Houlongshan must be a lush forest. There must be many things around the local branch peak that branches from the main vein, like the imperial court pattern, with flags and drums, printed records, sitting on the homestead, like a marshal raising accounts. Water refers to the water potential ahead, so you can't go straight and wash away the financial resources. In order to circulate the nozzles, dams are built and trees are planted. Therefore, Hakka villages generally have densely wooded Shuikou and Houlongshan.

3. "Single door" culture

In addition, the Hakka people in Gannan are still popular with the custom of "doorplate", that is, in the vast rural areas and even some towns, there is a custom of drawing four-character (some are three-character) plaques above the halls, which is called "doorplate". This phenomenon is particularly obvious in Shangyou and other counties. The contents of the surname list vary widely and can be roughly divided into the following categories. The first is to explain the origin of this surname family. For example, Huang's "The Origin of Jiangxia" shows that the birthplace of Huang's surname was Jiangxia County in ancient times. Chen, Zhong, Lai, Wu, Yu and other surnames "Yingchuan's land" mean that all the above surnames are from Yingchuan County; Luo's "Legacy" shows Luo's watch. Second, explain the aristocratic family style or family background of this surname. For example, Confucius' Mud Mountain tells the story of a great thinker of Confucius who was born in Nishan, Qufu, Shandong Province in the Spring and Autumn Period. His deeds and thoughts shine in history. Zhong's "Victory over the State" refers to the historical fact that Zhong Shaojing was made King of Yue for helping to quell the rebellion. Zhang's Qujiang Style and Legacy both tell the story of Zhang's ancestor Zhang Jiuling. Zhang Jiuling was born in Qujiang (now Shaoguan), Shaozhou, Tang Dynasty, and moved to Zhongshuling when Xuanzong was in the Tang Dynasty. In addition, some surnames, such as "Dafudi" and "Sima Di", show their noble family status. The third is to reflect the deeds of celebrities and sages in this surname pedigree. For example, Zhong's bosom friend has a high wind and Feihong dances with cranes. The former records the story of the Spring and Autumn Period and "high mountains and flowing water", while the latter records the story of Wei Taifu Zhong's unique calligraphy in the Three Kingdoms period, including the book "Feihong plays in the sea and flying cranes swim in the sky". Liu's "School the World" and "Glory of Luge" refer to the orders made by Liu Xiangfeng in the Western Han Dynasty to correct the similarities and differences between the Five Classics and Tianluge. Zhang's Jin Jian refers to the historical fact that Zhang Jiuling, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, presented the gold to Xuanzong. Wang Xing's "Three Stones Huaide" tells the story of Wang You planting three locust trees in the courtyard in the Song Dynasty, and predicts that future generations will be nobles. Later, his second son, Wang, was a scholar during the Taiping period and later became prime minister. Tian's "The Spread of Bauhinia" said that there was a Tian Zhen in Lintong. After the separation of the three brothers, the property was divided equally, and there was a bauhinia tree in front of the house. The next day, the tree was divided into three parts, and everyone got one. Who knows the next morning, the tree has withered, waiting to die. Tian Zhen said to his two brothers, "The tree is the same, it can be divided, so it is withered. People are not as good as wood. " After that, I was devastated. Brothers feel the same way, no longer separated, and the bauhinia in front of the house is flourishing. The fourth is to show the noble character of the sages of this surname pedigree. For example, Huang's uncle has a high wind, which embodies the high wind and bright festival of Huangshu capital in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His personality: "If Wang Yang is a thousand hectares of waves, it is unknown and confusing." Yang's Innocent Family heirloom tells the story of an honest official in the Eastern Han Dynasty, who was innocent all his life. Someone paid him ten gold coins that night, but Yang Zhen didn't accept it. The briber said, "twilight is ignorant." Yang Zhen replied: "Heaven knows, earth knows, son knows, I know, what is ignorance?" Never take bribes. Zeng's "heirloom of the three provinces" is taken from a sentence in the Analects of Confucius: "I save myself three times a day-is it unfaithful to people?" Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? "Warning future generations to be as strict with themselves as Ceng Zi. The fifth is to show that the door style is simple, auspicious and rich. For example, I wrote Loyalty and Forgiveness, Farming and Reading, Diligence and Housekeeping, Hard Struggle, Purple Gas Coming from the East, Harmony is Precious, Living in My Home, Spring and Autumn Prosperity, Your House Lan Xin, Zhu Bosong Mao and Harmony.

In short, although the "door list" is only three or four words, it is rich in content and profound in meaning. First of all, each house number is a "miniature family tree", which contains a lot of historical information. It is an important symbol of Hakka's respect for ancestors and prosperity, and it is also a precious historical material for us to study family history, Hakka migration history and national history. Secondly, "Mendan" is the product of Hakka ancestors' worship consciousness. After leaving their relatives and ancestral homes, Hakkas living in different branches can't help feeling empty and lonely. At this time, the doorplate also played a role in arousing the awareness of ancestor worship, making the Hakkas living in different branches feel that their relatives are around, and this new home at their feet is their ancestral home, thus greatly strengthening their determination and confidence in doing business in their new home. Third, through the door list, we can gain a sense of belonging to the same clan and improve the social status of the branch residents. In the past, the "door list" used to be like a red line, connecting the thoughts and feelings of people of the same clan and spectrum. No matter how far apart, they will always be soul mates; Whether you know each other or not, as long as you see the "family history table" and can tell the origin of your family, you will be warmly received by your host, which is better than going home for a long time. The host is also honored by the visit of distant relatives. The more relatives come, the more powerful his family is. In the feudal society of China, this is very important for people living in branches, because it is an era in which contradictions among natives, clan surnames and class contradictions are intertwined. Strong family power means strong backing and will not be bullied by indigenous people or other surnames. Of course, in that kind of contradictory struggle, it is always the poor of all clans who become victims. Up to now, the contradiction between natives and tourists, clan names and class contradictions in the old society has been eliminated, but the function of "Mendan" as a link between people of the same clan and pedigree still exists. Fourth, the "door list" has the function of educating future generations. As mentioned earlier, some "door lists" show their noble character, simple manners and hard work, which are used to cultivate future generations. All clansmen attach great importance to the positive significance of house numbers, which really plays an important role in cultivating outstanding moral character from generation to generation. Today, we can take advantage of this positive role of house numbers, bring them into the socialist moral norms, and let them serve socialism. Therefore, the "single door" culture is also a major feature of Hakka dwellings in southern Jiangxi.