How to make \ "into the information world \" tabloid?

Information: (1) Knowledge about information.

1, what is information?

Definition of information

The definition of information presents a multi-definition inconclusive situation, which is caused by the multi-dimensional vision of observing things. Multidimensional vision is a remarkable feature of modern natural science, social science, humanities and horizontal scientific research. Therefore, different disciplines have different definitions of information, and even the same discipline may have very different propositions. The same is true in the definition of information. The information mentioned in natural science, information science and management science is often different. The former refers to data and instructions, while the latter refers to news and intelligence. Even so, there is still a certain gap in news, intelligence and information belonging to social sciences.

Shannon and Weaver, the founders of informatization, pointed out in 1948's Mathematical Theory of Communication: "Anything that can reduce the uncertainty in the situation is called information." This definition discusses the concept of information from the perspective of communication, excludes the definition of information semantic factors, and does not consider the significance and value of information, especially an information form and statistical probability information, so it cannot be directly used to study human information dissemination. But this definition points out a value of information-reducing uncertainty, which is the cognitive knowledge function of information, that is, when a piece of information is perceived and confirmed by people, it becomes knowledge in a certain sense, and the formed knowledge can be transmitted as information (redundant information); Primitive man, who has not yet been known, has become the object of people's efforts to explore. Before being known, it was not knowledge (unknown information).

Weiner, the founder of cybernetics, defines information as: "Information is the name of the content we exchange with the outside world in the process of adapting to the outside world and making this adaptation act on the outside world." This definition goes deep into the exchange relationship between people and the world and involves the exchange of content, so it is more suitable for studying and exploring human information dissemination than the previous definition.

The contribution and defect of this definition are obvious. On the one hand, he confirmed that information is a bridge between the subjective world and the objective world. The objective world acts on the subjective world, and the subjective world reacts on the objective world, both of which must rely on the media role of information. The human brain is an information processing center, constantly receiving, processing and storing all kinds of information from inside and outside the human body, and using these information to transform into the objective world. On the other hand, this definition calls everything we exchange with the outside world information. As we know, the world is made up of matter, energy and information, which are closely related but different. Although information has material attributes, it is not the material entity itself. Similarly, information can be converted into energy, but not energy itself. Information is the content of information, instructions, data and signals sent by things.

In the national standard GB489885 "Basic Terminology of Information and Documentation Work", the explanation of "information" is: "Information is a way, a form or a state of motion, and it is also a universal attribute of things, generally referring to the meaning contained in data and news, which can reduce the uncertainty of events described in news."

This definition first makes it clear that the essence of information is the property of matter, not the material entity itself. Everything that exists objectively, including nature, human body and human society, is in constant motion, and the moving substances will inevitably have interaction and influence, thus causing changes in material structure and quantity, and the changes of these things will become the material basis for information generation. Therefore, information is not the thing itself, but the meaning contained in the data and information sent by the thing.

This definition first makes up for the specific orientation of information definition in information theory, that is, it only describes non-human and non-semantic information concepts, and puts information concepts into human society and human communication, and also corrects the generalization tendency of information concepts in cybernetics information definition, and then clearly points out that information is the property of matter, not the thing itself, but the content of messages, instructions, data and signals sent by things, as well as the meaning of data and information.

At the same time, this definition clarifies the cognitive function of information, that is, the ability to reduce uncertainty. It can be said that information is the source of knowledge, and knowledge is the result of processing and systematizing the obtained information. This function is the basic function of information and an important way for human beings to explain the development law of the objective world. The accumulation of knowledge, the development and progress of science and technology and the prosperity of economy and culture are all inseparable from this function of information. Through the recognition, screening, induction, refining and storage of information, human beings have gradually deepened their understanding of the objective world and gradually evolved, progressed and developed.

Secondly, this definition makes it clear that information refers to the meaning contained in data and messages, which distinguishes information from messages and makes the concept of information more accurate in structure.

Cihai: Information refers to a report that is not known to the recipient in advance.

Psychology: Information is something that exists outside of consciousness. It exists in nature, printed matter, hard disk and air.

Description and definition: Information is the content transmitted by means of language, characters, numbers, symbols, images, sounds, scenes, expressions and states.

From the measurement point of view, information is a comprehensive measurement of the convertible quantity and the actual converted quantity of things' characteristics.

Most information of the human brain is obtained through visual and sensory organs. Information is not a new thing, it has widely existed in nature and society. The ancients made it at sunrise and stopped at sunset. It was the information brought by the sun that determined the time. Southern Yan's announcement of spring is the message of spring brought by animals; Crucially, it is plants that bring autumn news.

Students sit in the classroom to study, correspond with relatives and friends, watch movies and TV, and receive information. Information contains things that people didn't know or couldn't be sure before. So news, news, reports, data and intelligence are all a kind of information. Knowledge is also a kind of information, which is refined, processed and systematized by people.

