From two aspects of natural environment and human conditions, why can Australia achieve mechanized grazing?

Look at the following information first, and there is the answer to the first question.

Agriculture and animal husbandry in Australia

Reasonable production layout

Australia attaches great importance to environmental protection and natural ecological balance. You can hardly see a bare land in Australia, except rivers, streets and buildings. Flowers and trees are everywhere. In the center of every city, there are large botanical gardens, such as the Royal Botanical Garden in Sydney, Hyde Park in Melbourne and Victoria Botanical Garden. Even under trees and flower beds without grass, a thick layer of sawdust will be covered to prevent soil erosion. The government requires a certain proportion of farmland, forests, pastures and water bodies, and cannot expand cultivated land indefinitely. Implement rotation fallow to maintain soil fertility. The government also vigorously promotes organic agriculture, implements straw returning to fields, and advocates the application of organic fertilizer.

Australians rationally plan agricultural and animal husbandry production according to different conditions such as temperature, rainfall and soil. The northern part has a tropical and subtropical climate and is the production base of beef cattle, fruits, cotton, sugar cane and vegetables. For example, in Queensland, sugarcane accounts for 90%, cotton accounts for 50%, fruit accounts for 39%, and beef cattle farming accounts for 33%. The southeast coast is the main producing area of grain, vegetables, cattle, sheep and beef cattle with relatively more rainfall and mild climate. For example, dairy farming accounts for 63.8% in Victoria, 65,438+02.6% in New South Wales, 7% in Queensland, 7% in South Australia and less than 65,438+00% in other states. The inland areas in central China are arid and semi-arid areas, with grassland low-density extensive animal husbandry as the mainstay. The rational distribution of agricultural production not only protects the ecological balance, but also maximizes the return on resources.

Workers are of high quality.

In Australia, farms are privately owned, and usually a family is a farm. Family farms account for more than 90%, and joint-stock cooperative farms account for less than 10%. Therefore, Australian farmers should not only understand the knowledge of management and agricultural production, but also operate agricultural machinery and find their own products to sell. They are new modern farmers who integrate production, management, operation and marketing. All aspects of agricultural production, such as farming, fertilization, pesticide spraying, harvesting, feeding and milking, have been mechanized. In Australia, you can see that the yard of every farm is full of tractors and all kinds of agricultural machinery, and some farms also have agricultural airplanes, so agricultural productivity is extremely high. On average, every Australian farmer owns 65,438+003.2 hectares of arable land, produces 53,697 kilograms of grain or 50,565,438+0 kilograms of meat, raises 65,438+0,665,438+0.05 sheep, puts out 700 sheep, produces 7,476 kilograms of wool and raises 65,000 sheep. There are 600 cows at Kadmed Farm on the outskirts of Melbourne. The farm adopts advanced annular pulse pipeline equipment to milk 50 cows at a time, operated by two workers, and can milk 600 cows in 2 hours.

Internet has played a great role in Australian agriculture, and every farm has its own website. They contact farmers' associations and markets through the Internet, obtain breeding information and technology from the Internet, release product sales information, and receive technical guidance from farmers' associations and government agricultural departments from the Internet. Australian agriculture has realized mechanization and informationization.

High degree of marketization

Australia is vast and sparsely populated, with less than three people per square kilometer, a large amount of resources per capita and a small proportion of agricultural population. Therefore, agricultural production is completely a commodity production with a high degree of marketization. They develop their own agricultural production guided by domestic and foreign markets. They produce anything that the domestic and foreign markets need. In recent years, countries in the northern hemisphere need a large number of anti-season fruits, so they make use of the advantages of the northern hemisphere in contrast to the seasons to vigorously promote the production of grapes, peaches, cherries and sweet persimmons. For many years, the Australian government has been supporting farmers to develop the production of export agricultural products, but it has not adopted the agricultural subsidy policy of European and American countries. The subsidy for agriculture is only 4%, far below the average level of 3 1% of WTO members.

Australian agricultural products are of high quality, low cost, consistent prices at home and abroad, and have strong competitiveness in the international market. For example, the average cost per 65,438+000 kg of milk is $27 in the United States, more than $30 in Europe, as high as $38 in Canada and less than $65,438+05 in Australia.

In Australia, the supermarket is the terminal of the agricultural product sales chain and is in a very important position. Whether it's famous supermarkets in big cities, such as Coles and Volvos, or supermarkets in small towns, the shelves are full of dazzling agricultural products. Shulte Meat Station in Gaiden Town saw that the meat stood behind the store in Jiawang Factory, and the meat purchased from the designated slaughterhouse was divided, packaged and sold on the shelves. Supermarkets generally import large packages of vegetables and fruits from the wholesale market of fruits and vegetables and sell them in small portions. The agricultural products such as sweet pepper, pumpkin, potato and sweet persimmon in the supermarket are beautifully packaged, with their own brands and factory names on them. Through brand and packaging, enterprises have increased the added value of products and expanded their market share.

