What kind of person was Liu Heng in history?

Liu Heng (202 BC-65438 BC+057 BC) was the third emperor of Han Dynasty (excluding two Han emperors), the fourth son of Han nationality, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu Hui Di Liu Yingdi, and his mother Ji Bo and Liu Heng.

Once upon a time, there was a queen who acted as king. Liu Heng died when he was acting as king, and so did his four sons. The history books of Queen Yuan Pei and four princes are not mentioned. Later, there was Jidu (Fang Yi), and his son Liu Qi became a queen after being made a prince. He was called Emperor Xiaowen Dou, and now he is called Dou Taihou. Liu Heng was appointed as the acting king, with Jinyang as its capital. Lv Hou was dying, and when Liu Zhang saw that the Lu family was fighting for power and profit, he rose up and rebelled. The acting king listened to the queen's words and played the role of charging. Later, when the emperor established it. And because of the queen's quip, Liu Zhang gave up the throne. Liu Heng ascended the throne for Wendi for 23 years. The period of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty was a transitional period from initial establishment to prosperity. During the reign of Emperor Jing and his son, thanks to Dou Taihou's assistance, political stability and economic production have been significantly developed, which has always been regarded as the "prosperous time" of feudal society and praised by historians as "the rule of culture and the rule of scenery".

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The name of the lucky prince who finally ascended the throne of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty is very famous in the history of China, and The Rule of Wenjing is a full affirmation of his political achievements. Emperor Wen's name is Liu Heng, the fourth son of Liu Bang, and his mother is Ji Bo. Liu Heng is the lucky one among Liu Bang's sons. Liu Bang * * has eight sons, while Lv Hou only gave birth to one, namely Hui Di Liu Ying. After Hui Di's death, Lv Hou killed several other sons of Liu Bang in order to stay in power for a long time, and Lv Hou * * * killed four of them. Liu Fei, the eldest son of Liu Bang, was not framed in the end and died a fair death. When Lv Hou finally died, Liu Bang's eight sons were only Liu Heng and Liu Chang. Among Liu Bang's sons, Liu Heng is the least noticeable one, which is related to his mother. Mother Ji Bo was originally a maid-in-waiting who was sealed in Wei Palace by Xiang Yu. After Liu Bang defeated Wei, she chose many maids to give him a harem, and later she had a husband. However, after her birth, she was snubbed by Liu Bang, and her status has always been "Ji" and she has not been promoted to "Madam". Therefore, since childhood, Heng has been careful and never made trouble, which left a good impression on everyone. When Liu Heng was seven years old, more than thirty ministers recommended him as king. Although his position was not as prominent as that of other princes, it just helped Wendi escape the persecution of Lv Hou, fortunately survived, and later fortunately ascended the throne. After Lv Hou's death, Liu Bang's old minister and Liu Bang joined hands to destroy Lu, and then discussed who would succeed to the throne, not Li Kasi, the little emperor of Lu at that time. They think that Ricas is not a descendant of Hui Di and does not conform to the legal system of succession to the throne. Finally, they chose Liu Heng, the acting king who is famous for his generosity and kindness. So he sent messengers to meet Liu Heng and go to Chang 'an to inherit the throne. Rules of Cultural Landscape in Liu Heng's History

Liu Heng was not very happy when he saw the messenger. On the contrary, it made him suspicious. His ministers also have different opinions. Some think it is a conspiracy, and some analysis will not be false. Liu Heng decided to use divination to determine good or bad luck. As a result, a great divination result was obtained. This result means that the line cracked by Daheng is very legal. I will soon become a king, inheriting the great achievements of my father, just like the continuation of Yu. The soothsayer explained to him that the heavenly king is the son of heaven, one level higher than the general king now. [1] In order to be foolproof, Liu Heng was careful step by step in the process of heading for Chang 'an, for fear of falling into a trap again and dying. One is to send my uncle Zhao Bo to Chang 'an to find out the truth, and the other is to send his subordinate Chang Song to explore the advanced city when he is fifty miles away from Chang 'an. Finally, with the support of Chen and other ministers, he succeeded to the throne safely and lived in Weiyang Palace. Hard and soft, consolidating power because it is not easy to get the throne, Wendi first appointed his own confidant to guard the palace and the capital after he acceded to the throne, fundamentally ensuring his personal safety. Then, for the heroes who made him emperor, they were rewarded and knighted one by one, and for Liu Wang who was denounced by Lv Hou, they also got titles and fiefs. At the same time, the heroes who followed their father Liu Bang's founding were also rewarded and enfeoffed respectively. These measures consolidated Wendi's throne. Han heng stills

