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Fabre

1823 65438+On February 22nd, Fabres was born in a peasant family in the south of France. As a child, he was fascinated by flowers, plants, insects and birds in the outdoor nature. When he was less than 19, he decided to study insects. Later, he obtained his master's and doctor's degrees in natural science through self-study. With a small sum of money he saved, he bought an old house near the rural town of Srinion, and the plan to further study live insects is about to become a reality. He was in a good mood and gave the house a funny nickname-Waste Stone Garden in local Provencal language. Year after year, he guarded his beloved waste rock garden, tirelessly engaged in unique entomology research, and wrote his labor achievements into volumes of entomology works. male

The main content of entomology is entomology, including some biographical articles about experiences and memories, some arguments about solving theoretical problems and a few words with popular science knowledge. In 2000, Fabres said in the preface to the ten-volume hardcover entomology publication: "It is a great pity that I am forced to stop these studies now. You know, doing these studies is the only comfort I get in my life. After reading this world, I know that insects are one of its most colorful groups. Even if I can gain some strength, I may even live a few times, and I can't fully understand the interests of insects. "

1915438+065438+10 One day in October, the giant who played the vibrato of human destiny with insects passed away.

New words and phrases: bonfires are dumb and usurp inferior crops.

Except for the silence of hunting, jaws and beaks are jealous.

Rustling atmosphere lettuce forceps suck saliva.

Green Fruit Fables (Essay on Science)

Features: beautiful, light green, slim and symmetrical.

Habit: Soft voice, feeding on catching cicadas.

Personification is vivid and friendly.

Theme:

This scientific paper is full of fun. The author observes carefully, writes delicately and vividly, and the slug in the sketch is vivid and lovely. From this, we realize the author's respect and love for life and his intoxication and obsession with nature.

Thinking:

(1) What are the features of green slugs? What are the habits of green slugs? What habits did the author mainly write?

Appearance characteristics: "This insect is beautiful, bright green, with two pale white ribbons on the side, beautiful figure, slim and symmetrical, and its two big wings are as light as yarn."

The author wrote about the sound and feeding habits of slugs, mainly about feeding habits. From the fourth paragraph to the end, this is the main body of the article, in which the three paragraphs 8, 9, 10 are supplementary explanations to the feeding habits of slugs, and the paragraph 1 1 is about the feeding habits of slugs.

(2) The author constantly changes the names of green slugs, finds out these names, and talks about what names the author uses under what circumstances and what effect this writing has.

The names given to the fruit by the author are: fanatical hunter, prisoner in my cage, cicada butcher and so on. The author of "Guo Guo Killing Cicada" uses "fanatical hunter"; When the fruit becomes the object of observation and experiment in the author's cage, the author uses "prisoner in the cage"; Guo eats cicada meat, which the author calls "the butcher of cicada". The author keeps changing his name to make his writing more vivid, vivid and impressive.

Cooperative discussion:

(1) How did the author draw the slug out?

In paragraph 1 of the text, Guo Guo didn't write it, but wrote it on the day when everyone else was celebrating the National Day, and I haven't forgotten to observe insects. "I'm Alone" shows the author's persistence in the cause he loves. In the second paragraph, it is written that cicadas stop singing at night and have to rest. Suddenly, a cicada chirp leads to the "hero" of this article-Guo Guo.

(2) How did the author know what kind of food the fruit likes to eat?

The author knows through experiments and observations that Guoguo likes to eat cicada's belly. In the morning, the scene he watched while walking revealed the food mystery of the fruit-catching cicadas for food. By changing the pattern of food, he revealed the secret that Guo ate cicada's belly first, because there was both meat and sugar in cicada's belly, which reflected the author's rigorous scientific attitude.

(3) personification is used in many places, and the advantages of this writing method are discussed with concrete examples.

"Whispering", "enjoying", "loving sweets" and "accepting without hesitation" are anthropomorphic. This writing is natural and vivid.

(4) Read the ninth paragraph of the text, sum up the living habits explained in this paragraph, and explain the insects belonging to the genus _ _ _ _ _ _ (A. carnivorous B. herbivorous C. omnivorous).

