Chrysanthemum knowledge

Chrysanthemum-one of the four gentlemen in flowers

Scientific name: chrysanthemum

English name: Florists Chrysanthemum.

Alias: Chrysanthemum, Autumn Chrysanthemum, Jiuhua, Yellow Flower, Queen Flower.

Family name: Compositae

Origin and Habit: There are more than 30 kinds of chrysanthemums, and 17 kinds are native to China, mainly including: wild chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum, chamomile, chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum and so on. It is a perennial herb. I like cold, cold, growth temperature 18-2 1℃, underground roots are drought-tolerant, and waterlogging is the most taboo. I like loam with high terrain, deep soil layer, rich humus, loose and fertile soil and good drainage. It can grow in slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soil. And Ph6.2-6.7 is the best. As a short-day plant, it grows nutritionally under the long sunshine of 14.5 hours every day. Darkness above 12 hours per day and night temperature of 10℃ are suitable for flower bud development.

Morphological characteristics: plant height is 20-20-200cm, stem color is light green or brown, and the base is semi-lignified. Simple leaves alternate, elliptic to oblong. The edge is notched and serrated, and the tongue-shaped flower at the head end is female. Tubular flowers are bisexual. Tongue flowers are divided into four categories: lower, spoon tube and abnormal. Tubular flowers have developed into "rose petals" of various colors, including red, yellow, white, purple, green, pink, multicolor and intermediate colors.

Propagation and cultivation: it can be sown and propagated, and the optimum temperature for germination is 25℃. Sowing can be carried out in February-April, and flowering can be carried out in that year. Cutting propagation is the main method in production, which can also be divided into root cutting, twig cutting, single bud cutting and bud cutting. It can also be propagated through plant division and tissue culture.

Chrysanthemum plays an important role in the world cut flower production. Cut flowers should have neat patterns, flower diameter of 7- 12 cm, bright colors, no pests and diseases, dark green leaves, straight stems, height above 80cm and long water retention period. Cut chrysanthemum can be planted underground, with the plant spacing of 12- 13 cm and the row spacing of about 15cm. There are 50 plants per square meter, which need to be supported by nets to keep the plants upright.

Chrysanthemum can promote and inhibit cultivation. In the season with long sunshine time, from 17 to 9: 00 the next morning, the daily sunshine time is 10 hour. When the bud becomes colored, it will stop shading and bloom early. In the season of short sunshine, the daily dosage is less than 14 hour, which can control the flower bud differentiation and delay the flower supply time. Common diseases include brown spot, black spot, powdery mildew, brown rust, black rust, root rot and so on. The main pests are aphids, red spiders, inchworm, chrysanthemum tiger, grubs, liriomyza sativae larvae, locusts and snails, cutworms, chrysanthemum borers, green blind stinkbug and so on.

Usage: Camellia is one of the important flowers in garden application, which is widely used in flower beds, ground covers, potted flowers and cut flowers.

Medicinal use: Some of them are used as medicines or as cool drinks to relieve summer heat, such as Chuju and Hangbaiju, which have the effect of cooling and calming the nerves and can treat headache, dizziness, hypertension, nervous headache and conjunctivitis.

English name FLOS· chrysanthemum

Alias Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Mikania micrantha, Medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum morifolium.

This product comes from the dried flower head of chrysanthemum. Compositae plants September ~165438+1October flowers are picked in batches, dried in the shade or baked, or smoked and evaporated. Medicinal materials can be divided into "Boju", "Chuju", "Gongju" and "Hangju" according to origin and processing methods.

Character; Role; letter

Chrysanthemum morifolium: Inverted cone or cylinder, sometimes slightly flat, fan-shaped, with a diameter of1.5 ~ 3cm, discrete. Involucre discoid; The involucral bracts are 3-4 layers, ovate or elliptic, herbaceous, yellow-green or brownish-green, pilose outside and membranous at the edge. Receptacle hemispherical, without stipules or hairs. There are several layers of tongue-shaped flowers, female flowers, which are located at the periphery, like white, straight up, folded vertically, and scattered golden yellow glandular spots; Tubular flowers are mostly bisexual, located in the center, hidden by ligulate flowers, yellow, with 5 teeth at the top. Achenes are undeveloped and hairless. Light in weight, soft and moist, and brittle when dry. It is fragrant, sweet and slightly bitter.