In addition to consolidating power by wooing, cracking down on important officials is also a very effective measure. This aspect mainly involves Zhou Bo, a great hero. Every time Zhou Bo comes out in court, he is always arrogant, because he has made contributions to Wendi, and he seems to take Wendi seriously. Wendi was polite to him and often watched him leave. Some ministers persuaded Wendi Deng that taking Zhou Bo so seriously was detrimental to the dignity of the monarch. Since then, Deng Wendi's expression has become more and more serious, and Zhou Bo has become more and more awed. Zhou Bo's subordinates reminded him in time: be careful not to build too high a reputation and get burned. The frequency is like a wake-up call and suddenly wakes up. So he resigned from the right prime minister (right was the most important thing in the Han Dynasty, and Chen Ping was the left prime minister at that time, equivalent to the deputy), and Wendi quickly agreed. A year later, due to his death, Wendi appointed him as prime minister, but only ten months later, Wendi took Hou's return to China as an excuse to remove him from his post. At that time, many Liehou lived in Chang 'an, which increased the burden of food supply in Beijing. So Emperor Wendi ordered him to live in his own country, and even if the court allowed him to stay in Beijing, he would send his son to his own country. However, many people found various excuses to stay in Beijing, which made Wendi very angry, so he asked Prime Minister Zhou Bo to lead by example and removed him from his post as Prime Minister. Later, it was reported that Zhou Bo was wearing armor at home and had the heart of rebellion. Emperor Wen immediately arrested him. Zhou Bo quickly explained the truth to Wendi through his uncle Zhao Bo: he was afraid of being arrested after being dismissed, so he was on guard at home, but he was not rebellious. After re-investigation, Wendi didn't find the fact of Zhou Bo's rebellion, so he released him. Compared with many emperors in feudal times, Wendi was really tolerant. Looking for lost relatives Dou has always had a wish, that is, to find his long-lost brother, and then do a little filial piety to his deceased parents. Although Dou has become your queen, she still dare not make such a request, because the emaciated queen mother is busy paying homage to the ancestors of the Bo family. She dare not compare with that old lady. However, Dou Yifang's well-intentioned decision helped her a lot. On the day she was posthumously sealed, she proposed to Liu Heng to entertain all the lonely people in the world and give them cloth, rice flour and meat. For the elderly over 80 years old and orphans under 9 years old, they got a stone of rice, 20 kilograms of meat, five barrels of wine, two pieces of silk and three kilograms of cotton. Liu Heng, who is famous for her kindness, praised the Queen's suggestion and quickly put it into practice. Therefore, Queen Dou's kindness has been passed down from mouth to mouth by people all over the world, and Dou's family background has gradually spread. The story of Liu Heng and Fang Yi, Queen of Dou.

A young man named Dou heard about Dou's family background. He is Dou's younger brother. Dou was only five or six years old when we broke up, and now he is an adult. Shortly after my sister left, bad luck befell Dou Shaojun. Because my brother was working outside and no one was taking care of him at home, Dou was abducted. He was trafficked many times and finally became a slave of a wealthy family in Yeung Yi, Henan. I worked hard during the day and slept with the workers in the shack at the bottom of the cliff at night. One day, the master sent Dou to the mountain to burn charcoal. Unexpectedly, this night, the wind and rain blew hard, and a mudslide broke out on the cliff, killing most of 100 workers. Dou escaped the robbery because it was easy for him to sleep on the edge of the shack. The family of the deceased ran to the host's house and cried endlessly. The master had to flee to Chang 'an, and Dou followed his master to Chang 'an. I'm lucky to be alive. Dou, who fled to Chang 'an, made a divination first to see his fate. Unexpectedly, he drew a sign. The old fortune teller said that he would be either rich or expensive in the near future. I don't believe that I will be rich and expensive even if I fight to death. He paid no attention to what the old man said. Unexpectedly, he didn't go far when he heard the story of Queen Dou E's room. Dou Fangyi? When he heard the name, he was shocked. Didn't my sister, who was sent to the palace, also call Dou Yi's room? In connection with what the old man said just now, he was a little skeptical. Hope is better than no hope, so he was desperate and wrote to the emperor that he was the long-lost brother of Queen Dou Shaojun. Liu Heng read this letter and asked what happened to Dou E's room. Dou E had to tell Liu Heng his life story in detail. Hearing this, Liu Heng sighed that he was ashamed of the Queen and only cared about his own relatives, but forgot his wife's relatives. So he summoned Dou and Dou. Although the appearance of Dou E's wronged room changed greatly, Dou Shaojun recognized it. But Dou Fangyi couldn't recognize his younger brother because he was only five or six years old when he left, and now he has grown up. Dou E's grievance is an inscription for Liu Heng.

