The relationship between The Book of Songs and The Spring and Autumn Annals and what are the fifteen countries?

There are fifteen national styles in The Book of Songs, which are called "Fifteen National Styles". Nan Zhou 1 1, Zhao Nan 14, Bay 19, Yang 10, Feng Wei 10, Feng Wang 10.

It can be found that the names of several countries in the Spring and Autumn Period are unfamiliar. It can be seen that from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the vassal states were constantly changing, some disappeared, some merged and some changed their names.

The name of Spring and Autumn Annals comes from Spring and Autumn Annals, which means history books. Historians all over the world have recorded it, and most of them have been lost, leaving only Lu Chunqiu compiled by Confucius. The starting point is 722 BC (the year of Lu Yinnian) to 468 BC (the twenty-seventh year of Lu Aigong). Now we generally believe that the Spring and Autumn Period began in 770 BC (the first year of Zhou Pingwang) when Zhou Pingwang moved eastward to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and ended in 476 BC (the forty-fourth year of Zhou Dynasty) on the eve of the Warring States Period, totaling 295 years.

The Book of Songs is earlier than the Spring and Autumn Annals, and its works span about 500-600 years from the extinction of Shang Dynasty in Zhou Wuwang (1066 BC) to the middle period of the Spring and Autumn Annals. The Book of Songs is divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode. "Song of Zhou" is the earliest work in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it is the work of noble literati. It is mainly composed of ancestral temple music songs and ode to the gods, and some of them describe agricultural production. Daya is the only remaining epic in ancient China and a poem in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Xiaoya was born in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and moved eastward. Truffles and Ode to Shang Dynasty were both produced after Zhou Shi moved eastward (770 BC).

Next, I will talk about the stories of various countries mentioned in the fifteen-country wind.

1. Nan Zhou, that is, south of the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

2. Zhao Nan, now southwest of Qishan County, Shaanxi Province.

After Ji Shi helped Zhou Wuwang to destroy the business, he was sealed in Yuji (now Beijing) and established Yan State (Beiyan), a vassal state of the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, he sent his eldest son Ji Ke to manage the state of Yan, and he remained in Haojing (now Chang 'an, Shaanxi) to assist the court. Because the fief is in Zhao (now southwest of Qishan, Shaanxi), it is called. Zhao Nan is to the south of this place.

3. Ba: The name of the Zhou Dynasty vassal is in today's Henan Province.

4.yūng: the name of the vassal, so the old city is in the northeast of Jixian County, Henan Province.

5. Wei: the name of a vassal, in northern Henan and southern Hebei.

In 65438 BC+065438 BC+022 BC, after Zhou Wuwang destroyed the Shang Dynasty, it was closed to the north (Yin old land, where Shang Zhou's son Wu Geng commanded the adherents of the Shang Dynasty) and to the south (five younger brothers Cai). After Zhou Wuwang's death, his son Zhou Chengwang succeeded to the throne, and his uncle Zhou Gongdan was the Regent. Due to the long-term disagreement between Cai Shu and others, they jointly launched the "Anti-Cai Rebellion" with Wu Geng and others. Zhou Gongdan destroyed the legacy of Wu Geng and Yin Shang, killed Guan Shu and exiled Cai Shu. He also named three places and seven families of Shang adherents as Kang, and established a country. Kang was made the first monarch, and then transferred back to Beijing to take charge of Zhao's family, giving it to his son Yong Bo. Weiguo became a big country at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty in order to stabilize the situation in the East.

Weiguo is one of the longest-lived vassal states, and Wei Wu is the strongest. After entering the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, due to frequent civil strife and weak national strength, he was often troubled by Di people and moved the capital several times. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the Ning family was autocratic, and the relationship between monarch and minister was not harmonious. After Sun Shi entered Jin and Ningjia was destroyed, there was another incident of Kuai and Wei contending for the country, and the national strength was further weakened. During the Warring States period, Wei had declined and was sandwiched between Zhao, Wei, Qi and Chu. In 254 BC, Wei was finally annexed by Wei and became a vassal of Wei. )

6. Wang: The capital after the eastward shift is in Luoyang.

In the second year after King Ping ascended the throne (770 BC), he moved the capital to Luoyi under the protection of the vassal, and began the history of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

After the abolition of Zhou Youwang, "it is appropriate to mortar with the prince, and praise him after his establishment", serving the prince. In 77 1 BC, Shen Hou's father colluded with Gou Rong to break through Haojing. Zhou Youwang lit a bonfire for help, because the princes ignored it before lighting the bonfire. Zhou Youwang was finally killed in Lishan, and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. Later, the princes made Prince Yijiu king of Zhou Pingwang. After Ping and Dong Wang moved to the capital, the kingship of the Zhou Dynasty began to decline, eventually forming a situation of hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period.