Hill shape: irregular or oblate, with a diameter of1.5 ~ 2.5cm.. Tongue-shaped flower tips are white, irregularly twisted, involuted, with shriveled edges, and sometimes light brown glandular spots can be seen; Tubular flowers are mostly hidden.

Gongju: oblate or irregular, with a diameter of 1.5 ~ 2.5 cm. Tongue-shaped flowers are white or white-like, obliquely ascending, the upper part is reflexed, the edge is slightly curled inward, and there are usually no glandular points; Tubular flowers are few and exposed.

Chrysanthemum: Dish-shaped or oblate, 2.5 ~ 4 cm in diameter, with a constant number of contiguous pieces. Tongue-shaped flowers are white or yellow, spreading or slightly folded, adhering to each other, usually without glandular points; Tubular flowers are numerous and exposed.

Identification: Take 65438±0g of this product, chop it up, add 20ml of petroleum ether, ultrasonic for 65438 00 minutes, discard the petroleum ether, evaporate the residue, add 65438±0ml of dilute hydrochloric acid and 50ml of ethyl acetate, ultrasonic for 30min, filter, evaporate the filtrate, and dissolve the residue with 2ml of methanol as the test solution. In addition, chlorogenic acid reference substance was added with ethanol to prepare a solution containing 0.5mg 1ml as reference substance solution. According to the thin-layer chromatography test (appendix ⅵ b), absorb 0.5 ~ 1 μ l of the above two solutions, respectively spot them on the same polyamide film, use the upper solution of toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid-glacial acetic acid-water (2: 30: 2: 2: 4) as the developing agent, unfold, take them out, dry them, and place them in an ultraviolet lamp (360). In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear in the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control sample.

Content determination

According to high performance liquid chromatography (appendix ⅵ d).

Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel is used as a filler for chromatographic conditions and system suitability test. 0. 1mol/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer [take 15.6g sodium dihydrogen phosphate (nah2po4.2h2o), add water to 1000ml to make a 0. 1mol/L solution, and add appropriate amount of phosphoric acid to make the PH value 2.7]-. The detection wavelength is 328 nm. The theoretical plate number should be not less than 2500 calculated by chlorogenic acid peak.

Preparation of Reference Solution Accurately weigh the appropriate amount of chlorogenic acid reference substance, put it in a brown volumetric flask, and add water to make a solution containing 0. 1mg per 1ml, which is obtained (stored below 10℃).

Prepare the test solution, take about 65438+/-0g powder of this product (passing through 1) [at the same time, take another powder of this product for moisture determination (Appendix ⅸ H, the first method)], accurately weigh it, put it in a conical flask, accurately add 50ml of methanol, weigh it, heat and reflux for 2 hours, cool it, weigh it again, and make up the weight loss with methanol. Discard the chloroform solution, volatilize the chloroform in the residue, add a proper amount of water to dissolve it, transfer it to a 5ml volumetric flask, add water to the scale, shake it evenly, and filter it with a microporous membrane (0.45μm).

The determination method accurately absorbs 65438 00μ l control solution and test solution respectively, and injects them into the liquid chromatograph for determination.

This product contains chlorogenic acid (C 16H 18O9) not less than 0.20% in terms of dry products.

Sweet, bitter and slightly cold. Enter lung meridian and liver meridian.

Function: Dispelling wind and clearing heat, calming liver and improving eyesight. Used for wind-heat cold, headache, dizziness, red eyes, swelling and pain, blurred vision.

Usage and dosage 5 ~ 9g.

Store in a cool and dry place, sealed, mildew-proof and moth-proof.

