Who is a political expert? Tell me about the Iran-Iraq war.

the Iran-Iraq war, also known as the first Persian gulf war, was an eight-year border war between Iran and Iraq. The war broke out on September 22, 198 and ended on August 2, 1988. The two countries are adjacent, with the same border stretching for 12 kilometers, and the Arabian River, which is about 1 kilometers long, is the natural border in the south of the two countries. There have been border disputes between the two countries for a long time, and armed conflicts often occur. In addition, religion is also an important reason for the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war. Although both countries are Islamic countries, 9% of Iran's residents believe in Islamic Shiites, while 6% of Iraq's residents are also Islamic Shiites.

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For a long time, there have been territorial disputes and ethnic and sectarian contradictions between Iran and Iraq. At the beginning of 1971, the two sides had a border conflict. In 1975, under the mediation of Algerian President Boumeddin, Iran and Iraq signed the Treaty on State Border and Good Neighbourliness (Algiers Agreement), with the central line of the main waterway of the Arabian River as the boundary, and Iran agreed to allocate about 3 square kilometers of land in Kermanshah province to Iraq. The contradiction between the two countries has eased, but it has not really been resolved. Iran has not fulfilled the above commitments. In February 1979, after Khomeini came to power in Iran, the relationship between Iran and Iran deteriorated sharply. At the beginning of 198, Iraq declared that it would abolish the border agreement, and the border conflict between the two sides escalated gradually.

when the Islamic revolution broke out in Iran in 1979, the Iranian government stressed that it was necessary to "export the fundamentalist Islamic revolution" to all Islamic countries, and publicly called on the Shiites, who accounted for 6% of the Iraqi population, to "carry out the Islamic revolution" and overthrow the current Iraqi regime to establish an "Islamic Republic". Iraq, on the other hand, supports the demands of ethnic minorities in Iran, such as Kurds, for national self-determination. Hussein tried to completely control the Arabian River in the northwest of the Persian Gulf, which is an important oil export channel for the two countries. The United States provided Saddam with arms and supported him to launch an attack on this disputed region, in an attempt to contain the Iranian regime, which had just come to power through revolution and was strongly anti-American. In 1975, US Secretary of State Kissinger supported the Iranian king to attack the waterway under the control of Iraq at that time. Iraq and other Arab countries are also worried that the armed regime created by Iran's February 1979 revolution will spread to the surrounding areas. Another factor that led to the Iran-Iraq war was the ambition of the leaders of the two countries. Iranian religious leader Khomeini tried to spread the Islamic fundamentalism movement he led to the whole Middle East. However, due to the recent success of the Iranian revolution, attempts in this regard are still very limited. For Saddam Hussein, he has not been in power for a long time and is trying to make Iraq gain regional hegemony. The success of the Iran war can make Iraq the hegemon in the Gulf region and control the oil trade. The internal cleaning of the army and the serious shortage of American-made equipment and parts have greatly affected Iran's once powerful military strength. In addition, the Iranian defense in the Arabian River region is also very weak. With the intensification of political and religious contradictions and armed conflicts on the border, on September 22, 198, Iraq seized the opportunity to launch an attack using the assassination attempt supported by Iran against Iraqi Foreign Minister Aziz at that time as an excuse, and the Iran-Iraq war broke out in an all-round way. Since the outbreak of the war, it has attracted the close attention of people all over the world, especially the Arab countries.

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Iraq has received great diplomatic and military support from the Soviet Union. Arab countries, mainly Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, provided economic assistance. In addition, the United States also favors Iraq and provides it with weapons and economic assistance. Since 1985, the United States has sold weapons to Iraq as well as Iran. This triggered the Iran-contra incident of the Reagan administration.

the war was very bitter. Both sides of the war often use a sea of tactical attacks similar to those in World War I. Iraq used chemical weapons, including Tabun poison. Although Iraq took the lead in provoking war and using chemical weapons, the international community did not exert too much pressure on it.

in June 1982, Iran launched a series of counterattacks to recapture the land occupied by Iraq at the beginning of the war. Iraq proposed a truce to Iran in view of the possibility of being completely defeated. At this time, Iran tried to defeat the Iraqi regime, so it rejected this proposal. This led to another six years of war.

during this period, western naval forces intervened in the area, trying to protect the smooth passage of the Gulf. As a result, Iranian missiles attacked the American frigate Stark. And the shooting down of an Iranian airliner by the USS Vincennes, killing 29 passengers and crew.

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On July 2, 1987, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 598, demanding an immediate and unconditional truce between Iran and Iraq, which aroused the positive response of people all over the world. On July 23 of the same year, Iraq announced its acceptance of this resolution, and on July 18, 1988, Iran announced its formal acceptance of this resolution. After repeated trips by UN Secretary-General Perez de Cuellar and his assistants, Iran and Iraq agreed to a total armistice from August 2, 1988. This is an important turning point for Iran and Iraq from war to peace. At the end of the war, the dividing line between the two countries returned to the pre-war situation.

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The Iran-Iraq War lasted for 7 years and 11 months, which was one of the longest wars in the 2th century. It is a veritable war of attrition, a war that is not worth the loss for both sides and has no winner. Before the war, Iraq's foreign exchange surplus was nearly 4 billion US dollars. At the end of the war, its foreign debt was 8 billion US dollars, of which more than 4 billion was owed to western countries and the Soviet Union, and more than 3 billion was owed to other Arab countries. In the war, 3, people were killed and 6, injured in Iraq, and the direct losses (including military expenditure, war damage and economic losses) were $35 billion. Iran also owes foreign debts of $45 billion, with 7, deaths and more than 1.1 million injuries. In Tehran alone, 2, women lost their husbands. The direct loss was $3 billion. The war delayed the economic development plans of the two countries for at least 2 to 3 years.

Attachment: The picture shows that on August 2th, 1988, Iraqi residents celebrated the formal ceasefire between Iran and Iraq.