You don't know Zhuge Liang-there is no such thing as a multi-wise demon, and he may still be a martial arts expert.

In my childhood, there were still few cultural and recreational life. Fortunately, my father has many books, which enables me to stay at home and study in my spare time instead of fooling around outside all day like other children.

Another great advantage of reading is that you have enough capital to show off. At that time, one of my great pleasures was to spin the so-called story of the Three Kingdoms under the eyes of a large group of friends who were expecting and slightly admiring-the reason why I added the word "so-called" was because I was young, lacked literacy and knowledge, so I accidentally read a book "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which naturally added a lot of "ingredients" to the story and became unrecognizable.

However, this does not prevent a group of teenagers from worshipping those ancient heroes. Of course, the most popular ones are Guan, Zhang and Zhao. But I am an exception, probably because I was not good at using force since I was a child, and I was often beaten. My favorite character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is naturally Zhu Gekongming, who is "smarter than a ghost".

I didn't know until I grew up that this evaluation of Zhuge Liang didn't seem positive. And Mr. Lu Xun's evaluation of The Romance of Three Kingdoms is slightly different from our familiar comment that "Liu Bei's virtue is almost false, and Kong Ming's wisdom is almost demon":

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is, after all, a novelist's story, especially in the troubled times, which was born in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, and naturally bears a profound brand of the times. In the traditional folk concept, an ideal society needs a wise monarch, a virtuous minister of Manchu dynasty and a group of brave generals to make the country rich and the people safe. In the wise monarch, wise minister and brave general's side, there are also many multi-star figures, such as Xu Maogong in Tang Shuo, Wu Yong in Water Margin, Liu Bowen in Ming Yinglie and so on.

In the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang was given the same role.

In real history, Zhuge Liang can be named as an outstanding politician, writer, calligrapher and even inventor, even though he is called a great strategist. But his military talent is basically concentrated on the strategic level, specifically tactical command. He is not a "wise general" figure who is "three steps and one plan" and makes good use of magic weapons, but may be a "Wulin master" who can take the lead and win the battle. His style of commanding and using troops is extremely conservative and rigid, even to the point of being dull and boring.

Did you feel a little surprised when you read the official?

More than ten years ago, I played two games crazily, one was World of Warcraft, and the other was The Three Kingdoms 1 1.

Forget it the first time. The latter, as a classic game of Glory Company's Three Kingdoms series, is still stubbornly entrenched in my computer hard disk. And when I open this game from time to time, or help the Han family or be a thief, I often can't help getting angry, calling the Japanese ignorant and setting the characters in a mess.

For example, Zhuge Liang, in this version of the game, the main ability parameters are domination 92, force 38, intelligence 100, and politics 95. Aside from other things, let's talk about this force value-probably when the game designers of Glory Company think of Mr. Kong Ming, the immortal figure of "feather fan with black silk scarf, laughing and laughing, vanishing" emerges (of course, Su Shi is talking about Zhou Yu here). Fairy fights are neither elegant nor fall in price. Of course, this kind of thing had better not happen. What's more, Mr. Kong Ming has always been a scribe, and he always likes to take a wheelchair in film and television dramas. Obviously, his physical condition is not good, so fighting is naturally not good.

But don't forget that Zhuge Liang is a scholar and a Confucian scholar. Compared with the later Confucian scholars who said "the world is invincible, why not", Chinese Confucianism is definitely different. You know, in the Han Dynasty, the mainstream was the Confucian Ram School, and almost all of these guys were short-tempered. They not only advocated limiting imperial power, but also advocated "great hatred"-specifically, Han Confucianism not only maintained the fine tradition of later Confucian scholars writing flowers, but also kept their mouths open. Once they were excited, scolded or provoked, they would definitely start a fight, and the level of fighting was certainly not low. It should be noted that the Han Dynasty did not abandon the six arts of gentlemen, and Confucian scholars also had to practice martial arts, so Han Confucianism generally wore swords. And that sword is by no means a decoration. It is absolutely exaggerated to say that one hundred people are enemies, but it is not a problem for ordinary people to stab two or three.

