Master of composition, help me and give me an idea.

—— The first report on urban ecological practice in 2003

Liu Chang urban planning 002 13 1 13

The purpose and content of the internship:

Enhance students' understanding of the basic elements of urban ecosystem and the relationship between urban people and the environment.

Internship route:

In front of the second floor of Peking University Yifu-Library-Yannan Garden-Jingyuan-Fan Wei Stone Fish-Peking University West Gate-Weixiu Garden-Changchun Garden-Changchun Garden Leisure Park-Wanquanhe-Liulangzhuang-Beijing Urban Green Zone-Jingmi Diversion Canal-South Ruyimen of the Summer Palace-South Bank of Kunming Lake-Xilangzhuang

Internship time:

April 5(th), 2003

Internship "Details":

While waiting for the teacher, we gathered in front of the gate on the second floor of Yifu, Peking University. I noticed what was planted in the flower bed in front of the building with a big stone (specifically, the "grass altar"). I don't know yet, but everyone is talking about it. Some people even say it's radish, some people say it's gray vegetables ... It can be seen that it's not grass seeds that should be planted in flower beds in the general sense, but one by one is very interesting.

The second floor of Yifu is located in the East Gate of Peking University. Entering the east gate, there is a wide asphalt road directly inserted into the campus. On the steps in front of the library, there is a science building on the south side of the road, and there is almost no transitional pedestrian walkway with the road, let alone street trees. On the north side of the road is another scientific complex under construction. The construction site is surrounded by iron plates, and the greening effect on both sides of the whole road is not good. There are only scattered trees and a small piece of grassland among the science buildings. People are not close to the feeling of "green". The road in this campus gives me the feeling that it is a bit rigid and insecure.

The architectural style of the new library building is very atmospheric. There is a transition of about 20 to 30 meters between the main building and the north-south road ahead. Designed corridors and stone roads ... the lawn that needs to be maintained is clean and tidy. I don't know if this large area of emptiness is also to avoid affecting that atmosphere. But from this point of view, the whole transition area seems to be only the only way for people to enter the library. At most, people will glance at the neat lawn and the flowers in the big flowerpot, but they don't want to take a walk or rest in it.

Go to Yannan Garden. The teacher said it was Taoyuan in Peking University Campus. When I walked in, I really felt the elegance and quietness of the environment. The architectural style of Yannan Garden is the unity of differences, from a pure Beijing house to a two-story building with western style ... but almost every family has a piece of land in front of their house. There are many kinds of plants, such as a bunch of onions, a few rows of nameless flowers, vines erected by a generation, and more weeds left to fend for themselves. The scale is considerable, not as good as that of ethnic plants; There are many kinds of weeds, such as dandelion, iris, plantain and viola. Some students counted it. On the land of 1 m2, you can probably distinguish 1 1 species of weeds. Many weeds don't all grow at the same time in the same season, so they can continue the greenery in the garden. There is no neat rule of artificial lawn, but it is messy and interesting, bringing people rich and lasting green and natural beauty. The path between each unit is also pleasant to walk, but the soil and sand are simple and lovely.

There are birds nesting in the garden, birds foraging, and even wild cats are always in the middle. People who wander there are rarely in a hurry. I think this environment is what people like and is suitable. A middle-aged man who moved to Yannan Garden for eleven years said that he never wanted to move, but it was quiet there. When answering our questions, he was waiting outside the wall for a dozen pots of flowers and plants, which looked very safe.

Another 60-year-old professor said, "Everything is fine here in summer. There are so many trees and grass. Summer is not hot at all. " He also said that his home remained basically the same as when he moved in more than 40 years ago, and he didn't feel anything wrong. In addition, I also noticed another sentence from the old professor. He said that he likes it here because the elderly at home like to be quiet. The population density here is relatively small and there is more "private space".

I also met an old man with white hair. It is said that she has lived in Yannan Garden for 50 years. She is as quiet and peaceful as this garden. I wonder if she has been influenced by this garden, or if she and people like her have influenced the style of this garden.

It seems that Jingyuan, a lawn for people to rest, is essential in every university, so this place that I heard was originally an apple orchard has become Jingyuan lawn. Grass is specially selected and does not need manual maintenance, and it is also a kind of grass that is more resistant to trampling. I just don't know why I chose Hemerocallis, and the visual effect is good. It is like a barrier, which makes people inaccessible. Since people can trample and play on it, why set up such isolation? Jingyuan is tolerant and allows many weeds to grow. In my opinion, this lawn is vivid and psychologically accessible. There are several magnolia trees, begonia trees and pine trees scattered on the lawn of Jingyuan ... It's probably ingenious to give up the old small apple orchard and create some romance, but it feels a little artificial.