7. Zheng: In Xinzheng County, Henan Province.

Zheng's monarch is Ji, the count. In 806, Zheng Huangong Ji You (Zhou Liwang's youngest son, Zhou Xuanwang's mother and brother, uncle Zhou Youwang) saw the decline of the royal family, and actively sought all-round strategies. He asked Shi Bo, "There are many reasons for the royal family, so I am afraid." Where can I escape death? "Shi Bo said:" The royal family will be humble, and Rong Di will be prosperous. Can't force it! "He carefully analyzed the situation at that time, and found that only" between Hebei, Luoyang, River and Ying "(Jishui, Luoshui, Yellow River and Ying) was relatively safe, and there was no big country, while Guo and Tai were" arrogant and negligent "and could be dealt with with with with a little force or bribery. Zheng Huangong listened to Shi Bo's advice, used his courtier status to bribe Guo and Yi Wang, and obtained the land of ten cities as the foothold of the new Zheng State in the East.

When moving eastward, Zheng Hehe became prime ministers one after another. They often annexed some neighboring small vassal States, including Guo and Yi, in the name of the son of heaven. Zheng changed from a vassal in the capital to a vassal outside the capital.

After several battles for the throne, Zheng's national strength was not as good as before, and neighboring powers rose one after another. The Chu state in the south has long ignored the orders of the Zhou royal family, sought self-reliance as king without increasing the title, and wantonly annexed the harem of Hanshui to face Zheng directly. In the northern state of Jin, the Quwo clan gained absolute superiority in the struggle with the state of Jin. Qi implemented reforms and began to dominate. Zheng's position is in the land of four wars, and there is no danger to defend, sandwiched between big countries. Therefore, the great powers often regard Zheng as the battlefield for hegemony. In foreign policy, Zheng was sometimes pro-Chu and sometimes pro-gold, but mostly pro-Chu.

8. Qi: Today, most parts of Shandong Province.

Marquis, surnamed Jiang, and Lu were appointed as Zhou Wuwang Buddhist and strategist. Lu Shang was in Yingqiu, and after Taigong arrived in Yingqiu, he simplified etiquette and repaired politics. The development of industry and commerce, the use of local fish and salt, the population increased greatly, making Qi a big country. Qi occupies a high position among the vassal states. After the rebellion in the Third Prison, Zhou Chengwang ordered Duke Zhao Kang to order Jiang Taigong to say, "It is really necessary to levy in the east to the sea, in the west to the river, in the south to Muling, and in the north to Emperor Wu, five kings and nine uncles." Qi gained the right to conquer, and its potential is obvious.

When it spread to Qi Huangong, it was already a big country with coastal territory, and it became the first of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. Qi was called the land of Neptune by people at that time. When Jiang Ji reached Jikanggong, the doctor Tian He exiled Jikanggong to an island by the sea, "to eat a city to worship him first". Tian He stood on his own two feet and benefited Taigong Tianqi. In the first 386 years, Tian was listed as a vassal, replacing Qi as one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States.

9. Wei: The ancient state of Wei was in the northeast of Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province.

The ancient Wei State was originally the ancient Rui State of Shang Dynasty (surnamed Jiang), but it was changed to "Wei" when the Western Zhou Dynasty was enfeoffed. (It is said that "Wei" means "Da", and the historical records say: "Wei is also famous." Fu Qian: Wei, Gao. The "Wei" in the Book of Songs Feng Wei refers to this ancient Wei State.