The ninth paragraph of the text explains the feeding habits of slugs. Choose c, which belongs to omnivorous insects.

(5) "The State of Guo also eats people. It is true that in my cage, I have never seen the cruelty of killing my sister and devouring my husband like a mantis, but if a Guo dies, the living will never miss the opportunity to taste its body, just like ordinary prey. " What explanation method is used in this article?

In this paper, the comparison method is used to write that slugs eat the same kind and mantis is compared. This writing can not only let readers know the habits of other insects, but also highlight the habits of slugs.

(6) The entries about grasshoppers in Ci Hai are as follows: grasshoppers, insects and owls, with short wings and big bellies. The base of the male front wing can rub and make a sound. It eats young leaves and flowers of plants and harms crops. Also called "brother".

The explanation of this article is different from the general explanation, with obvious emotional color, cordial and natural, rich in literary style, interesting and vivid.

Writing characteristics:

(1) literary style. This paper not only describes the image of insects, but also reveals personal feelings.

(2) Vivid language. The author is full of love for the fruit, and his language is vivid and touching.

(3) The use of personification makes the article natural and friendly, and enhances readability.

(4) Write Guo Guo by contrast. For example, when writing Guo Guo's Cry, compare it with Cicada's Cry. When writing that it likes to eat meat, compare it with owls; When writing about it chasing cicadas, compare it with eagles; When writing about its cannibalism, mantis was compared. These comparisons not only highlight the habits of slugs, but also show that the author knows the habits of various insects like the back of his hand.

Eager to have a try.

Pay attention to life and love nature.

Interviewee: Anonymous11-23 01:39

1. This is an interesting article. The author writes the slug vividly with vivid brushwork, which is very readable. This is also the feature of Fabres's whole book Insects. Mr. Lu Xun once called "Insect Story" a model of "telling insect stories" and "telling insect life". Zhou Zuoren said: "It is more interesting and meaningful than reading those boring novels and plays." Indeed, Fabres's fruits are vivid, and the author's respect and love for life are permeated between the lines.

Let the students read the text carefully first and draw the words of birth. Then read it again and draw the most wonderful paragraphs or sentences you think. The purpose of doing this is to make students feel the content of the text effectively.

How did the author draw the slug out? 1 paragraph, I didn't write slug, I wrote it on someone else's National Day, and I haven't forgotten to observe insects. "I'm Alone" shows how persistent the author is about the cause he loves! Scientific research needs such a spirit. The second paragraph says that cicadas stop chirping at night and have a rest. Suddenly, a cicada chirp leads to Guo Guo, the "hero" of this article. What an ingenious way of writing!

Introduce the jokes in the third paragraph. The author uses personification to write the fruit. Write its song first. The sound of the fruit is "whispering", "like the sound of a pulley" and "like the faint sound of a shriveled film", and the sound is dumb, sharp, short and crisp. When frogs and other insects around are silent, the voice of slugs is "very soft". These descriptions all show the author's love for fruit. Especially "Qingguoguo", if you play the piano any louder, you are a better singer than cicada. In northern China, people let cicadas usurp your reputation! "What a strong and warm emotion!

In the fourth paragraph, I began to write about the feeding habits of slugs until the last paragraph, which is the main body of the article. This part is to observe the slugs in the metal net cover. In order to understand the living habits of insects, the author not only went to the wild to observe, but also caught a lot of them and kept them at home. This is his laboratory. What does the fruit look like? The author made a description: "very beautiful, green all over, with two pale white ribbons on the side, beautiful figure, slim and symmetrical, and two big wings as light as yarn." Beautiful language describes the lovely appearance of the fruit. Next, the author wrote about the food of slugs. The author compares grasshoppers with owls, and neither of them likes lettuce leaves very much. This made the author encounter "trouble". The word "trouble" shows the author's loving attitude towards slugs. The author speculates that the fruit may eat fresh meat. This kind of introduction is different from the general explanation. With obvious emotional color, cordial and natural, rich in literary brushwork, it is the characteristic of Fables' insect story. This kind of brushwork is very popular with teenagers. How does the author know what kind of food Guoguo likes best? In short, through observation. In the early morning, the scene I watched while walking revealed the food mystery of slugs-catching cicadas for food. So why does Guoguo like to eat cicada's belly best? "Is the belly more popular than other parts?" The author continues the experimental observation with this question. The seventh paragraph reveals the secret of eating cicada's belly first, because there is both meat and sugar in the belly. Paragraphs 8, 9 and 10 are supplementary explanations on the feeding habits of slugs. 1 1 paragraph, Guoguo gets along well and never quarrels.