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(1) Chrysanthemum is weak in dispelling wind and good in clearing heat. It is often used with mulberry leaves to treat exogenous wind-heat and can also be used with Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Gardenia Gardenia to treat excess heat and irritability. Chrysanthemum can be used to treat red eyes, whether it is caused by liver fire or wind-heat. Because it can clear liver and purge heat, it is often combined with cicada slough and tribulus. If the liver yin is insufficient and the eyes are dim, it is often used with Radix Rehmanniae and Fructus Lycii. Chrysanthemum has a good effect of clearing away heat and toxic materials, and is an important medicinal material for surgery. Mainly used for the symptoms of toxic heat, sore, swelling and pain, especially for furuncle and swelling and pain. It can be taken orally or mashed for external application. Clinically, it is often used with heat-clearing and detoxicating herbs such as Viola yedoensis and Taraxacum mongolicum. Chrysanthemum can calm liver yang, and is often used with mother-of-pearl and kudzu root to treat dizziness caused by hyperactivity of liver yang.

(2) Chrysanthemum is a kind of medicine, which is mainly divided into Chrysanthemum morifolium, Huang Ju and Chrysanthemum indicum. Both Huang Juhua and White Chrysanthemum have the effects of dispelling wind and heat, calming the liver and improving eyesight, and clearing away heat and toxic materials. White chrysanthemum is sweet, slightly weak in clearing heat, and better at calming the liver and improving eyesight; Huang Juhua tastes bitter and has strong heat dissipation, and is often used to evacuate wind and heat; Chrysanthemum indicum tastes bitter, and has strong heat-clearing and detoxicating effects. The stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum indicum have similar functions to flowers, and are effective for both oral and external use. Mulberry leaves and chrysanthemum can disperse wind and heat, clear lung and liver, so they are often used for exogenous wind and heat, fever and headache, red eyes and swelling and pain. Mulberry leaves have a better effect of dispelling wind and clearing lung, so mulberry leaves are often used instead of chrysanthemum to treat lung dryness and cough; Chrysanthemum is good at calming liver yang and clearing away heat and toxic materials.

Excerpt from China Pharmacopoeia

Chrysanthemum is also known as autumn chrysanthemum, white chrysanthemum, chamomile, September chrysanthemum, Jiuhua and Cixi. There are many names because there are many varieties and different leaf methods. It is called "Hao Bureau" in Hao County, Anhui Province, "Chu Bureau" in Chuzhou and "Hangzhou Bureau" in Hangzhou. These are real medicinal chrysanthemums. In ancient China, chrysanthemums were also called "festivals".

Flowers and Girls' Flowers and so on. Because it blooms in late autumn and has a strong fragrance, it is also called "Late Brilliance" and "Leng Xiang". Chrysanthemum has always been regarded as a symbol of loneliness, elegance and first frost, representing the gentleness and friendship of celebrities.

Planting and cultivation

Chrysanthemum is a perennial herbaceous flower of Chrysanthemum in Compositae. The plant height can reach 30- 100 cm. The stems are mostly upright branches except cliff chrysanthemum, and the base is lignified. The leaves are oval, with sharp or obtuse serrations at the edges, and deeply divided. Head, terminal or axillary, with one or several flowers clustered. Color, inflorescence, often because of its

There are many varieties. Tongue-shaped flowers are rich in colors, such as red, yellow, white, ink, purple, green, orange, pink, brown, snow blue and light green. They are all very beautiful. They are famous ornamental flowers and edible medicinal flowers. Inflorescences vary in size and shape, with single and double petals; There are flat and spherical; There are long flocs, short flocs, flat flocs and rolled flocs; There are hollow and solid ones; There are straight, drooping, diverse styles and complex varieties. According to the flowering period, there are early chrysanthemum (blooming in September), autumn chrysanthemum (10 to 1 month) and late chrysanthemum (12 to1month), but after the gardener's hard cultivation and the change of sunshine conditions, there are also May flowers. According to the flower diameter, those with flower diameter 10 cm or more are called chrysanthemums, those with flower diameter 10-6 cm or less are called zhongju, and those with flower diameter less than 6 cm are called Xiao Ju. According to the type of valve, it can be divided into three types: flat valve, pipe valve and spoon valve.

Chrysanthemum likes places with cool climate, plenty of sunshine and good ventilation. Cold-resistant and frost-resistant, afraid of extremely hot rain and waterlogging. It is best to plant in neutral soil rich in humus.

