A very simple planting problem (100 will be added after planting)

Plant rose, modern rose, has large flowers, double petals and long flowering period. A single flower can last about 15 days, preferably big red, China red! Besides, red roses are used in the Olympic Games now!

The specific method is as follows:

Variety selection

According to the objective factors such as climate type, market demand, facilities, capital and planting scale, carefully select varieties and reasonably match color ratio to obtain the best economic benefits. At present, there are hundreds of varieties of cut rose used in China, and new varieties can be introduced directly from abroad, so there is a lot of choice. Therefore, we should pay enough attention to this work, such as export production: for Russia, we can choose the varieties of big red flowers, for Japan and Southeast Asian countries, we can choose the varieties of small flowers with elegant colors and more varieties; Domestic production: Red varieties are the main varieties in the north, and the proportion of elegant varieties is appropriately increased in the south.

Land preparation

soil improvement

Cut rose is most suitable for slightly acidic soil with pH value of 5.6-6.5. When the pH value is high, the pH value can be reduced by applying peat and pine needle soil. When the pH value is low, it can be improved by applying lime. After applying lime, it is necessary to wait at least 1 week before planting. In the growth stage, the pH value of soil can be adjusted by fertilization.

Soil with sufficient nutrition, good drainage and good air permeability is the key to the success of cut rose cultivation. Before planting, base fertilizer should be applied according to soil texture and nutritional status. The application of fermented organic fertilizer can improve the soil and promote the growth of Chinese rose. Avoid using fresh manure to avoid burning seedlings and causing pests. For soil that is too sticky and rich in humus, do not use manure to prevent soil hardening, but use turf and fine sand to improve the soil.

The depth of soil improvement is 0.8-1.0m. Dig a ditch with a depth of about 30cm and a width of 0.6-0.8 m at the place where the ridge is to be made, and apply fertilizer into the ditch according to the amount of 3 cubic meters of chicken manure, 6 cubic meters of sheep manure or 12 cubic meters of cow manure per 667 square meters (or mix the above fertilizers properly and apply them). Then fill the ditch, and then apply 3 cubic meters of chicken manure or 6 cubic meters of sheep manure or 12 cubic meters of cow manure and 10 cubic meters of peat soil or pine needle soil every 667 square meters, and mix them evenly with the soil. 50% of the above fertilizers can be used for replanting.

soil disinfection

If roses are not planted in the greenhouse, fungicides such as carbendazim and pentachloronitrobenzene and insecticides such as phoxim and methyl isofenphos can be used for simple soil disinfection. If the greenhouse is used for rose production for a long time or nematodes or nodules are found, strict soil disinfection is needed.

★ Chemical disinfection

By applying chemicals in the soil, such as chloropicrin, methyl bromide, chlorsulfuron (dimethylthiazide) and ambergris (NCS). Use the diffusion of toxic gases in the soil to kill germs, pests and weed seeds in the soil. In order to make the gas fully diffuse in the soil, the soil should be ploughed to loosen the soil structure before disinfection. At the same time, reduce the water content of soil and expand the porosity of soil. After application, cover the ground with plastic film, and keep the ground temperature above 65438 00℃ to reach the disinfection days required by the medicament. After disinfection, the soil should be ploughed, and the residual drugs should be discharged before planting to avoid phytotoxicity.

Chloropicrin and methyl bromide are toxic, easy to cause public hazards, irritating, inconvenient to use and slow to eliminate residual drugs, which have been banned in many countries.

★ Thermal disinfection

By spraying hot water, high-temperature steam or burying hot water pipes in the soil, the soil temperature can reach about 60℃, thus killing pathogenic bacteria, pests and weed seeds in the soil. Compared with chemical disinfection, thermal disinfection has the advantages of no pesticide pollution, cleanliness and hygiene. The soil can be planted after cooling, but it needs to purchase heating equipment, and it consumes a lot of energy and costs a lot, especially when disinfecting a large area of land. In addition, thermal disinfection will cause changes in soil nutrients.

Land consolidation and border preparation

After improved disinfection, the ground is bounded by 0.6-0.8m wide, and the sidewalk is bounded by 0.6-0.8m wide, which can be used in both east-west and north-south directions. The height of the border is 0.3-0.4m, and the border surface should be raked flat to facilitate irrigation. Drip irrigation should be installed in advance, and if it is to be covered with plastic film, it should be paved in advance.

