Words expressing doubts in classical Chinese

1. What are the interrogative words in ancient Chinese? In ancient Chinese, sentences generally need the help of interrogative words to be questioned.

Sometimes interrogative pronouns, sometimes interrogative modal particles, sometimes both. For example, who says it's not? (Zuo Zhuan Yin Gongyuan) How would you use it? (The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi) Who is the master? (The Analects of Confucius Wei Zi) Do you see the master? (The Analects of Confucius) Whose fault is it? In ancient Chinese, the interrogative pronoun object in the interrogative sentence must also be placed before the verb.

Like who's bullying me? Bullying the sky? (The Analects of Confucius Zi Han) If a compatriot is one year older than Boge, who will respect him? Yue: Jingjing elder brother. (Mencius Gaozishang) (Compare the position of the object in the verb-object structure of "who deceives", "who deceives heaven", "who respects" and "respects brother". )

What is the punishment? (The Analects of Confucius Gongye Chang) If you are rich, why not? (The Analects of Confucius, Lutz) When Wei Jun treats his son, the son will come first? (The Analects of Confucius Lutz) Where is Liang Ke Xin Yuan Yan 'an? (Zhao Ce's Warring States Policy) If I am really incompetent, who dares to complain? (Left office for three years) The two countries are good, but the ministers are not. Who dares to be virtuous? The first and second examples are the most enlightening. An interrogative pronoun takes the object before the verb, not an interrogative pronoun. Sometimes, verbs are preceded by auxiliary verbs, and interrogative pronoun objects are placed in front of auxiliary verbs, as in the last two examples mentioned above.

When interrogative pronouns are used as prepositional objects, they are also restricted by this law and must be placed in front of prepositions. For example: the people are enough, but who is not enough? There are not enough people. Who is better than you? (The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan) Why not stay in this besieged city for a long time? (Warring States Policy Zhao Ce) How do you know I can do it? (Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang) What can a big car do without a roof? Zi Gui, why did you report me? (Zuo Gong for three years) If you are not old, why are there people? If you have no people, how can you have a gentleman? Preposition object is an interrogative pronoun in ancient Chinese, and its word order has always been followed by later ancient writers.

For example: the book of Dongye, the newspaper of Genglan, what's on my side? (Han Yu: Sacrificing Twelve Lang Wen) Hey! Wes, who are we going home with? (Fan Zhongyan: The Story of Yueyang Tower) What is the right time rather than the fast time? (Su Zhe: The Story of Kuaizaiting in Huangzhou) The rules of interrogative pronoun prepositional object are stricter than those of negative pronoun prepositional object, so there are basically no exceptions. Only "He Ru" says "How", which seems to be an exception. In fact, both word orders appeared in ancient Chinese.

In the pre-Qin era, they were already a solidified form, meaning "how", "how" or "how to do it". For example, why not make a valley? ("Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Four Years") How can you not get hurt before you die? (Zuo Chuangong twenty-two years) Everyone in the countryside is fine, so what? (The Analects of Confucius Lutz) I heard that the fear of the north is also sympathetic. Where is the sincerity? (Warring States Policy Chu Ce) What about pot calling the kettle black? (Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang) What is your majesty's favorite date? (Historical Records, Biography of Zhang Shizhi, Feng Tang) There are also sayings of "He Ru", "He Ruo" and "What" in ancient books (meaning is the same as "He Ru" and "How"), but it is not said to be "He Nai".

For example, what should you do if you go back to Qin to show your ambition of widowhood? (Thirty-three years of Zuo Zhuan Gong) What is the difference between beauty and evil? (Chapter 20 of Laozi) What will happen? ("Warring States Policy Zhao Ce") What would happen if Qin proclaimed himself emperor? (ditto) What can Mr. Wang do? (ditto) Meng Changjun said, "What about the city?" (The Warring States Policy Qi Ce) There was a "Ru" in ancient times.

What ""if.

What? ""Nye.

He ",in which pronouns, nouns or other words are inserted, means" Ba (right) ".

How (how to do) ". For example, were you hungry in the past year? What did you lack? (The Analects of Confucius, Yan Yuan) What if you accept my money and don't pretend to be my way? With your strength, you can't destroy the hill of the chief father, such as the palace in Taihang. (Liezi Tang Wen) Jin Gong said to Zheng Qing, "What if you get too deep?" ("Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Fifteen Years") When you pull out the mountain, you will be angry, but when it is unfavorable, you will not die! What can I do without dying? Worried! Worried! Where's Nye? ("Historical Records of Xiang Yu") ("Nairuhe" means "Nairuhe". )

Chen Wenzi met Cui Wuzi and said, "What are you going to do?" (Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong twenty-three years) What is right if you can't be right? (The Analects of Confucius Luz) In ancient Chinese, "rushi" and "rushi" are also solidified forms, sometimes used in front of verbs to express rhetorical questions and translated into "how"; Sometimes used at the end of an inquiry sentence, translated as "how". For example, if I am not virtuous and people will reject me, how can I refuse others? (The Analects of Confucius, Zhang Zi) How can you defeat your monarch with disease? (Left for two years) What's the matter? According to its mu.