This article is interesting from beginning to end without any mechanical introduction. The spirit of exploration and innovation shown by the author in this paper is very valuable and can have a good influence on students.

The writing features of this article are outstanding: 1. Literary style. This article is not like an ordinary expository article. Stranding load I'm glad to meet you. Zhong Xieshuo Lv Xing Mu Ding? Vivid language. The author is full of affection for the fruit, so the use of language is as vivid and touching as possible. For example, "they ate the dish with relish" and "it accepted it without hesitation". "When the crops are full, it scratches the soles of its feet with the tip of its beak, wipes its face and eyes with its claws stained with saliva, and then closes its eyes or lies on the beach to digest the food". These languages are very vivid. 3. The use of personification. For example, Guo Guo is talking to himself, Guo Guo loves sweets, and Guo Guo is in harmony with each other. The use of personification makes the article natural and friendly, and enhances readability. 4. Write Guo Guo by comparison. For example, when writing the voice of slugs, compare the voice of cicadas; When writing that it likes to eat meat, compare it with owls; When writing about it chasing cicadas, compare it with eagles; When writing about cannibalism, it is more mantis. These comparisons not only highlight the habits of slugs, but also show that the author knows the habits of various insects like the back of his hand.

Second, the problem research

There are many new words in this article, so the teacher should ask the students to read and write more and find out the meaning. These words are: bonfire, hunting, noise, jungle law, chin, pliers, mute, quiet, silent, better, cassock, lettuce, disparity, kicking, relish, crop, beak, sucking, passion, mantis, greed, saliva.

This is an interesting article. In teaching, we should pay attention to arouse students' enthusiasm for learning and never get bored. Therefore, it is advisable to read more books and let students discuss it by themselves.

Paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 are all very short, which means that the teacher can let the students summarize by themselves. For example, the teacher can ask, "Can these five paragraphs be merged into one paragraph? Why? "

Practice note

Read the text quickly, discuss and complete the following questions.

1. What are the characteristics of green slugs? What are the habits of green slugs? What kind of habits does the author mainly write about?

2. The author constantly changes the names of green slugs, finds out these names, and talks about what names the author uses under what circumstances and what effect this writing has.

3. personification is used in many places in the text. find a few examples and talk about the benefits of this writing.

Reference answer:

1. This question checks the reading effect to see if students can grasp the basic content of the article. Reference answer: Appearance characteristics, "This insect is beautiful, bright green, with two pale white ribbons on the side, beautiful figure, slim and symmetrical, and two big wings as light as yarn." The author wrote about the call and feeding habits of slugs. Mainly about eating habits.

2. The names given to the fruit by the author are: fanatical hunter, prisoner in my cage, cicada butcher, etc. The author of "Killing cicadas by Guo Guo" used "fanatical hunters"; When the fruit becomes the object of observation and experiment in the author's cage, the author uses "prisoner in the cage"; Guo eats cicada meat, which the author calls "the butcher of cicada". The author constantly changes the appellation, making the writing more vivid, the description more vivid and the impression more profound.

3. "Whispering", "enjoying", "loving sweets" and "accepting without hesitation" are anthropomorphic. This writing is natural and vivid.

Second, go outside and listen to insects and birds, recognize these sounds and describe them vividly in a paragraph.

The purpose of this topic is to encourage students to carry out Chinese practice activities and realize interdisciplinary communication.

Teaching suggestion

First, read Fabres's Insects (excerpts) after class and make reading notes.

Second, pay attention to language learning and accumulation.

Third, students introduce each other to an animal they are most familiar with.