Chrysanthemum has strong adaptability, vigorous growth, easy cultivation and simple management. Propagation is mainly based on cutting and grafting. As people say, plants are divided in March, transplanted in April, grafted in May and squeezed in June. The methods are as follows:

Division method: dig out all the roots of the plant, divide 1-3 buds into a nest according to the number of tillers, plant them in the whole flower bed or flowerpot, water them enough and shade them, and they can survive for 5- 10 days. The seedlings thus propagated are robust, fast-growing and unchanged.

Cutting methods can be divided into bud cutting and branch cutting.

Bud cutting: Foot buds often sprout near the root of chrysanthemum mother plant. When the leaves have just germinated and not yet spread, as cuttings of tender buds, they are easy to take root and survive, and, like branching methods, have strong vitality and are not easy to degenerate.

Cutting: During April-May, 5-7 leaves and branches about 10 cm long can be cut from the mother plant as cuttings. Remove the leaves from the lower part of the cutting, leaving only a few 2-3 leaves on the upper part, and flatten the lower part of the cutting. Don't insert the cuttings directly when cutting, you can use a thin stick or bamboo stick to pierce the holes, and then

Insert the chip carefully to avoid stabbing the incision or skin of the chip. The depth of cuttings buried in the soil is about one third or half of the depth of cuttings. After insertion, the soil is compacted and cultivated, and then sprayed with water. Under the moist condition of temperature 15-20℃, it can grow roots in 15-20 days. When the seedlings grow to 3-5 leaves, they can be transplanted into nurseries or flowerpots.

Grafting method: people usually use Artemisia annua, Artemisia annua and Artemisia annua with developed roots and vigorous growth as rootstocks, and use chrysanthemum seedlings to be propagated as scions for grafting. The splitting method is as follows: firstly, select the rootstock and scion, then cut the rootstock according to the required height, and the section should be horizontal and vertical.

Cutting; Cut a knife on both sides of the lower part of the scion to make the scion wedge-shaped and insert it into the longitudinal incision of the rootstock. However, care must be taken to align the scion with the lateral cambium of the rootstock. The key to the success of the split is to do this and then tie it. Generally, one plant can graft 1-6 or 8 scions, depending on the thickness of the rootstock. After grafting, shade properly to prevent scion from withering and failure. After the scion survives and the incision is completely healed, the binding band can be removed and the small branches and leaves growing on the rootstock can be erased.

Layering method: After chrysanthemum branches are aged, continuous layering method or soil covering and pressure cultivation method can be adopted. First, select strong branches close to the ground, remove the petiole of the earth pressure part, and slightly destroy part of the xylem from the epidermis here, so that the scab can easily take root here. After taking root, it grows in the axils of leaves.

When the new branch grows to 10- 15 cm, the mother plant can be separated, and if it continues to be pressed, it can be separated separately and become an independent new plant seedling. Stay for a while, then move the plants.

Generally speaking, the management of chrysanthemums is relatively simple, but it is necessary to cultivate standardized chrysanthemums as proposed by Mr. Xue, a famous florist in Beijing. "That is, flowers are full, colorful, dignified and beautiful; Moderate plant type and neat leaves; Gorgeous and diverse, rich and fit; Excellent varieties, heroic and chic; Excellent varieties,