Specific to Zhuge Liang, he is obviously not a helpless and useless scholar:

A towering man with a height of more than 1 m (about 23. 1 cm per foot in Korea) comes from a famous family, and he has no shortage of food, clothing and nutrition. He must have received a good and complete education. Born in the troubled times of war, he also compared himself to the famous Le Yi; High IQ, good qualifications, and polishing strength every day-how can such a figure fail in the value of force?

Compared with Zhang Fei, who killed pigs, Guan Yu, who sold dates, and Dian Wei, who hunted in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang had excellent natural conditions even though his talent and fortune were different.

For example, in the reflection of the Three Kingdoms 1 1, Cao Wei's general Xinmeile Co., Ltd., whose force value is as high as 88, seems to be unable to beat Zhuge Liang:

Some people may question that there are very few generals in the real war, and "lightly beating, broken and beheading" does not prove that Zhuge Liang did it himself. Well, I can't refute this, but what is certain is that his son Zhuge Zhan and grandson Zhuge Shang both appeared in the history books as military commanders, and both died in Mianzhu. In the reflection 1 1, the military strength of the two fathers reached 60 and 77 respectively-at that time, they were very particular about the inheritance of "family learning". Although Zhuge Zhan and his son did not inherit the wisdom of their parents and grandparents, it is obvious that their kung fu can only be inherited from Zhuge family.

Even in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there is a faint hint that Zhuge Liang can actually play:

Three Kingdoms 1 1, Jiang Wei's force value is 89, and Guan Xing is 86. If Zhuge Liang is really a weak chicken with a force value of only 38, why did Jiang Wei "reluctantly dismount and surrender"?

Zhuge Liang certainly didn't have Zhao Yun's ability to break into Cao Cao's camp. In fact, he is not a think tank figure who can "plan in three steps". But it doesn't seem to be a problem to "kill one person in ten steps", like his master Liu Bei and the quasi-first-class military commander at that time.

There is a strange place in the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms, that is, when Zhuge Liang was a rookie, his mind was full of scheming and calculations, like a demon. However, in Battle of Red Cliffs, his position and importance in Liu Bei's camp seems to have declined precipitously-he didn't do anything at the beginning of taking surprisingly, and he didn't play much in the tug-of-war in Jingzhou. In the battle of Yiling, which decided the fate of Wu Shu, he even stayed behind and didn't fight. After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang was entrusted by his former master, but in the most important battle of "Six Outings from Qishan", he was even more emboldened, and he was completely different from when he first debuted.

What happened?

The reason is actually very simple, because those familiar stories, such as "burning Bowangpo", "borrowing an arrow from a straw boat" and "planning an empty city", have nothing to do with Zhuge Liang. Basically, Luo Guanzhong copied the credit of others to him.

In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, setting Bowangpo on fire was Zhuge Liang's first battle after his fledgling, and it was also his battle for fame. In the book, he also quoted a poem in the name of later generations to praise: "Wang Bo attacked fire with fire, and wisdom laughed and laughed. I must be shocked by Cao Gong's courage and make my first contribution. "

But in serious history books, the battle of Wang Bo is a different story:

Zhuge Liang's experience recorded above is not that Sima Guang was lazy or negligent, but that the war took place in the seventh year of Jian 'an, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. As we all know, Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain after Liu Bei visited the cottage. When did you go to the villa for the third time? It was twelve years of Jian 'an!

So when Liu Bei was fighting in Bowangpo, Zhuge Liang was still farming in Nanyang, and his good friends, Xu Shu, Cui and others had not blasted him into "Wolong".

In the 18th year of Jian 'an, Wei and Wu fought oral sex in ruxu, and the two sides confronted each other across the river. The prototype of the story "Grass Boat Borrows Arrows" also happened in this period:

So the boat is a big boat, not a grass boat. The so-called "borrowing an arrow" was just a brainwave of Sun Quan when the ship was out of balance. Moreover, the background of this story is the Wei Wu War. The protagonists are Lao Cao and Sun Quan, lamenting that "children should be like this". As a member of Shu, Zhuge Liang is a melon eater and has no chance to play at all.