Hemerocallis on Jingyuan lawn

There are many ancient buildings on the west side of the school, and the environment is well decorated. You can often see nests piled on trees, but birds can create a more ecological environment for buildings. There is another hazard. The corrosion of bird droppings to buildings can not be ignored, especially the maintenance of ancient buildings is even more difficult. This contradiction, but I don't know how to solve it.

Weixiu Garden and Changchun Garden are both residential areas for faculty and staff of Peking University. There are lakes in both gardens, which lead to a garden-like rest place. However, due to the housing demand, most of them are buildings and the population density is relatively high. 1957 An old man who lived in Weixiu Garden joked: "If there is anything bad about the environment here, it is dirty, chaotic and poor." Although the poor management of the community led to "dirty mess", the elderly still expressed their reluctance to move away. After all, there are mountains and waters, and people's demand for "landscapes" can be seen. Weixiu Garden has a central garden, including a "Le Kang Park", which contains various fitness equipment and entertainment facilities, and is a fitness place for nearby residents. It is gratifying that the ground around the facilities suitable for children to play has been replaced with soft felt, which is a great progress, although it seems a bit abrupt on the concrete floor.

Next to Changchun Garden is Changchun Garden Recreation and Sports Park, which is a small place. The main facilities are fitness facilities, which are divided into children's play areas, disabled play areas and elderly fitness areas. There is even a foot massage area with pebbles half buried underground, which attracts many people to this activity. The main part of the park is a soil slope, and the turf on it does not need a whole lawn, allowing weeds to grow, but there are fewer trees.

On the way through Wanquan River, I only saw the muddy water in the river, which was attributed to the complete isolation of the river bank from the surrounding natural environment, and the self-recovery ability of the river was greatly reduced because of the lack of communication with the surrounding environment. Therefore, in the case of a large amount of sewage discharge, the water quality of the river deteriorated and gradually dried up. This kind of river course design is extremely undesirable in planning. Similarly, the Jingmi diversion canal (Kunyu River) outside the Summer Palace was a natural river embankment 98 years ago, and now it has been built into a stone river embankment. Whether there is Wanquan River or not is unknown, but fishermen along the river say it is inconvenient and uncomfortable to fish on such a river bank. This probably reflects people's psychology more or less.

There is a big lawn in front of Haidian Exhibition Hall. I don't know why I want to design such a lawn, and it takes manpower, material resources and financial resources to maintain it. If you want to plant green on such a piece of land, it seems that you can plant it with ordinary trees with good patience, and the only tree on the grassland actually includes Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Ironically, in order to prevent the bark of Eucommia ulmoides from being scraped off, the lower part of each tree should be surrounded by barbed wire, which is very harmful to the appearance. I don't know why Eucommia ulmoides, an unusual tree species, was planted, but it increased the trouble.

When I passed Liulangzhuang, almost no one was in the mood to observe it carefully. Most people were in a hurry, as if they wanted to leave this cramped, dirty and messy place quickly. This community used to be a famous rice-growing area in the west of Beijing, but due to the large amount of agricultural water consumption, the construction department actually cleared all the rice fields, leaving behind the dusty, dirty and backward situation we see today.

Now we are building a green isolation belt, and we don't know the specific methods to restore vegetation, but in fact, relying on weeds naturally growing in this harsh environment to restore vegetation can already meet the ecological requirements of greening. I also remember what I saw when I was walking on the west embankment of the Summer Palace. There is a wetland near the river bank. According to the teacher, water bamboo and reeds grow very long. This waterfront plant can not only be beautiful, but also play a role in purification. I have seen pipes that discharge sewage into Kunming Lake, and these plants undoubtedly help to improve the self-repair ability of water bodies. It's a waste of time to cut down the wetland area and have to clean up and purify the lake by manpower.

Wetlands near the west dike of Kunming Lake

Kunming Lake seems to be being renovated. After enclosure, there is little water left on the west side. I happened to see the children playing by the shallow and unclear inlet over there. People need not only the scenic Kunming Lake, but also the shallow water where children can fish and play and parents can rest assured.

Wanshou Mountain is a natural mountain. At present, on the slopes on both sides of the mountain road, artificial lawns have been planted on one side to reduce soil erosion, and although the other side still maintains its natural features, it is said that artificial lawns are also being planned. But the fact is that artificial turf is not only inferior to the fish scale slope built in ancient times, but also leads to a series of environmental problems, such as water accumulation between the turf layer and the ground, which eventually leads to landslides; The increase of runoff dilutes the soil alkalinity and affects the growth of Platycladus orientalis, which likes alkaline soil ... Some problems may not appear until many years later, so if you don't consider or see the long-term benefits at all, you will only lift a rock and drop it on your own feet.