2. Information characteristics

Information is alive and expanding. Newton was a great scientist. If we look at Newton's era from today's perspective, we will feel that there was very little information at that time. It can also be predicted that in another 30 years, 100, the amount of information will be amazing. The more information we have, the more times we use it, and the more useful it is.

Information can be compressed and recovered. For example, many complicated phenomena can be summarized into a concise law; The relationship between a large number of data can be expressed by an equation. In other words, people can concentrate, synthesize and summarize information. At the same time, it can also expand the compressed information.

Information can be stored. Information has a certain carrier. In ancient times, people could only use their brains to store information. Later, when they had words, they used words to store all kinds of information. People carved characters on material carriers, such as clay tablets of ancient Babylon, papyrus of ancient Egypt, bronze tripod, bamboo slips and cloth of ancient China, and stone tablets and stone carvings visible to any ancient nation. All material things can record information by symbols, because, for example, information can be stored and spread through carriers. In addition, information can also be transmitted through images, sounds, scenes, expressions, states, etc. Today, people can also use computers and other automatic devices to save information.

Information also needs to be processed. For example, 4× 6-7 = 17 is a simple information processing. The left side of the equal sign is the original information, and the right side is the added information. English translation into Chinese is also information processing. English is the raw material and Chinese is the finished product; The latter is more useful to China people. In addition, business decision-making, information retrieval, data analysis, automatic control and even playing chess and poker all belong to information processing.

Information processing refers to the reduction, amplification, classification, editing, analysis and calculation of information, and processing it into some required data form, such as drawing charts and printing reports.

In the past, information processing was mostly done by the human brain. In the era of small amount of information and slow change, the brain can still cope. Today, information is expanding rapidly, changing rapidly and the competition is fierce. It is no longer possible to process information only by relying on the brain. If information processing is to be mechanized and automated, machines must be used. An electronic computer (commonly known as a computer) is a machine used for information processing. It can complete information processing that the brain can't complete with extraordinary speed and amazing memory. The development of processing industry has established industries based on various machines and brought industrialized society. With the continuous development of information processing, there is no doubt that an information industry based on various computers will be established and human beings will be introduced into an information society.

3. Information transmission

Static information itself has no practical significance. Information can only be effective through communication. Only when information is spread by means of carriers can it have practical significance. Through information exchange, people can understand others, know the world and convey their own ideas. It is the wide spread of information that endows human beings with developed wisdom different from any other animals and changes the world and our lives.

The oldest medium of human beings is nothing but the human body itself. People use their hands, faces and other body parts for nonverbal communication, such as movements and expressions. So language came into being. Some anthropologists believe that language appeared 654.38 million years ago.

Around 20,000 BC, people used pictures to express their thoughts. Their works can still be seen in caves in northern France today. They left pictures of reindeer, wild horses and some extinct animals on these cave walls. In different periods of prehistoric times, these murals must have been created by the most creative human beings, and they are one of the most primitive media of prehistoric human beings.

People also carve marks on trees to indicate routes, and pile stones to indicate directions or boundaries. In the pre-script society, human beings put decorative patterns expressing far-reaching significance on simple daily necessities such as pottery, braids and sculptures.

Beacon towers and flag drums used to be important media for long-distance communication in ancient times. The beacon tower is used for warning, and the flag is used for commanding advance and retreat. China's "The Art of War" said that "words don't hear each other, so it is a golden drum; Meeting each other is a sign ",which refers to this situation. Despite these media, before the appearance of writing, human beings' ability to transcend face-to-face communication was extremely limited. Humans have almost nothing that spans time, except those pictures on wood, bark, hides or stones. Their eyesight, hearing and meteorological conditions limit their ability to spread over long distances. For example, people at that time could only see distant fireworks signals when the weather conditions were favorable during the day.

The emergence of electronic media is a comprehensive product of social development and scientific and technological progress. /kloc-In the second half of the 20th century, due to the discovery of electricity and the development of radio technology, a large number of electronic media began to be born. Telecommunications, telephone, movies, radio and television are all great inventions of human beings from the 9th century to the 20th century. Electronic media has a great influence on human society.

1On March 28th, 899, Italian scientists successfully sent a telegram from England across the English Channel to France, and completed the transceiving of transatlantic wireless telegrams at 190 1.

In the meantime, another great invention was the telephone invented by Bell. When the world's first submarine cable was successfully laid, connecting Europe and America on both sides of the Atlantic, people from these two continents held the biggest carnival in the19th century to celebrate this great invention.

The birth of television

The appearance of television is a revolution in the history of media development. Media that broadcast audio and image programs to a wide area through radio waves or wires are collectively called broadcasting. Only broadcast sound is called sound broadcasting; Broadcasting images and sounds is called TV broadcasting. In other words, broadcasting in a broad sense includes broadcasting with only sound and television with sound and images, as well as cable television and satellite television.