More importantly, the prototype story of "Grass Boat Borrowing Arrows" took place in the 18th year of Jian 'an and five years after the outbreak of Battle of Red Cliffs. At this time, Liu Beizheng was busy fighting in Liu Zhang and taking surprisingly, while Zhuge Liang was guarding Jingzhou with Guan, Zhang and Zhao. Of course, he didn't have the leisure to help Sun Quan "borrow an arrow".

At that time, there was an article in the middle school Chinese class, "The Dispute between Confucianism and Confucianism". Later, after reading the reflection, I realized that there was no such thing at all. But Zhuge Liang, as the special envoy of Liu Bei, did express his views on the main battle and peace when he met with Sun Quan.

But it was obviously not Zhuge Liang, the "foreign minister", who finally made Sun Quan determined to fight to the death with Cao Cao:

Therefore, Zhuge Liang's big debate with a group of celebrities in Jiangdong was purely an improvisation by Luo Guanzhong, just a novelist's speech.

As for the angry Zhou Yu, it is even more ridiculous.

First of all, Zhou Yu is not the narrow-minded and jealous person in Luo Guanzhong's works at all. On the contrary, he is "a man with a little skill and a little reputation" ("Three Kingdoms Wu Shujiu Jiu"), which is what Liu Bei said. How could he be so angry with Zhuge Liang? The language "Yu is born, He Shengliang is born" is even more nonsense in reality.

Zhuge Liang was widely praised and almost deified in later generations, because his "dedication" was the most loyal and sincere, and these deeds mainly occurred in his later years. Born together, Zhuge Liang was just a fledgling teenager, and Zhou Yu was already a military commander of a country. His achievements and talents not only left a deep impression on his opponents, but even after the sun rose, he cried many times and remembered: "I am not alone in Zhou Gongjin, I am not an emperor." (as quoted above)

So, at that time, Yu Liang and his wife were not on the same level at all. What was Zhou Yu jealous of, and he was so angry?

What's more, before Zhou Yu died, Zhuge Liang had been busy doing logistics for Liu Bei, preparing to attack surprisingly. He has never seen Zhou Yu at all, and he can't get angry if he wants to. Moreover, when Zhou Yu died, it was Pang Tong, not Zhuge Liang, who expressed condolences on behalf of Liu Bei, so there was no drama of "Chai Sangkou mourned Wolong".

As one of the "thirty-six strategies", the empty city strategy is the most famous, which can best reflect Zhuge Liang's ingenious strategy of making good use of people's hearts, showing emptiness in emptiness and raising doubts in doubt. However, in the official history, only the "Three Things of Guo Chong" quoted in the Notes on the Three Kingdoms and Pei Songzhi are recorded. However, what Guo Chong said has proved to be a folklore, and Zhuge Liang has never made an empty plan. In the battle of Jieting, Cao Wei's coach was not Sima Yi, but Zhang He. He can't scare Sima Yi away thousands of miles away with an empty plan.

Is zhaoyun also staged a similar scene in the battle of Hanzhong:

This scene is also reflected in the seventy-first chapter of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but compared with Zhuge Liang's "sitting on the rostrum, smiling, burning incense and playing the piano". There is a boy on the left, holding a sword; There is a boy on the right, with a tail in his hand. Inside and outside the city gate, more than twenty people bowed their heads and swept the floor, and there was no one watching (the ninety-fifth chapter of Romance of the Three Kingdoms). Zi Longge can only be dumbfounded and sigh that Luo Guanzhong is so eccentric.

So, what does the real Zhuge Liang look like?

First of all, Zhuge Liang is obviously an outstanding strategist, judging from the Long Zhong Dui presented by Liu Beishi when he first met him. However, Liu Bei led Guan, Zhang, Zhao and others in the Three Kingdoms War, among which Wu refused Cao. In order to compete for Jingzhou, * * * took Xichuan, Hanzhong and Yiling, and wars broke out. Zhuge Liang's main function is to be a housekeeper in charge of logistics like Xiao He, and occasionally make a guest appearance as a diplomat.

Like Sean, a strategist who accompanied his master with a useful horse, made suggestions at any time, and even temporarily mastered wartime command to decide the victory or defeat of a battle, it was basically out of reach with Zhuge Liang. Even if I do it once in a while, it never seems to play a key role.

In other words, he is only responsible for talking (planning) and running errands (farmland). Actually, Liu Bei made it himself.