Second, Fabres and Insects (Zou Hua)

Huacheng Publishing House has published the French version of The Complete Translation of Insect Stories in ten volumes, which has drawn a satisfactory conclusion for this story. Nearly 80 years have passed since Zhou Zuoren and Lu Xun were first introduced.

In Fabres's time, the study of animals was to dissect and classify animals in the laboratory. The entomologist's research is to nail insects in wooden boxes, soak them in soju, and observe their tentacles, jaws, wings and feet with wide eyes, but rarely think about what role these organs play in the process of insect childbirth. They named insects worker ants, but they didn't know what worker ants produced. Important characteristics of insect life-instinct and habit, etc. Can't be elegant in entomology. Fabres challenged tradition, turned himself into an insect man, went deep into the life of insects, and studied their instincts and habits through field experiments. His research method was criticized by orthodox forces. He retorted, "You are cutting open the internal organs of insects, and I am doing research while they are alive and kicking;" You turn insects into a bunch of horrible and poor things, and I make people like me; You work in torture room and the morgue, and I observe the cicada singing under the blue sky; You test the hive and protoplasm with reagents, while I study the highest expression of instinct; You explore death and I explore life. " (Insects, Volume II)

In the ruthless natural environment, insects struggle for the survival of individuals and races with perseverance. Fables, like his beloved insect, insisted on his research method. The world was shocked when Fabres presented the complicated insect world to people with a large number of detailed first-hand materials, and held out that the fruits of his lifelong research on insects came from his "barren stone garden".

Entomology is a rigorous scientific work, but its face is very kind, not pretentious and profound, not dry and pedantic, not obscure and boring serious academic works. "There is no formula full of words and half-baked nonsense, but an accurate description of the observed facts, not much at all, not much at all." (Insects, Volume II)

This was also criticized by the orthodox school, saying that his words were not solemn. Fabres said, "If one day I write for scholars and philosophers who try to understand instinctive problems a little, I will write for them, especially for young people. I hope they like this natural history that you make them sick. " That's why I don't use your scientific writing while trying to provide information, because it seems to borrow the language of Huron (17th century North American Indians-editor's note). "(Entomology Volume II) What's more, it was an era of" style is people ". After Buffon shouted "Style is man", naturalists were keen to write research results into literary works throughout the 18 and 19 centuries. Fabres is no exception. He has made great efforts in the style of his articles, but Insects are not as flashy as ordinary literary works. Fables' style is just like his personality: simple and true.

Please look at Fabres's description of the generous cicada drilling a well in an afternoon in July, but it was captured by the invaders:

Sure enough, a large group of thirsty guys wandered around in all directions. They found the well, and the juice oozing from it exposed it. These guys swarmed, and at first they were a little cautious, just licking the oozing juice. I saw wasps, flies, globes, mud bees, spider bees, goldsmiths and scarabs all rushing to the sweet wellhead, and most of them were ants.

In order to get close to the clear spring, those little people got under the cicada's stomach, and the cicada generously raised its claws to let these uninvited guests pass freely; The bigger insects stamped their feet impatiently, took a quick breath, then retreated, went for a spin on the nearby branches, and then came back more boldly. They became more greedy, and they just restrained themselves. Now they have become a group of noisy intruders, bent on driving the open-source drowning people away from the spring.

Among these robbers, ants are the most persistent. I've seen them bite the tips of cicadas' claws bit by bit, grab the tips of their wings, climb the back of cicadas and scratch their tentacles. A brave ant was right under my nose, clutching the cicada's straw and desperately trying to pull it out.

The giant was impatient with the dwarf and finally gave up the well. It spilled a bubble of urine on these robbers and ran away. (Entomology, Volume V)

Fabres's Tale of Insects is not limited to truly recording the life of insects, but uses human nature to observe the nature of insects. Insect instinct, habit, labor, marriage, reproduction and death are all permeated with humanistic care, and social life is reflected by insect nature, and wise philosophy is vividly on paper. Most importantly, the whole work is full of love for life and praise for all things in nature. It is this reverence for respect and love for life that infuses the soul into this ordinary scientific work, making this book about tiny insects a masterpiece for human beings to acquire knowledge, interest, beauty and thoughts.

