What are the reasons for the emergence of Zhenguan rule and Kaiyuan prosperity in the Tang Dynasty?

1。 During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the population decreased by more than 20 million during the war. At the end of the war, fewer people and more people were the most important reason for Zhenguan's rule.

2。 Sui initiated the Grand Canal and Imperial Examination, and the labor in the Grand Canal led to the demise of Sui, but all these contributed to the emergence of Zhenguan rule. The creation of the Grand Canal had its disadvantages at that time, but its merits were in the future.

3。 Li Shimin learned the lessons of the failure in the early Sui Dynasty, just as he learned the lessons of the demise of the Qin Dynasty in the early Han Dynasty, and let the people recuperate. Li Shimin himself can basically give advice with an open mind. However, the late Li Shimin has changed, and it is no longer so open-minded and disciplined. Instead of letting the people recuperate, they triumphed and failed to conquer North Korea. These are the reasons why the rule of chastity can't last long.

Kaiyuan Shi Sheng:

The Kaiyuan period was a prosperous time in the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (Li Longji). In the early days of governing the country, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty took Kaiyuan as the national title. At that time, Xuanzong vigorously governed, appointed talents, developed economy and advocated culture and education, making the world the most powerful country in the world at that time. History is called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" for 29 years.

[Edit this paragraph] Appoint talents.

After Xuanzong acceded to the throne, Yao Chong and Song Jing were the first phase, followed by Zhang, Li, Duroy, Han Xiu and Zhang Jiuling. They each have their own strengths and perform their duties, which makes national affairs full of vitality. Moreover, Xuanzong was able to keep an open mind about coachable at this time, so the politics was clear and stable.

[Edit this paragraph] Reform the management of officials

Xuanzong adopted Zhang Jiuling's suggestion and formulated the official tone system. Select competent officials from Beijing and transfer them to the Governor's Office to exercise their handling ability and cultivate administrative experience. At the same time, he also selected people who made a difference in the governor's yamen and promoted them to Beijing officials. This internal and external intermodulation has enhanced communication, understanding and trust between the central and local governments. Xuanzong also divided the whole country into fifteen channels, and set up an interview ambassador in each channel to supervise local county officials and inspect their political achievements. In selecting talents, Xuanzong also reformed the imperial examination system, limiting the subjects and the number of scholars, so as to reduce the appearance of redundant officials and improve the overall quality of officials.

[Edit this paragraph] Develop the economy

Xuanzong was very frugal during this period, stipulating that ministers below the third class and those below the imperial concubine were not allowed to wear gold and jade ornaments, and dismissed maids to save money. He also ordered all parts of the country not to mine pearls and jade to create splendid scenery and change the extravagant style of the harem since Wu Zetian. He also ordered Yuwen Rong to check the national fugitive registered permanent residence and overseas fields, and * * * found out more than 800,000 households, which greatly increased the tax revenue and military sources of the Tang Dynasty. Because of these measures, the finance of the Tang Dynasty became abundant, and the granaries of the whole country were full, making prices very cheap.

Specific:

Agriculture: ① Construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. ② Improvement of farming techniques: Rice seedlings are generally transplanted. ③ Development of tea production: The world's first tea monograph, Tea Classic, appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and its author Lu Yu was called "Cha Sheng" by later generations. Tea drinking began in Sheng Xing in the Tang Dynasty. ④ Improvement of production tools: A new agricultural tool, Qu Yuan Plow, appeared; Create a new irrigation tool-pipe truck.

Handicraft industry: ① Silk weaving industry: there are many varieties of colors and superb technology. (2) Ceramic industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain, and Tang tricolor (treasures of world craftsmanship).

Business prosperity: ① Famous metropolises: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu. ② Chang 'an City: The city is divided into Fang and Shi, Fang is a residential area and Shi is a bustling commercial area. Chang 'an, Tang Dou is the center of ethnic exchanges and an international metropolis.

[Edit this paragraph] Advocate culture and education

During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, poetry and prose became the main content of Jinshi. In order to recruit talents, he personally assessed the newly admitted county magistrate in the court examination. Moreover, he was very generous to Confucian scholars and ordered ministers to visit the suicide notes of past dynasties. * * * Found nearly 50,000 books, and the cultural cause of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak.

Literature: The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of China's poetry creation. More than 2,000 poets wrote nearly 50,000 poems.

Representative poet:

(1) Li Bai (in the prosperous Tang Dynasty)-"Poet Immortal" (Baidicheng was initially developed, but it was difficult to travel in the middle of Shu)

② Du Fu (Prosperity-Decline)-"Poetic Sage" and "Poetic History" ("Three Officials" and "Three Farewells")

(3) Bai Juyi (Middle Tang Dynasty)-Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu, whose poems reflect reality.