Zhuge Liang's military talents can be reflected mainly in the period when Liu Bei died and was entrusted with the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains.

Before the Northern Expedition, he made a nearly perfect strategic plan-no one can compare with Zhuge Liang in this field at the same time.

First of all, he solved the internal affairs of Shu. Zhuge Liang's rule of Shu, on the one hand, is to actively develop production, on the other hand, to strictly implement the rule of law, both of which are aimed at the root of Shu's accumulated disadvantages. After several years of governance, it has completely changed the face of Shu, and the history books are full of praise for the governance of Shu:

Secondly, in foreign relations, he urged Wu to mend fences and restore the policy of uniting Wu to resist Wei, so as to ensure the security of Shu in the East. Since then, he concentrated on pacifying the rebellion of Nanyi, Lu Yong and Menghuo, stabilizing the south and avoiding worries. As for the specific strategy of the Northern Expedition, there is no problem with Zhuge Liang's strategic thought of concentrating his forces on attacking Hanzhong and tackling difficulties and relying on Guanzhong to control the world.

On this basis, he calmly sent troops to the north to attack Cao Wei, and contributed that touching "former teacher" to us.

However, Zhuge Liang's ability to fight is far from the clever calculation and calculation in the novel, conservative and rigid, and almost boring. Li Zhi, a writer in the Ming Dynasty, once commented in his famous couplets:

Who would have expected that a "cautious" guy would suddenly attack and take risks?

Different from the familiar "six trips out of Qishan", Zhuge Liang made only five northern expeditions and only two trips out of Qishan.

In the spring of the sixth year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang sent troops to three counties in Longxi (Tianshui, Nan 'an and Anding). As a result, Zhang He, the head coach of Cao Wei, defeated Ma Su in Jieting, and the Shu army had to return to Hanzhong.

In the winter of the same year, Zhuge Liang led the army to go through the customs, besieged Chencang Hongxing Erke, and had to retreat because of food shortage.

The following year, Zhuge Liang made the third Northern Expedition, occupied Wudu and Yin Ping, and repelled the reinforcements of Wei General Guo Huai, but the Shu army could not enter again.

In the ninth year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang made the fourth northern expedition, besieged Qishan, and then retired because of the lack of food. Wei chased Zhang He and Zhongfu was killed.

Zhuge Liang's first four northern expeditions were all in vain. The fundamental reason was that it was almost impossible to completely defeat Cao Wei and restore the Han Dynasty with the weak national strength, manpower and material resources of Shu. Entrusted by Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang could only do it knowing that he could not do it. Secondly, the perils of the Shu Road made the transportation of grain, reserves and materials always troubled the Shu army. Besides, Liu Chan, the late ruler of Shu, was really incompetent. Instead of supporting the Northern Expedition, he added more restrictions. In addition, Cao Wei and Zhuge Liang's old rival Sima Yi defended Guanzhong together, which was really difficult to fight.

Another important reason is that his military tactics are too paranoid. For example, Wei Yan invited Ziwu Valley, and Zhuge Liang could not tolerate it at all.

After three years of innovation, Zhuge Liang launched the fifth Northern Expedition in the 12th year of Jianxing. This time, he was obviously better prepared. Liu Ma, a wooden ox and a flowing horse, was also invented to transport grain at Xiegukou first, and then he sent 65,438+10,000 troops to cross the Qinling Mountains and go straight to Yan County to confront Sima Yi in Wuzhangyuan. It's a pity that "he died before he could conquer". In August of that year, Zhuge Liang died from overwork in the army, and Shu Han was no longer able to launch the Northern Expedition.

Looking at Zhuge's five northern expeditions, what are his brilliant strategies? They all send troops again and again according to the established goals, and then retreat; Insufficient troops will lead to the consolidation of the army, poor grain transportation will solve the transportation problem, and internal instability will lead to "patterns" again and again. ...

It can be said that Zhuge Liang really did his best to die, which was really touching. But his military talent, especially his command ability, is really not as superb as folklore. In fact, history books have long believed that:

But on the spiritual level, Zhuge deserves to be regarded as a typical example of China's traditional culture, so it is not surprising that he was later regarded as a god.