Poverty and prejudice have been plaguing Fables all his life. He can take advantage of his talents in chemistry and mathematics, take an easy shortcut, win applause and honor, and live a dream life. He insisted on research and exploration because he had a certain spirit; That is seeking truth, that is seeking truth, seeking truth. Without this spirit, there would be no entomology, and the tree of human spirit would lack a fruit of wisdom.

Fabrice said, "I am St. Thomas (one of the twelve disciples of Jesus). I didn't believe in Jesus' resurrection until I touched his wound with my own hands. -Editor's Note) Difficult disciples, before saying' yes' to one thing, I have to observe and touch it, not once, but two or three times, even endlessly, until my doubts are completely convinced by overwhelming evidence. " (Entomology, Volume 7) Seeking truth makes him develop the empirical spirit of insect research to an extremely rigorous level, and he must explore the truth of the insect world through repeated observation and experiments; Seeking truth makes him as naive as a child and dares to question the authoritative theory according to his own observations and experiments. When Fabres was studying the wallbee in the raspberry pile, he found that the facts he observed were contrary to the theory of survival of the fittest, so he poked a needle in Evolution:

If the famous laws that dominate and transform the world are well-founded, if the most talented people really exclude the least talented people from the world stage, if the future belongs to the strongest and most skilled people; So since the Volby family dug a hole in the raspberry stump, they should let those weak people who stubbornly want to go out through the usual exit die and replace them with powerful people who are good at digging holes from the side. ..... However, the descendants of the strong did not make the descendants of the weak disappear. On the contrary, they are still in the minority. I am deeply impressed by the significance of the law of survival of the fittest, but whenever I want to apply this law to the observed facts, it keeps me busy without any evidence to explain the actual situation. This law is magnificent in theory, but it is actually a ball full of air. (Insects, Volume II)

Darwin's theory of evolution is one of "19 century's three great discoveries of natural science". 19th century is a century in which "natural selection, survival of the fittest" prevails. Fabres made this untimely sound, and it was this spirit of seeking truth that gave him courage.

Two million words of entomology not only recorded Fabres's research results in detail, but also recorded Fabres's motivation, life ambition, knowledge background and living conditions, especially Alma Lab, atavism, my school, pond, mathematical memory: Newton binomial, mathematical memory: my little desk and childhood memory. If we look at it from another angle, we might as well regard Insect as Fabres's autobiography, a very peculiar autobiography. Insects are only evidence of his research experience and circumstantial materials of his biography.

Third, the light music player-Yan Si

Tethys is the best among insect "musicians". The most prominent feature of owls is that they are good at singing. Its songs are different, some are loud, some are low and swaying, or like running water, or like a shower, with high or low tones and clear or dumb voices, adding a series of wonderful notes to nature.

1. Morphological characteristics

Sometimes, katydids are also called slugs, and they are also called brothers, which is a bigger song worm. The body length is about 40 mm, and the side is flat. Antennas are filiform and usually exceed the body length. The wing is membranous and fragile, with the leading edge inclined downward, and usually the left wing covers the right wing. The hind wings are slightly longer than the front wings, and there are also species with short wings or wingless wings. The male insect has a sound generator on its front wing. There are a pair of hearing organs at the base of tibioarticular segment of forefoot. Four hocks of the foot. The tail is short and the ovipositor is knife-shaped or sword-shaped. Arboreal species are usually green, and wingless terrestrial species are usually dark.

2. Biological habits

Tettigonidae is a gradually deformed insect, which must go through three stages: egg, nymph and adult. Eggs are mostly produced in plant tissues, or in rows on the edges of leaves or stems, and are generally not produced in soil. Nymphs need to molt 5-6 times to become adults. There is a generation every year, and adults usually move from July to September. Adults are herbivorous or carnivorous, and there are also omnivorous species. They live in grass, bushes and bushes, are good at jumping and are not easy to be caught. Sometimes when one of its legs is caught, it will not hesitate to "throw its foot to protect itself" and break its leg to escape. Therefore, you must be very careful when grasping. Males began to sing 3 ~ 10 days after molting, and in hot summer, they often sang loudly and forcefully. The hotter the weather, the happier it is. As the proverb goes, "Grasshoppers crow, and summer is coming." There are their "voices" and "shadows" in the north and south of China. Widely circulated among the people and won the favor of fans. Every summer and autumn, you can often see street vendors selling slugs by bike.