Calligraphy: "Yan Liu Jin Gu"

1, Yan Zhenqing: He created a bold and frank new book style called "Yan Style". He is the most accomplished calligrapher in the history of calligraphy in China after Wang Xizhi. His representative works include Yan Family Temple Monument and Duo Pagoda Monument. Yan Zhenqing.

2. Liu Gongquan: Learn from others, be brave in innovation, and become a "Liu style" with beautiful words and strong bones. Represented by the "mysterious tower monument".

draw

1, (Tang Dynasty) Yan: Good at figure painting, represented by Kings of Past Dynasties and Walking Map.

2. (Tang Dynasty) Wu Daozi: "Painting a Sage", which created a precedent of great freehand brushwork in later generations, is his masterpiece "The Heavenly King sends a picture".

treasure house of arts

Representative: Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province (most of them were excavated during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and murals and colored sculptures are one of the largest art treasures in the world).

[Edit this paragraph] Foreign military affairs

Xuanzong adopted Zhang's suggestion and implemented the recruitment system to replace the increasingly abandoned officers and men system. In 722 AD, he personally selected 1.2 million government soldiers and able-bodied men as the guards of the capital, and called them "riding". He also established ten military towns in the border areas to control our time as a measure to rule the alien and consolidate the border.

[Edit this paragraph] Diplomatic aspects

1, At the beginning of the 7th century, the outstanding Tubo (now Tibet) Zambsongzangambu unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. He admired the Central Plains civilization and proposed to Tang several times. Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to him. After Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, she brought many advanced technologies and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet. At the beginning of the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty married Princess Jincheng to Tubo Zambo Kridê Zukzain. At this point, Tubo and the Tang Dynasty have been "harmonious as one family".

2. Uighurs are the ancestors of today's Uighurs. In the middle of the 8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appointed the Uighur leader Guli Pelo as Huairen Khan. Later, Uighur changed its name to "Uighur".

At the end of 3.7 years, the leader of Mohe Department reached Rong Ruo to unify the surrounding ministries and establish political power. At the beginning of the 8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty made Da Zuorong the king of Bohai County and the governor of Bohai Sea. Since then, the late Soviet regime has taken the name of "Bohai Sea". Xiaomi is known as "Haidong Guo Sheng". The institutions that managed the northeast frontier in Tang Dynasty were Bohai Governor's Office and Heishui Governor's Office.

Residents of Zhao are the ancestors of Yi and Bai people today. Pirog, the leader of Nanzhao, unified six imperial edicts, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty made him the king of Yunnan.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China and Japan had close contacts. During the Zhenguan period, many Japanese envoys, overseas students and monks came to study in the Tang Dynasty. After returning to China, the envoys in Tang Dynasty were highly valued. Taking the system of the Tang Dynasty as a model, they carried out political reforms and created Japanese characters with reference to Chinese characters. Up to now, they still retain some customs of the people of the Tang Dynasty in social life. Among the envoys and monks who went to Japan in the Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen was the most influential one. He sent six missions to Japan to spread the culture of the Tang Dynasty in Japan.

The relationship between Tang and Silla

1, mode: ① sending envoys and a large number of international students to study in the Tang Dynasty; Silla merchants came to China to do business, and Silla products ranked first in the Tang Dynasty.

2. The performance is as follows: imitating the Tang system to establish a political system, adopting the imperial examination system to select officials, and introducing China's scientific and technological achievements in medicine, astronomy and calendar calculation.

The Relationship between Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu —— Xuanzang The Journey to the West

During the Tang Dynasty, China had frequent contacts with Tianzhu, and the most outstanding messenger was the monk Xuanzang. In the early years of Zhenguan, he set off from Chang 'an and went to Tianzhu. After returning to China, he devoted himself to translating Buddhist scriptures and wrote the famous "Datang Western Regions". This book is an important classic for studying the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang.

Thinking: According to what you have learned and combined with the contents of the textbook, talk about the characteristics of foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty? What are the factors that make foreign exchanges active in the Tang Dynasty? Today, China is in a period of reform and opening up and rapid economic development. What does the foreign communication in Tang Dynasty give us?

Features: ① Active foreign contacts, and contacts with some countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. (2) The Tang government encouraged businessmen from all over the world to trade in China and allowed them to live in China for a long time. Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou, Yangzhou and other places have frequent foreign trade activities. (4) The Tang Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation in the world, and all countries called China a "Tang man".

Factors: ① national stability and unity; (2) economic and cultural prosperity; ③ Opening-up policy; (4) Foreign traffic is developed.

Enlightenment: First, we must have a stable political situation and adhere to the policy of opening to the outside world. Second, improve their own quality and strive to develop economy and culture. Third, learn from the broad mind of the Tang Dynasty, while spreading advanced culture, we should be good at absorbing its essence for our use.