Farmers associations play an important role.

Agricultural associations in Australia are very popular, mainly organized by industry and also by region, and the associations penetrate each other, forming a multi-level and multi-industry criss-crossing network association system. The association has played a great role in safeguarding farmers' legitimate rights and interests, popularizing new varieties and technologies of agriculture and animal husbandry, opening up domestic and foreign markets of agricultural products, and maintaining the normal operation of agricultural product price chain. They not only lobby the government's agricultural policy to make it beneficial to farmers, but also bargain with businessmen to make it beneficial to farmers. In fact, the association, as a third party, has replaced some management functions of the government. It is no exaggeration to say that without various farmers' associations, Australia's agricultural production cannot be carried out and the government's agricultural policy cannot be implemented.

Attach importance to agricultural science and technology work

Australia attaches great importance to the popularization and research of agricultural science and technology. Basically, every state and university has extension demonstration and scientific research institutions, forming an agricultural extension system jointly invested by the government, universities, associations and enterprises. The agricultural science and technology popularization adopts the project system, and each science and technology popularization should define the project subject and project funds. Project bidding system, agricultural enterprises, government departments, industry associations can bid on an equal footing. Project funds are generally funded by the federal and state governments. The government also draws some scientific research funds from farmers according to the output value of agricultural products, and then supports agricultural scientific research in the form of project fees.

In different natural and social environments, there are correspondingly different people, groups and nationalities. They either choose hunting, agriculture or nomadism. Since ancient times, the Mongolian plateau has always been the stage for nomadic people in the north. Mongolian people, in particular, have been exploring the philosophy of existence in grassland nomadic life for hundreds of years and seeking harmony with nature.

Inner Mongolia grassland is one of the five pastoral areas in China, and it is a natural ecological barrier in northern China. Due to the differences in geographical location, grassland types and climate, the living conditions of herders in eastern, central and western Inner Mongolia are also slightly different. Now, in Inner Mongolia, except for a few areas where the nomadic life is not complete, the herdsmen in most areas have lived a settled life. After settlement, herders have both pure grazing and semi-grazing and semi-farming; There are those with better living environment and those with more difficult living environment.

Farming and nomadism are the most primitive modes of production. Inner Mongolia has a vast territory and rich grasslands, which are suitable for nomadic production, and the lifestyle of herders has adapted to the nomadic life for thousands of years.

Tibetan robe and Mongolian robe:

Tibetan robes have neither pockets nor buttons. Tie a belt around the waist, and the chest protrudes into a big bag, which can hold personal items, such as wooden bowls, bazan bags, ghee boxes, etc. Even a baby can put it in. Tibetans often wear Tibetan robes with one sleeve and the other sleeve pulled from the back to the front. This custom is closely related to the local plateau climate. There is a great temperature difference between day and night on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Tibetan people often describe the changeable weather as "one mountain with four seasons, and ten miles of different days". Even in summer, it is cold in the morning and hot at noon. Herdsmen should wear warm Tibetan robes when they go out. At noon, they can't stand the heat, so they have to wear one sleeve or even two sleeves and tie them around their waist. At night, it was cold again, and both sleeves had to be put on again. Tibetan herders sometimes stay far away from home, spend the night outside, and often use loose clothes to keep warm. It can be seen that Tibetan robes are versatile and indispensable daily clothes for Tibetan people.

In Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other pastoral areas, men, women and children like to wear robes all year round, commonly known as "Mongolian robes". Wear double robes in spring and autumn, single robe in summer, fur robe and cotton robe in winter. Men's dresses are generally fat, while women's dresses are tight to show women's slim and fit figure. Its style and color vary from place to place and from person to person, slightly different. Generally, Mongolian robes are characterized by wide sleeves, high collar and right slit, and the lower end of most areas is not slit. The hem, cuffs and neckline of robes are mostly decorated with satin lace, "rolled intestines" and "rolled clouds" or fur such as tigers, leopards, otters and minks. It is not only beautiful and generous, but also has good practical functions. Winter cold kneepads, summer mosquito bites, sun protection. Walking can be used as clothes, lying can be used as a quilt. Mongolians in Ordos and other places also like to wear vests of different lengths in their robes.

On the grassland, men, women and children like to wear robes all year round, which is the unique robe of Mongols. The robe is wide and has a belt, and the style and color vary according to gender. Generally, the Mongolian robes worn by women are narrower than those worn by men, mainly in red, pink, green and sky blue. On festivals, they also wear headdresses woven with agate, pearls, corals, precious stones, gold, silver and jade. Men prefer to wear brown and blue Mongolian robes.