The house is afraid of mistaken identity, which will bring unimaginable consequences. So she asked Dou Shaojun what evidence he had to prove that he was his brother. Dou Shaojun not only told how his parents died, but also recalled the scene when his sister left him, washing his hair for the last time and cooking for him for the last time ... As he spoke, he couldn't help crying. At this time, Dou could no longer control his emotions and ran down and hugged his brother tightly. This scene was recorded in detail by historians. According to the book, at that time, not only the Emperor Dahan was moved to tears, but also the ladies-in-waiting beside him cried. To show his guilt, Wendi gave Dou a lot of property and fields. However, Dou knows how to be thrifty, so he should not make an exception for himself, and only let his younger brother accept some property and fields that are enough to support himself. Soon he took out his own gold and silver jewelry to make up for the deficit caused by Wendi's gift to his brother. With such a wise queen, Liu Heng will be satisfied all his life. Soon, Dou's brother was also found, and the three brothers and sisters were finally reunited. Today is different from the past, and none of the three brothers and sisters will think of today. As usual, Liu Heng wanted to reward Dou Yi's younger brother, but was stopped by Dou Yi's room. Her brother ran up to her and asked him why he didn't want the emperor's reward. Don't do it for nothing! Dou patiently analyzed this for his younger brother, who pouted helplessly and agreed to live with his sister and brother. So cautious, don't give ministers a little handle, sinus room is still in trouble. In principle, this is Dou E's family affair, which has nothing to do with others, but she is the queen, and the queen has no family affairs. Everything about the queen is a matter of state. Ministers with bows and snake shadows were a little at a loss when they saw two strong brothers suddenly appear in Dou E's wronged room. They are worried that Dou E's injustice will become the second Lv Zhi, and they want to nip hidden dangers in the bud. In fact, there is no bud, and everything is just the imaginary enemy of ministers. In the former dynasty, Hou Jiang, Guan and other ministers colluded together to remonstrate with Emperor Wen, to the effect that the brothers were reckless and had no cultural accomplishment. They should not rely on the nepotism of the Queen to get promoted and become rich, and be idle people. They should also choose respected and knowledgeable ministers to live next door to them, teach and supervise them, and prevent them from causing trouble and disturbing the people. As the saying goes, Mashan is ridden and people are deceived. Only when Dou Eyuan is the queen can these ministers dare to say so. If it's Lv Zhi, it's estimated that they wouldn't even dare to fart, and it's the same proposal for relatives in Lv Zhi to offer this reward. Wendi Deng didn't immediately reply to the ministers' suggestions. Although he believed that Dou Fangyi would never become Lv Zhi, the disaster in Lv Zhi still made him feel at home. That evening, he told the queen the minister's suggestion, and his face was embarrassed. The considerate Dou Fangyi immediately relieved the worries of Emperor Wen. She said that the ministers' suggestions were correct. My brother doesn't read much and needs teaching. Finally, I emphasize that whatever decision Liu Heng makes, she will support it.

This paragraph was edited to take power.