It is really not easy to have a feminine and charming chrysanthemum. Therefore, the management and protection of chrysanthemums should pay attention to water, fertilizer and management. Chrysanthemum begins to germinate in late February or early March, and ends in 10 and 1 1 month. The intermediate growth period takes ten months. The growth period is special, it needs more water and fertilizer, and because of the developed root system and strong ability to absorb nutrients, it is necessary not only to have strong branches and lush flowers, but also to pay attention to cultivating a certain height and beautiful and moderate plant type. Therefore, water and fertilizer should not only be more, but also be applied reasonably, moderately and appropriately according to the different stages and stages of chrysanthemum growth, bud pregnancy and flowering. Special attention should also be paid to terminal bud, axillary bud, whole plant type and leaf protection. Topping means that when the transplanted seedlings grow to the height of 15-20 cm, the shoots at the top are removed to make them sprout more, sprout more and bloom more, generally topping for 2-3 times. The first time to shoot the terminal buds twice was mostly in May, and the second time was mostly in late June. Keep trunk 3 and branch 9, that is, 3 branches and 9 rights. Most of the attacks on the top three were carried out in May, June and July. The remaining branches are: 3 branches, 9 weights and 27 tops. The branch spacing can be determined according to the plant type, generally 10- 15cm, and it is better to have 3-5 leaves, so that flowers and leaves can be seen, red flowers are in full bloom, and green leaves set each other off. Otherwise, there are too many flowers without green leaves, and the beauty of safflower without green leaves will be lost. If there are few flowers and dense leaves, it will become a kind of noise. Chrysanthemum has a long growth period, vigorous growth, easy to seek high, hard to find low. Now you can use dwarfing hormone to dwarf. In order to make the flowers huge, it is necessary to wipe the axillary buds and pick some buds in the middle and late stage, especially in the late stage, to ensure the nutritional needs of the remaining buds. In order to control plant type, in addition to pruning branches and buds, we can also block nutrient transportation by acupuncture and pinching branches, which leads to slow growth. It is not easy to protect the leaves, especially the leaves under the stalk. Attention should be paid to pests, proper fertilization and watering, and careful management.

There are many aphids in chrysanthemum, so we should pay attention to prevention and control.

For thousands of years, chrysanthemum has been cultivated into large, medium and small varieties under the hard cultivation of working people in China, especially gardeners. Single-petal and compound-petal varieties; Spherical and flat varieties; Common type, eversion type, hook type, vertical belt type, pine needle type, dragon claw type, burr type, laurel type and other varieties, plus also

There are still more than 3,000 varieties that have not been correctly classified. There are not only many kinds of chrysanthemums in China, but also beautiful shapes and patterns. Through the artistic grafting of gardeners, one plant can be flowery, multicolored, colorful and handsome. In particular, according to its growth habits and laws, change its environment and conditions, so that chrysanthemums can bloom not only in September, but also in spring and summer and all the year round in advance.

Common diseases and insect pests of chrysanthemum and their control

Chrysanthemum is a famous flower in China. Because of its variety, bright colors and wide uses, it not only has high ornamental value, but also has medicinal and edible value, and is deeply loved by the public. However, there are also many pests and diseases in the process of chrysanthemum planting. If the management is not good, it will seriously affect its ornamental value and economic benefits. The common diseases and insect pests of chrysanthemum and their control are introduced as follows.

First, rust.

Rust includes black rust, white rust and brown rust. , are spread by germs and spores, easy to get sick when the climate is wet. It first appeared in early July, but became serious in September.

Rust mainly harms the leaves and stems of chrysanthemum, especially the leaves. Black rust is one of the most common rust diseases. At first, pale spots appeared on the surface of leaves, which gradually expanded into slightly rounded protrusions. Soon, the epidermis of the back of the leaf broke, producing piles of orange powder, which was scattered with the wind and spread widely. Then dark black oval spots are produced on the leaves, and black powder is produced after the epidermis of the back of the leaves breaks. In severe cases, the whole plant is infected from bottom to top, resulting in dry leaves. Gray-white circular spots appeared on the surface of white rust leaves, which gradually turned reddish brown and finally turned black brown. In severe cases, chrysanthemum plants will die, which is more harmful than black rust. Brown rust leaves are covered with light brown or orange spots, which make the leaves yellow.

Rust is a common disease of chrysanthemum. The pathogen is Basidiomycotina, white rust is caused by Puccinia pedunculata and black rust is caused by chrysanthemum. Pathogens generally overwinter in plant buds, propagate with chrysanthemum seedlings, and spread through wind, rain and insects. Pathogens like cold and are not resistant to high temperature. They first appeared in June-July, but appeared more frequently in September-65438+February. They are not easy to infect below 6℃ or above 3 1℃, but they are beneficial to the occurrence of diseases in warm and humid seasons, especially under the conditions of high humidity, sufficient sunshine, poor ventilation, large temperature difference between day and night and 10-24℃.