1925, British scientist Baird successfully completed the experiment of sending and receiving pictures. 1926 65438+1On October 26th, scientists gave a public demonstration in London, which shocked the world. Britain became the first country in the world to broadcast black and white TV. Baird is also known as the "father of television" because of his outstanding contribution to the development of television.

Popularization of color TV sets

In the early 1950s, the most important thing was the rise of color TV. The United States first completed the invention of color TV in 1940, and in 1954, NBC officially broadcast color TV programs for the first time. Japan also officially broadcast color TV programs on 1960. China broadcasts color TV program 1973. Television signals are transmitted by microwaves on the ground.

network media

As a kind of network media, computer has been favored and developed rapidly since it came out, so that some people predict that electronic newspapers and periodicals with computers as the main body will replace ordinary newspapers and periodicals, and new network media will replace mass media.

Network media has three remarkable characteristics: (1) high comprehensiveness. It integrates computer, audio-visual and communication technologies, and is a comprehensive expression of the advantages of computers, televisions, video recorders, tape recorders, VCD players, telephones, game machines, fax machines, printers, e-mail boxes and other mass media as well as books, magazines, newspapers, radio and television. (2) Full interactivity. In the past, interpersonal communication was a point-to-point and conversational two-way communication, while mass communication was a point-to-point and monologue one-way communication. Network media provides the third form of communication for human communication activities-electronic interactive network communication. This kind of communication not only combines the characteristics and advantages of interpersonal communication and mass communication, but also is a brand-new creation, rather than a simple integration and extension of the two. At present, the forms of interaction are: interactive CD-ROM, interactive TV, e-mail, computer shopping, computer consultation, computer inquiry, internet telephone, online discussion, voice mail, self-study counseling and so on. (3) Convenient and quick. The transmission and exchange of information through network media does not require paper, printing and delivery, nor does it require expensive and complicated equipment in the transmission of radio and television programs. It is to dial information into the network and transmit it freely on communication lines, which is convenient and fast, saving money and labor.

Internet media used to be a fast and cheap communication tool between scientists and universities, but today it is becoming a mass media like radio and TV stations. This medium "will creatively connect the knowledge and information generated by millions of brains", and people will create new and unexpected concepts and images that can answer the questions we want to know. "Therefore, although the development of online media faces three major threats, namely" insecurity, theft, monitoring and tampering "and" pornography, violence and anti-politics ",human beings will not give up eating because of choking. Perhaps online media will soon become a free and self-disciplined new media, and continue to be a beneficial and harmless "social tool" together with other media.

There are many ways for the ancients to transmit information, such as flying pigeons passing books, using bonfires, using fast horses and so on.

Send a message from London to new york.

The period of information transmission

transmission method

Time interval from sending to receiving

1750

sailboat

Six to nine weeks

1840

clipper

About 12 days

1858

The first transatlantic telegram

Countdown

1970

The first cross-sea direct dial telephone

immediately

1990

Electronic computer network

Immediately or even faster.

For more than two thousand years, people have constantly updated and improved the methods of transmitting information. It was not until the appearance of modern means of transportation that a huge postal system was formed in the world. Letters, newspapers and even parcels can be transported all over the world by train, ship and plane.

However, the improvement in the past only focused on the communication mode, and the emergence of telegraph, telephone and radio made the information completely out of the form of letters. 1844, Moore invented the telegraph. Later, Bell and Waitring invented the telephone.

1902, stepford invented radio broadcasting again. In this way, the information becomes electromagnetic waves and is sent out. Almost at the same time, people can know the content of the message through the receiver, telephone and radio. This is really an earth-shaking revolution in the history of communication!

People are still not satisfied, and new problems have been discovered: telegraph and telephone are becoming more and more popular, and wires and cables that transmit information are often "stuck in traffic" like narrow and crowded roads, either busy or cross-connected. So, scientists came up with a method of laser communication: the communication capacity of a bundle of optical fibers is 250,000 times that of copper wires, and a single optical cable can connect 1 100 million lines. In other words, 200 million people can talk at the same time without interfering with each other. Laser communication was quickly adopted, and a 6,000-kilometer submarine optical cable was laid across the Atlantic in the late 1980s.

1993, American Al Bell proposed to build an information superhighway to connect computers in factories, mines, railways, schools, shops, banks, libraries, tourist attractions, literary and art units, research departments, government departments and families, so that people can receive words, sounds and images spread anywhere at any time. This proposal has attracted the attention of all countries, and the information industry has developed rapidly. In just a few years, the information network has covered many countries and regions, and "God never shuts one door but he opens another" is no longer a dream.