3. Feeding methods

It is not difficult to raise slugs, which have various feeding habits. In the wild, the stems, leaves and fruits of staple plants will also prey on small insects and even dare to catch locusts. It is easier to raise by hand. Usually, it is better to weave cages with bamboo wire cages, corn stalks and bamboo strips, and hang them in ventilated places to avoid sun exposure. They have the habit of killing each other, so one in each cage can't mix. As long as the meat and vegetables are properly matched during breeding, it will be very cultured. Vegetarian diet mainly feeds persimmon pepper, pumpkin flowers, onion, soybean, towel gourd, Chinese cabbage, water bamboo, green vegetables and so on. Meat can be mixed with egg yolk, minced meat and liver powder. After winter, put the gourd in to keep warm, which can generally be raised around the Spring Festival next year. Hang the cage in the sunny place on the balcony or courtyard, and you can hear its loud chirping, just like being in nature.

4. Species and distribution

There are many kinds of slugs, about 7000 of which are known all over the world. There are about 100 species in China, which are collectively called "Nan Ge" in the south and "Bei Ge" in the north. Geographically, every place has its own name. For example, Shandong is called Luge, Beijing is called Yan Ge, and Shaanxi is called Jinge. According to their growing period, the name "Xia Jiao" appeared after the Dragon Boat Festival, with a low voice; Beginning of autumn appeared in 10 days later, and was called "morning call", with strong body and loud voice; Late autumn is called "winter worm", and its voice is weak. According to their body colors, if they are green and shiny, they are called "Cui Ge", if they are green and white, they are called "white pigeons" or "rough white pigeons", and if they are purple and iron, they are called "iron brothers". If they are named according to the color of eyes, there are "red-eyed Cui Ge" and "black-eyed Tie Ge". If it is caught in the wild, it is called "wild insect", and artificial breeders call it "hatching insect" or "square insect".

5. Vocal organs

All kinds of wonderful sounds made by owls are formed by a pair of wings rubbing against each other. Their "musical instrument" grows on the front wing: there is a slightly circular tone in the hip area of the left wing, and the periphery of the tone is surrounded by a strong and curved wing vein, and a thick wing vein crosses the middle as a tone file. There are many sound files.

Respondent: Red Heart Emperor-probationary period level 11-1916: 37.

Guoguo is a songworm that all men, women and children in China like. The northerners called it Guo, the southerners called it Brother and Guo Zi, and the ancients called it Guo, Ancient Country and Keith, which were raised by people in the Spring and Autumn Period. Because it can produce many offspring, it is regarded as a mascot of prosperity by the ancients. Until now, people still hang the cage for slugs on the cradle of children.

Because the growing environment is different, the body color is also different. If the color is green, it is called "green brother", "green brother" or "three green fruits"; Yellow with white body color is called "rough white", "white brother" or "grass white slug"; Those whose body color is purple and red like rust are called "Iron Brother" or "Iron Slug". From the perspective of body color value, there are sayings that "yellow is not as good as green" and "green is not as good as black".

If grasshoppers are divided according to the color of their eyes, green eyes are also called green eyes; Black eyes are also called ink eyes and black eyes; Red eye is also called red eye, cinnabar eye and coral eye. In terms of the value of winks, there is also a saying that "green is not as good as black, and black is not as good as red", among which "Red-eyed Cui Ge" and "Black-eyed Tie Ge" are the best, because they are colorful and harmonious, which makes people like them.

In addition, the slugs that appeared after the Dragon Boat Festival are called "Xiajiao" and "Xiage", and their voices are low and weak; Beginning of autumn's fruit appeared ten days later, shouting "Morning Call" and "Brother Qiu". The slugs that appear after late autumn are called "Cordyceps sinensis" and "Brother Winter", and their calls are weak.