When Heng entered Beijing, there were only six people, including Zhang Wu. Emperor Wen made up his mind to integrate the imperial power system as soon as possible in order to restore and strengthen the operational ability of state power. Consolidating imperial power and military power is the greatest power. Emperor Wen knew this very well, so on the night he entered Weiyang Palace, he ordered Chang Song to be the general of Wei and help the northern and southern armies. Zhang Wu was appointed as a doctor. He patrolled and defended the palace. There was a yamen who wanted to kill the little emperor and his three younger brothers in his own house. The emperor returned to the front hall, issued imperial edicts overnight, and granted amnesty to the whole world. Wendi knew that he had no solid political foundation in the Han court. Some royal families think that he is a peach picker, and he ascended the throne with the support of a group of old ministers. He was faced with a growing and arrogant vassal power, so his first task was to consolidate the imperial power by adopting a two-handed strategy of combining kindness with kindness. After emperor Han Wen of the imperial clan ascended the throne, he was first awarded the title of minister to punish Lv Yougong. In October of the first year of Emperor Wendi (BC 179), he was appointed Prime Minister Right, Prime Minister Left and Guan Ying Qiu, which formed the new central government of the Han Dynasty. With the officials who entered the DPRK, some officials were changed to Qing Dynasty. In addition to retaining the old princes, Emperor Wen of Han established several new princes. In December of the same year, Liu Sui, the son of Liu You, the former king of Zhao, was appointed king of Zhao. Once upon a time, Liu Ze, the evil king of Lang, was made the prince of Yan. Later, Liu Qiang, Liu Sui's younger brother, was appointed King of Hejian. Zhu Liuzhang is the king of Chengyang; Liu Xingju, Hou of Dongmou, was the king of northern Hebei; Emperor Liu Wu was appointed acting king, and later became king of Huaiyang, and later became king of Liang. Liu Shen was named King of Taiyuan; Liu Yi is the King of Liang. In the first month of the same year, that is, three months after Liu Heng acceded to the throne, Emperor Wendi, on the advice of ministers, made his eldest son Liu Qi a prince. In this way, since the Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, it has become the custom of the Han family to establish a prince in advance. In March, Dou Shi was made queen. The suppression of the rebellion of the vassal king played a catalytic role in the vicious development of the power of the vassal king, because the Han Dynasty vigorously promoted inaction politics. When a vassal sits on the throne, it becomes a trend of "the tail is too big to fall off", which will inevitably lead to the sharp contradiction between the imperial power and the division of imperial power in Liu Zongshi. Since Emperor Wen ascended the throne, this contradiction has intensified. In the third year of Emperor Wendi (BC 177), Liu Xingju, the king of northern Hebei, rebelled, which initiated the kingdom's armed resistance against the Han court. Emperor Wen sent troops to suppress it, and the rebels collapsed in an instant. Liu Xingju committed suicide after being captured. Only three years later, Liu Chang, the king of Huainan, once again raised the banner of rebellion. But it was discovered by the court before it acted. Emperor Wen sent someone to call Liu Chang to Beijing, and then he was knighted and sent to Shu County. On the way, Liu Chang died of hunger strike. Although Jia Yi's two rebellions were quelled, the vicious development of the vassal forces in the early Han Dynasty actually became a separatist force against the central authorities. Some people of insight in the imperial court think it's time to solve it fundamentally. Jia Yi is one of the outstanding representatives. At that time, Jia Yi, who was 28 years old, went to Chen Zheng history books (that is, public security policies) and put forward two points: First, closeness is not the main problem, that is, a prince with the same surname is no more reliable than a king with a different surname. Second, the strong rebel first, and the weak rebel later. Under this closed-door condition, the centralized regime will eventually be threatened. Jia Yi's solution is to "build a vassal king with small strength", that is, to divide the forces of the vassal kingdom in order to achieve the purpose of centralization. Wendi appreciated Jia Yi's public security policy very much. But at that time, he was concentrating on stabilizing the political situation, restoring and developing the social economy, and the situation did not allow him to openly confront the princes. Until the death of King Liu of Qi in the 16th year of Emperor Wendi (BC 164), Emperor Wendi was divided into six largest countries in Qi. Liu Chang's three sons, Liu An, Liu Bo and Liu Ci, were made kings and divided Huainan into three parts. Jia Yi's suggestion of building princes by hook or by crook has only been implemented so far, but the contradiction between imperial power and kingship has not been fundamentally solved, and the problem of decentralization and centralization still exists. Because Emperor Wen basically adopted a palliative policy towards princes with the same surname, it led to the rebellion of Wu and Chu in Jingdi period.