Interrogative words can be divided into two categories: the first category is interrogative pronouns and the second category is interrogative modal particles. Now describe them separately.

(1) interrogative pronoun (1) The word "who" refers to a person's interrogative pronoun, just like "who" in modern Chinese. For example, Meng Changjun blamed it and said, "Who is this?" (The Warring States Policy, Qi Ce) and Wan Li Road, who doesn't know? (Thirty-two years of Zuo Zhuan Gong) If you are a vassal of Germany and Sui, who dares to refuse? The word "which" often means choice.

It can refer to people or things. For example, Ai Gong asked, "Who is a studious disciple?" Zi Gong asked, "Which is better, a teacher or a businessman?" (Advanced Analects of Confucius) Which is better, my son or Lutz? (Mencius, Gongsun Chou) (The above refers to people. )

Who is happy when you have fun alone and with others? Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia) Do you have fun alone or listen to music with everyone? The first and third words "le" are pronounced yuè, and the remaining words "le" are pronounced lè. ) which is more important, ceremony or food? (Mencius, Xia) Which is more beautiful? (Mencius dedicated) (the above refers to things. )

When the word "which" is used to refer to people, it does not mean choice; At this time, it is no different from the word "who". On the contrary, the word "he" can occasionally indicate choice.

Like who can replace it? Who can be the biggest? (Advanced Analects of Confucius) Who is the master? (The Analects of Confucius Weizi) Which comes first? (The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan) The first three examples can use the word "who", and the last example seems to use the word "who", but the word "who" is generally not used as a direct object, so it is used.

2. What are the interrogative words in classical Chinese? Please give their definitions. Thank you. 1 refers to interrogative pronouns of people-"who" and "who"

"Who" is mainly used in general interrogative sentences.

"Which" is often used in multiple-choice questions, and generally has the antecedent "which". "Which" refers not only to people, but also to things or places.

The usage of "who" is basically the same as that of modern Chinese, so I won't give examples here.

The usage of "which" refers to "which", for example:

"Who is more beautiful, Xugong or me?" -Who is more beautiful, Xu Gong or me?

"Which is more important, ceremony or food?" Which is more important, etiquette or food?

"Who" often forms a fixed combination "Who and" together with the preposition "and" to express comparison.

"Which is which" is used in a sentence, which roughly means "which is more important than ...". For example:

"Who am I and Xu Hongmei?" -I and Xu Gong which is more beautiful?

Sometimes the content of comparison has already appeared on it, so there can be no comparative content in the sentence, such as:

"Who are the subjects?" The content of comparison does not appear in this sentence, which one do you think is better than Shun?

The comparison result of "compared with …" is sometimes clear and often used in rhetorical questions. In fact, it is no longer a problem, which can be translated as "where is it comparable". For example:

"Praise it from the sky and use it to control your destiny!" Obeying and praising nature is better than controlling the laws of nature and using nature.

"Just sit and wait for death, which one is it?" -instead of doing nothing, where can you compare with attacking it? 2. Interrogative pronouns expressing things-"He", "Hu", "Death" and "Xi".

Among these interrogative pronouns, "He" has the highest usage rate and a wide range of grammatical functions.

"Why are you so expensive?" -"he" acts as the subject.

"Yue:' What is it?' "-"he "acts as a predicate.

"What does the king want?" -"He" acts as a prepositional object.

"Why doesn't Xu Zi farm?" -"He" as an adverbial to ask why.

"What does Jiang hate?" -"he" acts as an attribute.

"Hu", "Die" and "Xi" are often used as adverbials and sometimes used with prepositions to ask about the reason, time or place.

"It's been a long day, isn't it extreme?" Asking the time is equivalent to saying "when".

"Is Zi Xi a car?" -"Xi" asks why, which is equivalent to "why".

"Hu Weiwei has been in this besieged city for a long time, so he won't go?" -"Hu" and the preposition "Wei" are combined as adverbials, asking why. Hu Weiwei means why.

"Xi knows its nature?" -"Xi" and the preposition "one" are combined to make an adverbial, indicating "why".

3. Interrogative pronouns indicating places-"An", "Evil" and "Yan". It is mainly used as an adverbial inquiry place, which is equivalent to "where" in modern Chinese. You can also make rhetorical questions and adverbials to strengthen rhetorical tone.

"Is Pei Hongan there?" -"An" acts as the prepositional object of "zai". "Now" means "where".

"Evil is for the parents of the people?" -"Evil" acts as the prepositional object of "yes", and "evil is" means "where". What this sentence means is, where does he behave as an ordinary parent?

"What about dirt and stones?" -"Where to put it" means "Where to put it".