Scientific breeding technology of bees

First, the growth and development of bees

1, bee eggs: banana-shaped, milky white, slightly transparent egg membrane, slightly thinner end is the ventral end, slightly thicker end is the head. In the eggs laid by the queen bee, the thinner end is the nest bottom, and the thicker end faces the nest mouth. Embryos in eggs develop and hatch into larvae after 3 days.

2. Larva: white worm-shaped, initially C-shaped. With the growth of the worm, the worm is straight and its head is facing the nest. It is fed by worker bees. Female larvae hatched from fertilized eggs will develop into queen bees if they are fed with royal jelly continuously.

3. Bee pupa: After 6 days, worker bees will seal the nest mouth with wax. In the pupa stage, the internal organs are mainly transformed and differentiated into various organs of bees, which gradually appear in the head, chest and abdomen, and the appendages are also exposed, and the color gradually becomes darker from milky white.

4. Adult bee: The mature pupa takes off the pupa shell, bites through the nest cover and plumes into an adult bee. Bees that have just left home have soft exoskeleton, soft fur and light body color. Soon, the bones became hard, the wings were straight, and various organs in the body gradually matured.

Second, the living habits of bees

1, metamorphosis: bees belong to social insects and live in complete metamorphosis groups. All three types of bees go through four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa and adult (adult), and the four stages are different in morphology.

2. Oligophagia: bees make full use of pollen and nectar. Nectar is sucked into the honey sac by bees and mixed with the secretion of mandibular gland. After the honey juice is brewed repeatedly, it is constantly fanned to evaporate water and concentrated until the honey is completely mature.

3. Sociality: Although bees live in groups, there is no collusion between bees. In order to prevent the invasion of other bees and other insects and animals, thorns are the main self-defense organs.

4. Nesting: The nesting instinct of bees is complex, and the nesting place, time and nest structure are diverse. For example, bees, bees, bees and other species use wax secreted by themselves as spleen.

5. Sociality: bees live in groups. There are three types of bee colonies: queen bees, worker bees and drones. There is one queen bee (in some exceptional cases, there are two queens), 65,438+0000 to 65,438+05000 worker bees and 500 to 65,438+0500 drones.

Queen bee: The queen bee is a fertile female bee, responsible for breeding offspring. According to the needs of the extended family, she can give birth to a fertilized egg and develop into a female bee (a worker bee without reproductive ability), or she can develop into a drone after giving birth to an unfertilized egg for 24 days, with a life span of 3-5 years.

② Drones: Drones are bees developed from unfertilized eggs, which are bigger than worker bees and hairy all over. Usually 12 is mature after emergence, and has the opportunity to mate with the queen bee, but dies after mating.

③ Worker bees: Worker bees are female bees lacking reproductive ability. They only eat royal jelly in the first few days of the larval stage, and then switch to ordinary honey. They are divided into three kinds in the same hive: nursing bees, nesting bees and collecting bees, and their life span ranges from 5 to 8 weeks to 6 to 7 months.

Third, bee breeding tools

1. Beehive: Beehive is the most basic beekeeping tool. Its specifications and dimensions are different, but the structural principle is basically the same. Beginners can buy beehives used by others from beekeepers or make their own beehives according to the instructions.

2, bee hat: bee hat is a protective tool for beekeepers, mainly to prevent the head and neck of beekeepers from being stung by bees, in various forms, but the principle of production is to ensure light and durable, clear vision.

3. honey shaker: honey shaker is a special tool for beekeeping. This tool can separate the honey in the nest spleen into the bucket of the honey shaker by centrifugal force. The honey shaker sold in the market is made of different materials, including plastic honey shaker and stainless steel honey shaker.

4. Scraper: Scraper is forged from high-quality steel, with an arc blade at one end and a flat blade at the other end. It is mainly used to pry the auxiliary cover, relay box, nest frame, partition, clean the bottom of the box, remove excess spleen, unmanned machine room and shovel propolis.