Seedling colonization

Select seedlings

There are three kinds of Chinese rose seedlings: grafted seedlings, cuttage seedlings and tissue culture seedlings, which are generally selected according to financial resources and environmental conditions. Grafted seedlings have developed roots, vigorous growth, high cut flower yield and long flower production cycle (5-6 years), which is an ideal choice for cultivation; However, grafted seedlings require higher pruning techniques and are more expensive, and the adaptability of rootstocks must also be considered. Cutting seedlings have the advantages of fast propagation, low cost, simple management and many applications in production; However, the root system of cutting seedlings is weak, the growth is not as good as that of grafted seedlings, and the flower production cycle is short (4-5 years). The production of tissue culture seedlings is complicated, the supply of seedlings is small, and it is rarely used in production.

planting density

It varies with rose varieties, seedling types and environmental conditions to ensure the quality of cut flowers and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Varieties with high plants can be planted thinly, and varieties with short plants can be planted densely. Areas with sufficient sunshine and dry air should be planted more densely; Areas with cloudy days and humid air should be planted thinly. Grafted seedlings should be planted thinly; Cutting seedlings should be planted more densely. Plant two rows in each border, with the row spacing of 0.3-0.4m, the spacing of grafted seedlings of 0.3-0.4m and the spacing of cuttings of 0.2-0.3m.

Seedling colonization

It can be planted all year round, but spring is better. Because the seedlings grow rapidly after planting, the plants enter the flower picking stage early, the output of cut flowers in winter is high, and the production is effective quickly. Two rows in a bed should be planted alternately to facilitate plant growth. When planting grafted seedlings, the grafting interface should be sunny and 2-3cm above the ground to prevent the scion from taking root. In order to manage and prevent cross-infection of diseases, a variety should be planted in the greenhouse as much as possible.

Plant pruning

Seedling pruning

The purpose is to cultivate the main branches that produce flowers. After color penetration, the buds are picked, and the branches are bent upward by 40cm from the base 3cm to become nutritional branches. If the branches are not long enough, wait until the lateral buds germinate before bending. After about three months, the vegetative branches reach more than three, and the new branches can be picked when they reach the standard of cut flowers. When picking flowers for the first time, pay attention to the stubble height, generally 15-20cm, with thick branches left high and thin branches left short. The remaining branches are the main branches that produce flowers. In addition to catching up with the high price of flowers such as Valentine's Day, generally do not pick flowers in advance, otherwise it will affect the later yield. If you pick flowers in advance, you should continue to cultivate vegetative branches and flower-producing main branches afterwards.

Production pruning

During production, the side buds of cut flowers should be erased in time. When picking flowers for the second time and the third time, at least 2-3 five-lobules should be kept, and the main branches that produce flowers should continue to be cultivated. After that, at least 1 5 leaflets should be left to ensure the germination of lateral branches. The number of flowering branches depends on the variety and planting density, generally 3-5 branches, or as many as 10- 12 branches. At flowering stage, branches that fail to meet the standard of cut flowers should continue to be bent into vegetative branches.

Adjustment period pruning

When the plant is too high, the growth is weakened or the flowering period is adjusted, the plant should be adjusted and pruned. Don't cut off most branches, which will easily lead to serious physiological imbalance, root atrophy, slow growth of new buds at the base, and even plant death. Instead, bend the branches by about 50cm, be careful not to twist off the outer skin, cut off the long part of the branches, and maximize the number of leaves to make them nutritious branches. After this treatment, more new buds germinate, so it is necessary to screen the cut flower branches and keep them properly.

Superficial application

Scientific fertilization methods should determine the total amount of fertilization in the whole year according to the absorption of plants, the nutrient content of soil and the utilization rate of fertilizer, and then determine the amount of base fertilizer and topdressing and the times of fertilization, and regularly analyze the nutritional status of rose leaves and soil. So as to apply fertilizer in a targeted manner.

The application of base fertilizer has been described in the section on soil improvement.

Generally, chemical fertilizers are mainly used for topdressing, and a large number of elements are applied at each watering through drip irrigation system, and trace elements are applied regularly through foliar spraying. Generally, 40-50 kilograms of pure nitrogen, 25-40 kilograms of pure phosphorus and 25-40 kilograms of pure potassium are applied every 667 square meters every year, and fertilizers such as urea, potassium nitrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium phosphate and magnesium sulfate can be used. After the seedlings resume their growth, they should start topdressing. At first, the amount of fertilizer should be less, and it will gradually increase with the growth of the plants. Nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer should be applied when the new branches of cut flowers germinate after harvesting; Phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer should be applied after the bud appears; Stop fertilizing during dormancy. If element deficiency (table 1) is found, it should be treated by fertilization in time.

Temperature control

The optimum temperature for the growth of Chinese rose is 20-25℃ during the day and 12- 15℃ at night. Higher temperature can increase the yield of cut flowers and shorten the days of picking flowers, but at the same time it will also cause short branches, short petals, small flowers and exposed cores, which will reduce the quality of cut flowers. Lower temperature can increase the length of flower branches, make petals longer and more, make flowers bigger and taller, and improve the quality of cut flowers, but at the same time, it will also reduce the output of cut flowers, slow down the development speed and prolong the days of flower picking.