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After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di and Lv Hou all devoted themselves to developing agricultural production and stabilizing the ruling order, and achieved remarkable results. However, when Emperor Wendi ascended the throne, not only was the national financial resources seriously insufficient, but people's lives were also quite difficult. This kind of poverty is "one person plows, ten people gather to eat", farmers are brutally exploited, extravagance is getting worse and worse, and society is getting worse. This shows that the social contradictions that were once eased in the early Han Dynasty gradually became superficial in the Wenjing period. How can we solve this contradiction? How to ask, the portrait of Queen Dou and Mrs. Shen?

[2] Economic recovery and development? An Min wrote On Qin for Jia Yi, a teenager, and put forward the fundamental principle of governing the country, which is "Mu Zhi's way, and everything should be safe". This social ideological trend of demanding the people's daughter is the demand of the ruling and opposition parties since Hui Di, and it is also the need to consolidate the rule of the Western Han Dynasty. Under the guidance of the policy of "protecting the people", to sum up, the measures taken by Wendi are as follows: in order to attract farmers to return to agricultural capital, Wendi changed the social atmosphere by reducing the tax rate of land rent, which was used to stimulate farmers' enthusiasm for production twice in the second year (before 178) and the twelfth year (before 168). Since then, thirty taxes have become a custom in the Han Dynasty. In addition, the tax revenue is reduced from 120 yuan per person per year to 40 yuan per person per year. Reduce the corvee "Yan Wu Xingwen" and "Ding Nan does one thing every three years", that is, the corvee of adult men is reduced to once every three years. This kind of relief is unique in the history of China feudal society. At the beginning of Emperor Wendi's accession to the throne, Liehou lived in Chang 'an, far from his food city, which caused the "loss of officials and soldiers" and added a new burden to the people. In the second year of Emperor Wendi (BC 178), the imperial edict ordered Hou to return to the feudal city, requiring officials and people with imperial edicts to send the prince back to the feudal city, and no one else was allowed to stay in Chang 'an, so as to reduce the burden on the people. Six years after Emperor Wendi banned Chishanze (BC 158), Emperor Wendi ordered the opening of all forests and rivers that originally belonged to the country, allowing private mining of minerals, utilization and development of fishing and salt resources, thus promoting the development of farmers' sideline production and salt and iron production related to the national economy and people's livelihood. As a result of the relaxation of the ban, "the wealthy businessmen in Dajia travel around the world every week, and everything they trade is impassable". Cancel customs clearance and communication system. In the Han Dynasty, checkpoints were set up in military towns or border blockades to control population flow and check travel. When entering or leaving the pass, you must hold a "pass", that is, a letter (certificate) that passes through the checkpoint before you can release it. In March of the 12th year of Emperor Wendi (before 168), Emperor Wendi cancelled the "biography" of entering and leaving the customs, which was beneficial to the circulation of commodities and the economic ties between regions, and also promoted the development of agricultural production to a certain extent. In the twelfth year (BC 168), when he joined the Emperor Wen of Suu Kyi, Prince Chao Cuo suggested to the Emperor Wen: "Take people from all over the world into Suu Kyi to avoid being knighted, but at the age of three, there will be more than enough millet." Emperor Wendi adopted this suggestion and enriched the frontier defense commissary by selling titles through public bidding. Chao Cuo also pointed out that after the implementation of the method of paying homage to millet, the millet accumulated in the border will last for five years, which will cause losses to millet seekers in counties, even if there are millet accumulated in counties; When the border areas and counties have become rich, they can be exempted from land rent. The implementation of Su Zhongchong's aristocratic law temporarily improved the situation of farmers. Bowing and frugal Emperor Wen reigned for 23 years, and there was no increase in riding and clothing; Repeatedly prohibiting counties and counties from offering treasures; Usually wear clothes made of rough black silk; The tomb of Emperor Wendi built in advance for himself also requires simplicity. Among the emperors in China, Wendi was famous for his simplicity all his life. As Emperor Wen adopted the above-mentioned policies and measures, the social economy at that time made remarkable development and the ruling order was consolidated day by day. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there were only ten thousand governors and five or six hundred small countries. In the period of Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi, refugees returned to their hometowns, and the number of registered permanent residence soon increased. The number of people who have been sealed has reached 30,000 to 40,000, and the number of small ones has doubled, which is much richer than in the past. China ancient society began to rule the world. There are many reasons why the rule of Wenjing, which originated in the period of Emperor Wen, became a prosperous feudal society: 1. Changes in the understanding of rulers: The rulers in the early Han Dynasty saw the power of the people for the first time from the lessons of Qin's death, and realized that this power did not appear in peacetime, but it must not be ignored. If the people's minimum right to life is excessively violated, the people will not be in the original passive state, but will show great strength, not only carrying boats, but also overthrowing them by violent actions. Therefore, the rulers must give in to the people and obey their hearts. 2. The rulers vigorously promoted the politics of Huang Lao: the rulers in the early Han Dynasty, especially Wendi and Jingdi, adhered to the policy of "quietness" and "bowing their heads and saving money" and implemented a generous tax policy. Thus, the waste of manpower and material resources was reduced, and the fundamental problem of excessive exploitation of farmers and destruction of reasonable rights and boundaries in Qin State was solved. In this way, a good social environment is created, officials are protected and their official career enjoys folk music. 3. Emperor Wen's personal efforts: Liu Heng abolished the crime of slander shortly after he ascended the throne, and envoys were able to boldly put forward different opinions. Since the Qin dynasty, there have been so-called "secret wish" officials, who are always moved when there is a disaster. In the thirteenth year of Emperor Wen (BC 167), the letter was abolished and declared: "The emperor should be responsible for the mistakes and sins of officials." The next year, he forbade temple officials to bless him. Emperor Wen was humble, tolerant and courteous, which naturally formed a relatively clear political atmosphere. Because of this, Wendi's achievements were praised not only by later generations, but also by the Red Eyebrow Army in the late Western Han Dynasty. After they captured Chang 'an, the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty were all destroyed, and only the Baling of Wendi was protected.