Further thinking:

The above is the idea of the whole internship process. Looking back, most people think from the perspective of "people", so I want to talk about people's demand for living environment after this internship. The discussion here is basically aimed at urban residential areas.

First of all, let's take a look at some specific situations mentioned in the "internship details" above.

The architectural style of Yannan Garden is simple but not flashy, giving people a sense of beauty and belonging. Due to the low population density, there are few people coming and going, and the environment is quiet and comfortable. As mentioned above, there are many animals and plants in the garden, which can make people living in them feel the breath of nature without leaving home. These advantages are reflected in the words of the residents in the park. The natural environment here is the most important reason why they like living here.

I think one of the problems of Yannan Garden is the lack of communication space. There are few public rest places for people to communicate in the park, which naturally reduces people's communication. In other words, people's communication needs are not met in the park. The buildings in the garden place too much emphasis on independence, and some ignore the integrity of the garden. Perhaps this is related to the status of park residents, but communication is human nature, and some people may communicate less. As a residential design, communication space can not be ignored. There seems to be a lack of communication between the garden and its surroundings, mainly referring to spiritual communication. The outer wall of Yannan Garden seems to be an absolute isolation. In the future, this kind of spatial isolation is not desirable, and people's communication circle is limited by walls, which will shrink invisibly. However, there seems to be no other way to maintain a little peace near the "lively" place of Peking University. As a part of the campus, Yannan Garden can't fully reflect the independent function of the residential area, so it should be integrated into the campus environment. From this perspective, the partition wall is too abrupt and inhuman.

Secondly, an old man we interviewed told us that the place with flower beds in the center of the garden was a playground for children to play before the Cultural Revolution. The implication is that it is a pity to lack such a valuable place to play and add a useless flower bed. It can be seen that people's demand for places for cultural and sports activities cannot be ignored. And this kind of place is often a good place for people to communicate.

In contrast, Weixiu Garden and Changchun Garden are better matched. As mentioned above, a "Lekang Garden" was built in Weixiu Garden; Adjacent to it is a small garden for rest, with shade and benches. People can use fitness equipment in their spare time, or sit on a bench to chat and have a rest. This design provides space for people to release their mood and other needs.

Changchun Garden Residential Area has built a "Changchun Garden Recreation Park" beside it. With more space and facilities, there will be more space for environmental design. As mentioned above, the fitness equipment for different groups of people more embodies a kind of humanistic care, and it is also a satisfaction to people's psychological needs of being valued and cared for. People will feel a kind of meticulous care, living in such an environment, and the background environment will bring people pleasure.

These examples and people's words can reflect people's requirements for the living environment.

What is people's demand for living environment?

Let's start with people's needs.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, the founder of western humanistic psychology, reveals this content: Maslow believes that human needs system is divided into five levels, namely, physiological needs, security needs, social needs, self-esteem needs and self-realization needs.

Among them, physiological demand is the most primitive and basic demand of human beings, which refers to the demand for food, water, oxygen, sex, excretion and rest. If this demand is not met, it will be life-threatening, so it is the strongest demand.

Security needs are people's needs to avoid all kinds of physical, social and psychological injuries.

Social needs are people's psychological needs for love, care, friendship and love from relevant people. In addition, people are also eager to belong to themselves and become a member of the group.

One of the needs of self-esteem is to hope that you have strength, achievement, competence, independence and freedom; Second, I hope I can get respect and recognition from others.

The meaning of self-realization needs is to hope to complete the work commensurate with one's ability and fully express one's feelings, thoughts, wishes, interests, abilities and will. Give full play to your potential ability.

This kind of people's needs at different levels, although not necessarily reflected in people's requirements for the living environment, are mostly

All the points need to be considered.

Let's talk about people's demand for living environment first.

I think it has the following characteristics:

First of all, people's needs for living environment cover different levels such as psychological and physical needs. Both physiological needs are required, and people want the above-mentioned physiological needs to have material security, hoping to have a place to rest. It also includes psychological needs, such as people's requirements for living comfort; People want to have private space and public communication space; In order to enjoy the mood and keep healthy, it is necessary to carry out cultural and recreational activities. People also need to get in touch with nature to release their mood and relieve all kinds of pressures brought by city life. The first points are the requirements of residential areas for housing and related facilities, which are relatively easy to achieve in planning and design, while the last point seems to be increasingly difficult to achieve today when the quality of urban ecological environment is declining. But this is precisely the embodiment of human nature. People need to get in touch with nature, because the natural environment is inclusive, beautiful and spiritual, which can best accommodate human beings and make them feel the greatest degree of physical and mental relaxation and freedom.