5. Fence board: Fence board is a special tool to limit the queen bee from laying eggs. Based on the difference of chest thickness between queen bee and worker bee, the width of the fence is designed between queen bee and worker bee, so that worker bees can pass freely and the activities of queen bee are restricted.

6, sweeping bees: sweeping bees is a special tool to brush off bees, mainly used to clean bees attached to the nest spleen. Generally, the bee brush is required to be soft and moderate, so don't brush the bees, so it is best to use horse hair or ponytail.

7. Nest frame: The nest frame is a wooden frame, which can fix the nest base and make bees build a nest spleen. The specification is strict, otherwise the nest frame cannot be interchanged between beehives, which will bring great trouble to the service management and the application of beekeeping machines.

8. Nest base: The nest base is the artificial foundation of the bee's nest room, and it is the foundation of the bee's nest and spleen. There are mainly two kinds of wax nest foundation and plastic nest foundation. Now beekeepers mainly use wax nest foundation, and Chinese bees and western bees use it separately.

Fourth, the breeding conditions of bees.

1. Rich nectar source: nectar source is the material basis for the survival and development of bees, so it is required that there should be at least 1-2 main nectar source plants in a large area within 5 kilometers from the bee farm all year round, and there should also be a variety of auxiliary nectar source plants and pollen source plants with staggered flowering periods.

2. Suitable climate: the bee farm is required to have the leeward facing the sun, high and dry terrain, no stagnant water, microclimate, abundant sunshine, high mountains and peaks, canyons with frequent strong airflow, swamps and wasteland prone to stagnant water.

3. Adequate water source: There should be clean water source around the bee farm for honey to take water, but it should not be near reservoirs, lakes and rivers to avoid bees or queen bees being blown into the water by strong winds during mating, and it is not allowed to set up a bee farm near the sewage source.

4. Convenient transportation: The traffic in the bee farm must be convenient, which is not only beneficial to the transshipment of bees and bee products, but also beneficial to the life of beekeepers.

5. Few enemies: The enemies of bees, such as mice and wasps, seriously threaten the safety of bees, so there are few enemies around the bee farm.

6. Quiet environment: Beehives should be far away from noisy environments such as railways, factories and mines, schools, etc., as far as possible away from places with sufficient light at night and high-voltage lines.

Five, the purchase method of bee colony

1, honey source investigation: honey source is the basis of beekeeping. Before setting the location of bees, it is necessary to investigate the species, area and flowering period of honey plants. Usually, a group of bees need about 2 ~ 4 mu of nectar plants, and they also need to know the flowering period and honey yield of various nectar plants over the years.

2. bee species selection: bee species must be selected according to local honey sources and climate conditions. Intentional bees can be selected in the northwest, north China and northeast plain areas, northeast black bees with strong cold tolerance can be selected in the northeast mountainous areas, and Chinese bees can be selected in the mountainous areas.

3. Time to buy bees: It is best to buy bees in early spring when the temperature rises and tends to be stable and honey plants begin to bloom. Buying at this time is beneficial to the reproduction of bees. You can also buy it in summer and autumn, but there must be at least one main honey source in that year.

4. Bee colony quality: The queen bee can't be more than two years old. If you buy bees in summer and autumn, you'd better choose the new king of that year. The whole colony should be healthy and disease-free. The number of bees should not be less than 2 in early spring, and more than 5 in summer and autumn, with a certain spleen.

5. Place for releasing bees: The place for releasing bees should be within 2km from the main nectar source plants. The closer the bee farm is to the honey source plants, the better. There should be clean water nearby, and it should be in a flat, dry, sunny place with open southeast and no obstacles.

6. Arrangement of beehives: If the space is spacious, beehives can be arranged in a single box, and the front and rear rows should be staggered. The row spacing is 2 ~ 3m, and the beehive spacing is1~ 2m. When the space is small, the double boxes can be juxtaposed, and the nest door can face south or east, not west.