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One of the main characteristics of Huang Lao Xue in Qin and Han Dynasties is "obeying the law and doing nothing". The so-called "inaction" is not inaction or aimless laissez-faire, but does not exceed the established legal provisions. Law is the realm of inaction, and the way of inaction is the root of law. Therefore, to demand that "the law should be established and not abolished" means not to change it easily after legislation, but to "follow the established laws." In the early Han Dynasty, the rulers insisted on the idea of "rewarding and punishing with faith" and advocated strict law enforcement. Even the emperor only has the power to "enforce the law" and cannot break the law. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty is a "law-abiding" emperor who does not violate the law by his own will. Once, Wendi traveled through Wei Qiao, and someone came out from under the bridge, scaring Wendi's horse away. Tingwei Zhang Shizhi sentenced this person to "sin gold" (a fine of four taels of gold). Wendi Deng demanded execution. Zhang Shizhi said to Wendi, "Laws are made by Heaven and the world. If we change the law easily, people will lose trust in the law and don't know what to do. " After all, Wendi Deng said Ting Wei did the right thing. Although Huang Lao's thoughts absorbed the legalists' thoughts of "enforcing the law" and "abiding by the law", based on the standpoint of "protecting the people" and "benefiting the people", he did not agree with the legalists' proposition of "heavier punishment than lighter punishment". Huang Lao's thought demands not only "justice of monarch" but also "justice of law". Under the influence of this thought, the rulers in the early Han Dynasty insisted on abolishing the harsh laws of the Qin Dynasty. In December of the first year of Emperor Wendi (BC 179), in addition to the "method of combining coffins and sitting together". Clearly announced: "Now abolish the law that one person commits a crime and the whole family is a handmaiden and all kinds of implicated laws." This is a denial of the old tradition and a reform of the law. The most important reform of Wendi was to abolish corporal punishment and reform the penalty system. The cause of the reform was that Ti Ying saved his father. In the 13th year of Emperor Wen (BC 167), Qi Taicang ordered Chun Gong Yu to commit a crime and should be punished. The corporal punishment in Han Dynasty mainly includes flogging (tattooing on the face), flogging (cutting off the nose) and cutting off the left and right toes (cutting off the left foot or right foot). Chun Gong Yu was sent to Chang 'an for punishment for being an official. Chunyu's youngest daughter, Ti Ying, was very sad, so she came to Chang 'an with her father and wrote to Emperor Wendi: "My male and female servants are willing to be slaves in the imperial court to atone for their sins." Emperor Wen pitied her filial piety, ordered Chun to forgive her corporal punishment and let him take her home, and wrote a letter to abolish corporal punishment and reform the penalty system. There are many comments about the abolition of corporal punishment by Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, most of which are based on "pity" for Ti Ying, which embodies the "moral policy" of Emperor Wen. The reform of this penalty system is of great significance in the legal history of China. It marks that the ancient criminal system of China has entered a more civilized stage from the barbaric stage. This reform laid the foundation for the transition of the criminal system to the new "five punishments" (slap, stick, migration, exile and death penalty).