Poor cultivation management, poor ventilation and light transmission conditions, poor drainage in low-lying areas, lack of fertilizer or excessive nitrogen fertilizer in soil and high air humidity will all promote the occurrence of chrysanthemum rust. Poor ventilation, poor light transmission, soil hardening, poor drainage, excessive nitrogen application and lack of fertilizer, continuous cropping for many years, are all serious diseases.

Prevention and cure method

(1) Selection of disease-resistant varieties;

(2) The mother plant should be free of pests and diseases during propagation, and the cuttings should be soaked with mancozeb solution during cutting to prevent the cuttings from spreading with bacteria;

(3) Strengthen cultivation management. If the soil moisture is high and the groundwater level is high, attention should be paid to ditching and drainage, and attention should be paid to dredging drainage holes or holes in potted plants to prevent irrigation. Avoid close planting, strengthen ventilation and light transmission, and control fertilizer and water to avoid excessive soil moisture. In case of rainy weather, the accumulated water in the field should be drained to avoid the spread of germs splashing with water. On the basis of reasonable coordination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can improve the disease resistance of chrysanthemum. Cultivation soil should use sterilized new soil to avoid continuous cropping. September-165438+1October of ground-planted chrysanthemums has serious diseases, frequent rainy days and high air humidity. They are planted year after year and are easy to get sick. Attention should be paid to strengthening ventilation, draining water to reduce humidity and increasing illumination;

(4) control the spread of diseases. Once the diseased leaves and branches are found, they should be cut off in time, and the germs should be eliminated by intensive treatment or composting to prevent the spread of germs. After flowering, the leaves of diseased plants should be completely removed and burned centrally to eliminate the source of infection;

(5) Before germination in early spring, spray Bomei 3-4 degree stone sulfur mixture. Spraying 80% mancozeb 50O times solution, 25% triadimefon wettable powder 1500 times solution, 20% fenoxanil emulsifiable concentrate 4o times solution, 25% metalaxyl wettable powder 800 times solution, 5% metalaxyl wettable powder 6O0 times solution or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 times solution every 7-65438 times.

Second, powdery mildew

It mainly harms leaves and stems, and the diseased leaves are white powdery spots like hoarfrost. In severe cases, leaves are deformed, growth stops and plants wither.

The disease is caused by a fungus, which spreads from August to September to winter. White spots appeared in the early stage of the disease, which gradually expanded into irregular lesions, and white powder grew on the lesions, resulting in curly leaves, deformed branches, few and small flowers, and even death of the whole plant. When the disease is serious, gray hyphae can be found on the leaves and buds, like a layer of powder frost, which makes the twig mosaic shrink and deform, seriously affecting the ornamental effect. Especially in greenhouse cultivation, the disease spreads very quickly.

The disease is most susceptible to infection when the temperature is high, the humidity is high, the light is low, the ventilation is poor, and the temperature difference between day and night is about 65438 00℃.

Prevention and cure method

(1) Pay attention to ventilation and light transmission, the row spacing should not be too close and the soil humidity should not be too high;

(2) removing early diseased leaves and burning them;

(3) Spraying carbendazim, 50% wettable powder Tobuzin 800- 1000 times solution, 200 times solution of dinitrate powder, 50% amobam 1000 times solution or 0.2-0.5% sulfur mixed solution, once a week/kloc-0 times, for 4-5 times continuously.

Third, botrytis cinerea

Gray mold mainly harms the leaves, stems, flowers and other parts of chrysanthemum. When the leaf is damaged, it is a brown lesion on the edge of the leaf, and the surface is slightly wheel-like. Petiole and pedicel soften first, and then the epidermis decays. When flowers are damaged, it affects the maturity of seeds. High temperature and rainy weather, too much nitrogen fertilizer application, too dense planting and too heavy soil texture are all conducive to the occurrence of gray mold.

Prevention and cure method

(1) exotic soil cultivation. Bacteria mainly overwinter in the soil, so whether it is planted in garden or potted, the soil is required to be new soil without bacteria;

(2) Found diseased leaves and seriously ill plants should be removed in time, burned or buried centrally to prevent the spread of diseases;

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