In the seventeenth year of Zhou Huiwang (66 1 BC), the ancient state of Wei was destroyed by the state of Jin. After Jin Xiangong destroyed the ancient state of Wei, he sealed the land of Wei to Biwan, which is the origin of Wei in the State of Jin. Bi's grandson was named a doctor and Wei Wuzi because of his active exile with his son. In the event that the three clans were divided into Jin, Wei became a vassal and established the State of Wei.

10. Tang: the predecessor of Jin, in today's Shanxi Province.

The title is Marquis. The monarch of Qi is a vassal of descendants. From the Tang Dynasty to the end of Shang Dynasty and the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, the last monarch rebelled and was destroyed by Zhou Dynasty. Later, his son enfeoffed his brother as Tang Guozong, and at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, his son Xie succeeded to the throne and later changed to Jin. It was for Ji's surname Jin, and at the same time, Yao's descendants moved to Du.

Jin is one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it is also a vassal state with the longest ruling time. Korea, Zhao and Wei jointly defeated the Zhi family, divided the land equally, and established two regimes of Korea, Zhao and Wei San respectively.

In the 23rd year of Zhou Weilie (403 BC), Zhou Tianzi made Han Qian, Evonne and Wei Si, three ministers of the State of Jin, governors. Han, Zhao and Wei carved up the state of Jin, which was called "three families divided into Jin" in history, and also became the dividing point of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

1 1. Qin: In today's Shaanxi Province.

When Wang Xiaoshi was in Zhou Dynasty, Qin Feizi, the ancestor of Qin Dynasty, was made a vassal by the King of Zhou for his meritorious service in raising horses. In 82 1 year BC, Qin Zhuanggong defeated Xirong, was named Doctor of Xishu by Zhou Xuanwang, and was given Qin (Tianshui) again, together with Goushan (Xianyang), where his original family lived. In 77 1 BC, Zhou Youwang was attacked and killed by Xirong, and Qin Xianggong was appreciated by Zhou Pingwang for leading the troops to save Zhou Yougong. In 770 BC, Qin Xianggong sent troops to escort his drought-striken fields eastward, was made a vassal, and was given land to the west of Qishan. From then on, Qin officially became a vassal state of the Zhou Dynasty.

12. Chen: In Huaiyang, Zhecheng County, Henan Province, and Haoxian County, Anhui Province.

Gui (guě) surnamed Marquis.

After destroying the business, he visited the descendants of the former emperors, and found the direct descendant Gui Man () who married his eldest daughter Tai Ji and sealed him in Chen. Later, he moved the capital to Wanqiu, Chen, where he was appointed as the first official of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

According to the Book of Rites, "Wu Wang, Shang, did not get off the bus, and was first named Shun Di and then Chen." It can be seen that Chen was the earliest country sealed in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. (Later, Lu Shang, known as the "first hero", was named Qi, followed by Lu, the son of Duke Zhou and the brother of King Wu; In the 22nd year (806 BC), Zheng was sealed. The title of the king of Chu is only a four-level viscount; Qin Guo Jun was not knighted in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, but a vassal state. It was not until the seventh year of Zhou Xuanwang (82 BC1) that Qin Zhuanggong was made a viscount. Wuyue, which developed and prospered in the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, had no chance to be blocked at that time. )

Although Chen's position is high, his strength is not strong, and he has to rely on big countries. At first, he was a neighboring country, Cai Guo, and he was pro-Zheng in the early Spring and Autumn Period. After his death, Zheng was weak and strong, and Chen began to kiss Chu. After that, he followed, causing dissatisfaction of Chu, and Chen had to waver between the two great powers. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Kingdom of Wu in the East rose to compete with the State of Chu. Chen had to wander between China and him. Soon the State of Wu was suppressed by the rising State of Yue, and the pro-Wu State of Chen was finally destroyed by the State of Chu.

After Chen's death, Tian He (Chen Wan's eighth grandson, Gui surname), the son of Chen Guo who worked in Qi State, replaced Jiang Qi State in 386 BC.

13. Gui (Hu): After Gui was destroyed by Zheng, the territory of the two countries was equivalent to Zhengzhou, Xinzhen, Xingyang and Mixian in Henan Province.