Edit the border policy of this paragraph.

After Emperor Wendi ascended the throne, not only the internal affairs were complicated and thorny, but also the border affairs were very serious. Facing the situation of "Hu Qiang's southward advance", Wendi adopted the correct strategy and finally won a better external environment. Since the Huns came from Deng Bai, Han Ting carried out a pro-Hun policy, which achieved certain results, but it could not fundamentally relieve the threat of Xiongnu nobles. The two sides are always in a state of war and uncertainty During the reign of Emperor Wendi, in order to seek a stable and peaceful environment, he always took a restrained and forbearing attitude towards Xiongnu, continued to implement the policy of being close to the people and avoided fighting. However, although the Huns benefited from the kiss policy, they did not keep the kiss agreement. Han Ting urgently needs an effective strategy to defend the border. Chao Cuo, who was appointed as a crown prince at that time, wrote to Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, analyzed the military strength of Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, and suggested the strategy of "encouraging the people and securing the border". Its main contents are: building cities in the frontier, recruiting mainlanders to move to the frontier, and preparing "Hu" while plowing; Every city will relocate/kloc-residents with more than 0/000 households, and the government will give them farm tools, clothes and food until they can support themselves; The people who moved to the border areas were organized according to military organizations and trained at ordinary times. If something happens, they may meet the enemy. Anyone who can resist the invasion of Xiongnu and recapture the wealth plundered by Xiongnu will be rewarded by the government at half price. Deng Wendi adopted this strategy to varying degrees. In addition, Wendi has established 36 horse farms in the border areas, distributed in the north and west, employing 30,000 government officials and raising 300,000 horses. In the folk, people also raise horses to meet the demand of frontier defense for horses. These measures have produced positive effects: the system of single rotation garrison has been changed, which is not only beneficial to the development of border counties, but also greatly strengthens the defense force against Xiongnu; Conducive to rest, so that the mainland's social and economic rapid recovery and development; It laid the foundation for Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to completely solve the Xiongnu problem. During the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, Nanyue lived in the southeast coast of China and Lingnan area, and was called "Baiyue". The Vietnamese living in Lingnan area are called "South Vietnam" because they are located in the south of Chu State. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang (2 14 BC), Lingnan was unified, and Guilin, Nanhai and Hexiang counties were established here. After the peasant war uprising broke out at the end of Qin Dynasty, Zhao Tuo, who was in charge of the South China Sea, became king. During the reign of Emperor Gaozu, Zhao Tuo accepted the title of "King of South Vietnam" and became the vassal of the Western Han Dynasty-Nanyue State. During Lv Hou's reign, South Vietnam was subjected to an economic blockade policy, and Zhao Tuo turned against Han. In BC 180, Lv Hou died and Wendi ascended the throne. He changed the strangulation policy and adopted the appeasement policy, providing iron tools, farm tools, horses, cattle and sheep to South Vietnam. Need for developing production. He also sent people to repair Zhao Tuo's ancestral grave in Zhengding (now Zhengding, Hebei Province), guarding the city and offering sacrifices at the age of 18. He dismissed the officer who attacked South Vietnam and worshipped Zhao Tuo's brother as an official. Then, Lu Jia was sent to South Vietnam. Inspired by Emperor Wen's sincerity, Zhao Tuo accepted his apology and regained the favorable conditions for economic development. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the economic and cultural development in Lingnan area had made great progress. As can be seen from the above, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty did not use troops easily against the surrounding ethnic minorities, but tried his best to maintain peaceful and friendly relations, treat each other with courtesy and be brothers, which played a very good role in strengthening unity and friendship between the people of the Central Plains and the surrounding ethnic minorities, further promoted the integration of all ethnic groups during the Han Dynasty, and made contributions to the formation and development of the Chinese nation.