In winter production, in order to increase the night temperature, save energy and reduce costs, the daytime temperature can be increased to 35℃.

Cooling can be achieved by shading, ventilation, spraying water, wet curtain and cold water flowing through underground pipes (underground pipes are 45 cm deep under the frame, with 4-5 pipes per frame); The temperature can be raised by heating. Hot blast stove, add organic fertilizer, cover with black plastic film, and pass hot water through underground pipeline.

Lighting control

Rose is a neutral plant, the light saturation point of leaves is 350,000-50,000 lux, and the light compensation point is 1 1,000 lux. Too strong light will lead to shorter branches and lighter colors of roses; Insufficient light will make the branches of Chinese rose thinner and produce blind flowers. Appropriate shading measures can be taken in summer, and shading nets with shading rate of 30-50% can be used to reduce the temperature in the greenhouse, improve the color and ensure the quality of cut flowers. Keep the glass or plastic film in the greenhouse clean in winter, on the premise of ensuring the temperature in the greenhouse. The grass cover outside the greenhouse is removed early and put late, so that plants can fully absorb the sunlight. Press every 5.6w/m? High-pressure sodium lamp or fluorescent lamp can improve the yield and quality of cut flowers, but it is rarely used in production except in high latitudes because of its high cost.

humidity control

Roses are water-loving crops. Insufficient soil moisture will affect the yield and quality of cut flowers, while excessive soil moisture will affect the development of root system due to insufficient ventilation. The suitable EC value of rose is 0.25-0.75mg/cm, and the soil water tension pF is 1.8. The watering amount depends on soil type, climatic conditions and plant growth, and the watering amount per 667m2 greenhouse is about 8t. Water should be poured every 3-4d in summer, every 5-6d in spring and autumn, and every 7-9d in winter, preferably in the morning. Watering should be done as soon as possible after planting to ensure that the seedlings will resume growth as soon as possible. When the light is insufficient, it is necessary to control the amount of watering to prevent plants from growing in vain.

Drip irrigation under film is the best irrigation system, which not only saves water and labor, but also effectively reduces the relative humidity of the air in the greenhouse. Always check whether the water supply of irrigation system is uniform.

ventilating device

If the rose is planted in the greenhouse, it will affect the growth of the plant if the ventilation is not good. In summer, it is necessary to expand the ventilation in the greenhouse as much as possible, reduce the temperature in the greenhouse and ensure the quality of cut flowers. In order to keep warm in winter, the greenhouse is closed, which makes the air in the greenhouse very dirty, so ventilation is needed to keep the air in the greenhouse fresh. At the same time, we should pay attention to keep the temperature in the greenhouse, so it is usually done after the temperature rises during the day, so as not to affect the room temperature. When the relative humidity of the air in the greenhouse is high, heating or ventilation must be used to reduce the humidity.

Integrated pest control

In the production of cut rose flowers, the principle of "prevention first" should be adopted to control pests and diseases, because once the plants get sick, the quality of cut flowers will be reduced and the economic benefits will be affected. Some measures for soil disinfection and disease prevention have been introduced above. In addition, it is necessary to clean up the litter and weeds in the greenhouse in time and apply pesticides regularly to prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases. Once pests and diseases occur, they should be treated with pesticides in time. Pesticide formulations should be mainly aqua and aerosol (especially in the late growth stage) to avoid pesticide residues polluting leaves and reducing the quality of cut flowers. Don't spray it on the bud when spraying. If you find any drug stains on the leaves, spray them when harvesting. Table 2 lists the common pests and diseases of rose in greenhouse and their control chemicals for reference.

Harvest of cut flowers

Harvest varies with varieties, seasons and market demand, and the requirements for bud opening are also different. Local sales should be harvested when the buds are open or semi-open; During long-distance transportation, the red and pink varieties should be harvested when the petals outside the flower buds are stretched, the yellow varieties should be harvested earlier and the white varieties should be harvested later. Buds are bigger in winter and smaller in summer. Varieties with more petals will have larger flower buds when they are harvested, while varieties with fewer petals will have smaller flower buds when they are harvested.

In order to make the harvested rose cut flowers compact, they are harvested once a day in winter, twice a day in spring and autumn and three times a day in summer.

After picking the cut roses, insert them into the water as soon as possible and move them to the shade. Remove the lower 20cm leaves and thorns and grade them according to their length. The shortest medium and small flower branch is 40cm, and the shortest large flower branch is 50 cm, with one grade per 10cm. Tie 20 branches into a bundle, put one layer for small and medium buds and two layers for large buds. A circle of corrugated paper is wrapped around the bud, and the upper edge of the paper is 5 cm higher than the bud. After binding, cut off the lower part of the bouquet, soak it in water for 4 hours, and then send it to the market for sale or put it in the cold storage.