Iraq is also called Yi, and its male family is Yi (yún). As a direct descendant of Zhu Rong (Zhu Rong is the official name, and there were many Zhu Rong in prehistoric times), Han nationality was a famous high priest in ancient times. Zhu Rong is one of the eight surnames, and has been living in the original birthplace of his ancestors. They are also cousins with the royal family of Chu (Mi is also one of the eight surnames).

Zhu Rong Alliance has a high status and strong strength in the ancient Central Plains world. Their war with the * * * industrial tribe (settled in Huixian County, Henan Province) was interpreted as a myth and passed down from generation to generation. Dayu's father failed to control water, and was also captured and killed by Zhu Rongjia's warriors at the emperor's behest.

The country is very early, and the Han nationality may have started to develop independently as early as the legendary "Zhu Rong's family entered the South Miao Man". It is said that it was already the name of Guyuzhou in early summer. Xia Hou, the representative of Shang Dynasty, conferred the title of descendants of Hui people (probably referring to the high priest who entered the South Temple) in the "Zhu Rong Market", and took this country as "returning home" in the name of Hui people. In fact, the Shang King accepted the legal sovereignty of the Hui family in this area. )

After the King of Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he once again recognized the sovereignty of Zhu Rong's descendants, and awarded the title of family leader at that time as "Huihou" in the Zhou Dynasty. Later, when the vassal States were recorded, a city head was added to the country name, forming a "foreign country". (Another example is that "founding the country" becomes "Zheng State", "founding the country" becomes "rejuvenating the country" and "Deng State" becomes "Deng State")

Because the land is fertile, the transportation is convenient, there are many nationalities, and there are not many wars, so I lived well in the Western Zhou Dynasty. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zheng moved eastward and was soon annexed with ulterior motives. Since then, the ancient frontier fortress has completely withdrawn from the historical stage.

14. Cao: In the areas of Cao County, Heze and Dingtao in Shandong Province.

His sixth son, Cao Duo (his younger brother), was sealed by Cao. Its capital was a big country in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Cao played an important role in defending the Eastern Zhou Dynasty with Lu. During the Spring and Autumn Period, compared with the neighboring powers, Cao's national strength was relatively weak, but it was still a strong country except for the "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period".

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Cao became one of the objects of hegemony. In 637 BC, Zhong Er (Jin Wengong), the son of the Jin Dynasty, was rudely treated by Tso when he was in trouble. 63 1 years ago, in the battle of Chengpu (the defeat of Chu), the state of Jin conquered Cao and Wei and captured Cao Gong in order to save the Song Dynasty. After the defeat of Chu, Cao took orders from Jin. Later, Cao became hostile to Guo Song. Cao Ai Song's death, Cao civil strife, both of them killed themselves. After Cao Boyang succeeded to the throne, he broke with the State of Jin and invaded the State of Song. He was defeated and killed, and Cao died in 487 BC. Cao's descendants later took the country name as their surname, which was their descendants. His descendant Cao Cao founded Cao Wei.

15. Qi (bρn): Also known as Zhai, in the area of Chen County and Xunyi County in Shaanxi Province today.

This land is the birthplace of the Zhou Dynasty. Ku is one of the five emperors who enlightened Yao and Shun after Emperor Xuanyuan and Emperor Zhuan Xu. Jiang Yuan, a tribal girl named Jiang in Yandi Shennong, got pregnant by stepping on the footprints left by Qi Emperor and gave birth to a baby boy. Abandoned many times, birds and animals sheltered him from the wind and rain. Everyone was shocked and regarded him as a god, so they welcomed him home and named him "Abandon". When he was young, he abandoned his outstanding skill of cultivating crops (jiàsè), was named "Agricultural Teacher" by Yao, and was named Hou Ji by Shun (like Zhu Rong, it was also an official name), which was later inherited by later generations. During the Taikang period of Xia Dynasty (1704- 1674), he did not pay attention to farming and was not fat (Zhu ú) (abandoned child), so he went to Rongdi (now 3 miles southeast of Qingcheng County, Qingyang City, Gansu Province, a tributary of Jinghe River, with Di in the north and Rong in the south). His grandson Gong Liu established the kingdom of Huan, and his father Gu IX succeeded him to the throne and ruled for more than 300 years.