Second, people's demand for living environment has gradually spread from individual living space to related large areas. People not only have requirements for their own living conditions, because people's activities in residential areas are not limited to their own houses. People need to carry out cultural and sports activities and have material and spiritual exchanges with people around them. This requires a larger background environment, including places where people carry out these activities. All this also shows that people's living space is not only private houses, but also a large number of cross-used public spaces. So we discuss people's needs for living environment. The places people need for activities are not isolated, but need to be organically linked and coordinated with their environment. People's needs also include the environmental requirements of these places and the requirements of taking these places as the background environment of people's small living environment. The above-mentioned physiological and psychological needs are needed at every level of the living environment from small to large.

Planning and design is to find ways to meet people's needs for living environment, combine all kinds of needs as much as possible, and design a harmonious and satisfactory residential area.

To create a good urban living space, specifically, we must first build material infrastructure. This includes actively creating a safe and comfortable living environment for urban residents on the basis of protecting the natural environment. Improve the quality of living environment through various ways to create a more ecological and harmonious living environment. At the same time, it provides a hard environment for urban life with complete facilities and convenient transportation.

Secondly, on the basis of the material environment, people-oriented and fully consider people's psychological and spiritual needs. In the design, it embodies a kind of tolerance, a kind of calmness, a kind of humanistic care and a peaceful mentality. ...

These ideas are still very rough and need to be refined step by step. However, since I have thought of it, I should pay more attention in the future. Whether investigating a residential area, a planning work or making a plan, considering the problem from the perspective of "human needs" is a train of thought worthy of attention.

Questions raised:

The whole idea is idealistic, and if it involves the actual situation, there will be some problems.

Although people's needs can be unified on a large scale, there are great differences at different levels. How to meet the needs of different groups of people, especially in residential areas with complex population composition and background, and how to adapt to various needs is worth pondering.

The so-called residential area is not isolated, but connected with the surrounding commercial areas, schools and service industries. Judging from the current situation, if it is too close to the city center, it will inevitably destroy the tranquility of residential areas; If you are relatively far away, it will probably bring some inconvenience.

It seems that planning and design should embody an inclusive, calm and peaceful mentality, which is somewhat different from the world trend. In this way, how to keep this peace in the planning works and be accepted by people is also an unavoidable problem.

Although we should try our best to maintain the original natural environment, in the face of a relatively harsh natural environment, it is inevitable to carry out large-scale artificial transformation, and the boundary between transformation and maintenance is not easy to grasp. And sometimes it seems that the natural environment needs to be transformed for the sake of aesthetics and other design needs, although aesthetics is not the most important measure.

There are still some minor problems, which have been mentioned in the previous "internship details".

Because of the tight time, I didn't think these questions fully, and left them to study and verify with questions in the future.

Postscript:

The internship is basically as expected, observing records along the way and asking pedestrians and local residents. It's just that some places are busy and don't have enough time to appreciate, feel and inspect. Maybe this is the first time to do this kind of internship. During my internship, my mind was almost empty and in a mess. Therefore, the record is basically "a hammer in the east and a rake in the west". When asking passers-by and local residents questions, they can't grasp the key points, which seems a bit chaotic and has no center. Fortunately, most people who are asked are very cooperative, willing to answer our questions, and willing to take the initiative to talk to us about their feelings, which brings us a lot of space to find problems. I didn't expect the diversity and richness of people's views and understanding of problems with different backgrounds and living habits. What people get in the subtle life is truly profound and true. It was their words that inspired me and gave me a glimpse of people's needs for living environment from one angle.

Remember again:

Today, I went to Yannan Garden again, strolled through it, saw purple flowers that were about to overflow the ground, smelled rich fragrance, heard more than six or seven kinds of bird songs, and saw seemingly random and meticulous paths, neat and harmonious cypress walls ... Everything was so harmonious and natural, quietly embodying a natural beauty and a humanistic atmosphere. I suddenly found that my thinking is still so superficial and far from reality. There are still many things I don't understand about the blending of design and nature, so I must take it as my long-term task to keep learning and thinking.

On people's demand for living environment.

For narrative:

Composition outline:

The first paragraph: introduce a person and highlight that he is a simple person by describing his living habits.

The second paragraph: For some reason, the living environment has changed. The reasons can be: his family moved, he was admitted to the university and so on.

The third paragraph: how to maintain the previous mentality in a bustling place. For example, in life, he still wears his old clothes and is reluctant to buy new ones. Everyone else goes to play games and watch movies, but he buys books with money.

The fourth paragraph: explain the significance of maintaining a good attitude.