What are the formats of ancient poetry?

Generally, it can be divided into two categories: ancient poetry and modern poetry.

First, ancient poetry

The meter is free, informal, flat and even, with wide rhyme and unlimited length. There are four words, five words, six words, seven words and miscellaneous sentences.

1, four-character style

Four-character poems prevailed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and there were few other poems except Chu Ci.

Four-character poem is the earliest poetic style in ancient times. Four-character poems are the basic genres in The Book of Songs, such as national style, Xiaoya and elegance.

In other ancient books of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, such as Mai Xiuge in Historical Records, Notes on Song Chengzi, and Zi Chanyong in Zuo Zhuan, etc. Four fonts are also dominant. It can be seen that from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, the most popular poetic style is four-character poetry, whether it is the upper or lower class of society, whether it is entertainment or sacrificial occasions.

2. Five fonts

Five-character poetry, ancient poetry genre. Refers to a five-word poem, and the whole poem consists of five words. Five-character poems can accommodate more words, thus expanding the capacity of poems and expressing feelings and narratives more flexibly and meticulously.

In terms of syllables, even-odd matching is more musical. Therefore, it is more suitable for the social life developed after the Han Dynasty, thus gradually replacing the orthodox position of four-character poetry and becoming one of the main forms of classical poetry.

Modern poetry appeared after the early Tang Dynasty, including five-character poems and five-character quatrains. The five-character poems before the Tang Dynasty are generally called "five-character ancient poems" or "five-character poems".

A five-character poem is a poem with five words in each sentence. As an independent poetic style, it originated in the Western Han Dynasty and matured in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Of course, there are already five sentences in the Book of Songs, such as "Calling the South to Expose": "Who said that birds have no horns, why wear my house? Who says women are homeless? Why are you going to jail? " Poetry in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties is mainly composed of five words.

It shows that the five-character poem was formed in this period. In ancient times, there was a saying that five-character poems originated from the poems of Li Ling and Su Wu, but later generations denied this statement. For example, Su Ruan said: "Li Ling and Su Wu are all false." There are also five statements in Nineteen Ancient Poems, which have not been widely recognized. Generally speaking, the five-character poetry system absorbs the form of folk songs.

3. Six fonts

Six-character rhyme belongs to ancient poetry, which is rare.

Six-character poetry is a genre of old poetry, which consists of six words and one sentence. It has sprouted in the Book of Songs. Later, the poet occasionally wrote short poems of six words and four sentences, such as Wang Wei's Pastoral Music:' Peach is full of rain, willow is more smoky. The flowers have left home, but the servants have not come back, and the birds are still sleeping. ''

Six-character loose sentences were first scattered in The Book of Songs.

There are single sentences and even sentences. For example, "People in the room make friends with me all the time", "People in the room make friends with me all the time to destroy me" (North Gate of Gaofeng), "I have nothing to do at night", "I don't sleep at work at night" (Feng Wei) "I moved the stock in May.

Because there are so many six-character quatrains in The Book of Songs, the discussion between Zhiyu and Liu Xie about the origin of six-character poems can be traced back to here. However, the six-character poems in The Book of Songs are only scattered sentences, which are relatively rare, and there are no more than two consecutive six-character poems. Therefore, if we think that there has been a complete six-character rhyme in the era of the Book of Songs, there is obviously a lack of sufficient evidence.

When it comes to Chuci, six-character sentences are not only common, but also more than four conjunctions have appeared. The basic sentence pattern of Lisao is "Up to seven and down to six", such as "I would like to ride the jade wind, I would like to ride the wind.

The morning sun starts from Cangwu Xi and reaches Xuanpu in the evening. If you want to stay less energetic, it will be dusk. I ordered how to celebrate the festival. I hope it's embarrassing, don't force it. This sentence pattern, if the word "Xi" in the previous sentence is removed, actually has the embryonic form of six-character rhyme.

There are even six consecutive sentences in Nine Arguments: "I can't be generous, I'm confused. I feel sorry for myself and my heart is beating. "

This is a very noticeable phenomenon. Because, as a kind of poetic style, if it can be a poem independently, it must have at least four sentences, otherwise it can only be regarded as a poem, not a complete poem.

It can be said that the sentence patterns in Lisao and a large number of neat six-character quatrains in Chuci laid the foundation for the maturity of six-character poems.

The complete and standardized six-character metrical poem only appeared in Jian 'an period. The earliest and most complete existing six-character poems are Kong Rong's three six-character poems. Kong Rong, one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, is famous for his poems.

After Kong Rong, both Cao Pi and Cao Zhi had six-character poems handed down from generation to generation. Cao Pi has three six-character poems, among which Li Shihe is the standard six-character poem. The widow's poem is a six-character poem, but because the fourth word of each sentence is "Xi", it can be regarded as a unique style of six-character poem.

4. Seven fonts

Seven-character poems include seven-character ancient poems, seven-character metrical poems and seven-character quatrains.

Seven-character style is a genre of ancient poetry, which is mainly composed of seven words or seven sentences per sentence. It originated from folk songs.

In the pre-Qin period, in addition to the seven-character sentence patterns in The Book of Songs and Songs of the South, Xiangcheng Pian in Xunzi was a seven-character miscellaneous verse written by imitating folk songs.

In the Western Han Dynasty, there were seven popular rhymes, such as Sima Xiangru's Fan Jiang and You's Jiupian, as well as Louhu Song and Shangjun Song contained in Hanshu.