In the west, tribes such as Yi Qu kept invading, so Gu's father didn't want to fight with Rong Di, so he sent people to find another place. ("Wang Tai" in Wang Tai's Refuge and Wang Tai's Capital refers to the ancient duke and his father. ) "Gu Gongqifu, come to the DPRK. The rate of Xiliangshanbo, as for the next. " (Book of Songs Mian) "After investigation, Gu's father chose Qi (now Qishan County, Baoji, known as Xiqi in history).

Ba (bρn) is a crucial period for the Zhou Dynasty to transform from a small tribe to a powerful country in the Central Plains. The ancients said that (b: n) was "the foundation of Zhou family's founding the country", and Zhou's family came from this. In the development history of the Zhou Dynasty, Gu Gongqi was a key figure who succeeded Hou Ji and Gong Liu in opening Wang Shengshi. He was the leader of the ancient Zhou Dynasty in China. Zhou Wenwang's grandfather. His grandson Chang (Xibo nationality) succeeded to the throne, inherited the career of his ancestor Gong Liu, and respected the old and loved the virtuous. After Zhou Wenwang's death, his son succeeded to the throne, that is, Zhou Wuwang, and the king of Wu worshipped his father as "Zhou Wang Tai", so Qiyang Town, Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province, where he lived was called "the king's capital", that is, the national capital. After the Shang and Zhou Dynasties were conquered by King Wu, he summoned the leaders of Jiuzhou and went to the highland of the country to worship his ancestors. In the Tang Dynasty, Tang thought that the word "Gui" was similar to the word "You" and the two words were difficult to identify, so he changed the word "Gui" to "Zhu" one by one.

Why is it adapted from Zuo's Chunqiu Zhuan?

Because the language of Chunqiu is obscure and the expression is too simple, it brings a lot of inconvenience to future generations. In order to better express the content and meaning of Chunqiu, many scholars have interpreted it to make up for the shortcomings of the original book. Only three schools of thought have survived to this day-Zuo's Chunqiu Zhuan, Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan and Chunqiu Zhuan.

Among the three, Zuo Zhuan is a historical book with historical events as the main theme, while Gu Liang, like Ram, is a classic work explaining the will of Spring and Autumn Annals by asking and answering questions. Ram focused on the implicit meaning of Spring and Autumn Annals, emphasizing the idea of respecting the king and resisting foreigners and unifying the world, which is closely related to real politics. Gu Liang mainly interprets the classics of Chunqiu in literal sense, which is more cautious. Therefore, Hu Anguo, a scholar of Spring and Autumn Annals in the Song Dynasty, once said: "The left is unprepared, such as the ram is ignorant and has nothing to do."

Zuo Zhuan Chun Qiu, also known as Zuo Zhuan, was written by Zuo Qiuming, a Lu historian, according to Chun Qiu, with reference to other countries' materials (Zhou Zhi, Jincheng, Zheng Shu, Chu Bian, etc.). ) to record the specific historical facts of the Spring and Autumn Period. Compared with Chunqiu, Zuo Zhuan has more classics 13 years, and the actual annotation is 26 years longer (the last thing is to make three corrections to eliminate Jin). Most of the books belong to the events in the Spring and Autumn Period, but the completion of the book entered the Warring States Period.

The Biography of the Ram was handed down by the Qi people, Ram Gao, during the Warring States Period. Xia Zi, a disciple of Confucius, once studied from him. At first, it was a family knowledge. The great-grandson of Gongyanggao (Emperor Hanjing) cooperated with Hu Wusheng of Qi people to finalize the Biography of Gongyanggao on bamboo and silk. According to legend, Xia Zi, a disciple of Confucius, passed it on to Gu Liangchi, a native of Lu during the Warring States Period. It was also taught orally at first, and it was not written until the Western Han Dynasty.

Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang are both Confucian classics in modern literature, while Zuozhuan is the study of China's classics. After Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, many Confucian classics in the pre-Qin period were lost, all of which were handed down through the dictation of his parents, and were written in the official script circulated in the Western Han Dynasty at that time. There are also Confucian scholars among those who buried pre-Qin classics, which were unearthed in the Western Han Dynasty and written in pre-Qin characters.

Therefore, to look at history, we should look at Zuo Zhuan, a book that studies China's ancient classics.