There were many seven-character miscellaneous songs in the Eastern Han Dynasty. For example, Mai Yao, Wu Zaicheng (Sima Biao's Five Elements of Han History) and Huan Er Ge (Bao Puzi's Shen Ju) at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty are all vivid, popular and fluent folk works in seven languages. According to legend, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once called his ministers together and made a seven-character couplet of Bailiangtai. But according to later research, this is an untrue statement and unreliable.

Ge Yanxing by Wei is China's first complete seven-character poem of literati. Later, Tang Huixiu and Bao Zhao had seven-character works. Bao Zhao's 18 "Zhun Qi Difficult to Walk" not only greatly expanded the content of the poem, but also changed the rhyme of the original seven-character poem into the rhyme of every other sentence and can be changed, which opened up a new way for the development of the seven-character style.

Seven-character poems gradually increased from Liang to Sui, and it was not until the Tang Dynasty that seven-character poems really developed. The appearance of seven-character poems provides a new and bigger form for poetry and enriches the artistic expression of China's classical poems.

5. Miscellaneous words

Miscellaneous poems, named after the different lengths of sentences in the poems, have variable numbers of words, the shortest is only one word, and the long sentences are more than nine spans, mostly three, four, five and seven words. It is characterized by its relatively free form, which is convenient for expressing thoughts and feelings freely. Any poet who wins by emotion or momentum has a great preference for miscellaneous poems.

The metrical poetry in China's ancient poetry reached its peak in the middle Tang Dynasty (Du Fu was the representative poet), because its formal beauty space had been excavated by the great poets in the Tang Dynasty, and the rest was limited;

Therefore, China's metrical poems in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties developed into miscellaneous poems, which formed a backlash against the uniform metrical poems, which led to some rigidity in form and eventually became a systematic form of "Ci". Ci finally developed to the height of "a generation of literature" and made great achievements.

Second, modern poetry.

Modern poetry, also known as modern poetry and metrical poetry, is a genre that pays attention to metrical, antithesis and rhyme in Chinese poetry. In order to distinguish it from classical poetry, it has the name of modern style. Refers to another poetry genre formed after the early Tang Dynasty.

1, category:

Modern poetry includes quatrains (five words and four sentences, seven words and four sentences), metrical poems (five words and eight sentences, seven words and eight sentences) and metrical poems (more than ten sentences), which are based on metrical poems. The meter of quatrains is half a poem. Parallelism is an extension of metrical poetry.

2. Features:

The most basic meter includes: number of words, number of sentences, level tone, rhyme, antithesis (antithesis is not necessary for quatrains), and there are three main points:

(1) Every sentence should be flush, the two linked sentences should be flush, and the links should be flush, that is, "the sentences are flush, the links are opposite, and the links are stuck together";

(2) Except for the first pair and the second pair, the couplets in the middle must be couplets;

(3) Generally speaking, rhymes must be tied with flat rhymes.

Extended data:

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Modern poetry is the main style of poetry after the Tang Dynasty. Famous representative poets are Li Bai, Du Fu, Li Shangyin and Lu You. It occupies an important position in the history of China's poetry development and has made outstanding contributions to the study of history and culture.

1, Li Bai

Li Bai (70 1-762), whose real name is Taibai, also known as "purple laity" and "fallen fairy", was a great romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty, and was praised as "poetic fairy" by later generations, and was also called "Du Li" with Du Fu. In order to distinguish himself from two other poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, that is, "Little Du Li", Du Fu and Li Bai merged again.

According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Li Bai is the ninth grandson of Gui Li, the king of Liang, and he is a descendant of all kings. He is cheerful and generous, loves to drink and write poems, and likes to make friends.

Li Bai was deeply influenced by Huang Lao's idea of sorting out villages. Li Taibai's poems have been handed down from generation to generation, and most of his poems were written when he was drunk. His representative works include Looking at Lushan Waterfall, it is hard to go, Difficult Road to Shu, Entering Wine, Liang, The First Building of Baidicheng, etc.

2. Du Fu

Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, is a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty, and is also called "Du Li" with Li Bai. Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei Province, he moved to Gongxian County, Henan Province. In order to distinguish Li Shangyin, Du Mu and Xiao Du Li, Du Fu and Li Bai are also called Da Du Li, and Du Fu is often called Lao Du.

As a teenager, Du Fu traveled to wuyue and Zhao Qi successively, during which he also visited Luoyang. After thirty-five, I came first and last in Chang 'an. Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and presented them to the nobles. The frustration of officialdom witnessed the extravagance and social crisis of the upper class in the Tang Dynasty. In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), the Anshi Rebellion broke out, Tongguan fell, and Du Fu moved to many places.

In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), Du Fu abandoned his official position and went to Sichuan. Although he fled the war and lived a relatively stable life, he still cared about the whole life and the affairs of the country. He created famous works such as Up the Mountain, Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Three Officials and Three Farewells. Although Du Fu is a realistic poet, he also has a wild and unruly side. It is not difficult to see Du Fu's heroism and dry clouds from his masterpiece Song of Drinking Eight Immortals.

The core of Du Fu's thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government, and he has the great wish of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior, and then making the customs pure". Although Du Fu was not famous during his lifetime, his fame spread far and wide, which had a far-reaching impact on China literature and Japanese literature. About 65,438+0,500 poems of Du Fu have been preserved, most of which are collected by Du Gongbu.

In the winter of the fifth year of Dali (770), Du Fu died at the age of 59.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Ancient Poetry

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Modern Poetry