Why are there so many varieties of folk songs in Northeast China?

The folk songs of Northeast China in the land of Guandong are rich and colorful. In addition to the labor chants of dock workers, miners and fishermen, hawking ditties such as "Selling Big Cloth", "Thirteen Incenses", "Selling Dumplings", "Selling Watermelons", "Selling Sweet Potatoes" and other behavioral folk songs and lullabies of women and children, Most Northeastern folk songs are sung during the clearing of the Northeastern Yangge Festival. Erezhuan artists also sing Northeastern folk songs as small hats and ditties. For example, in the traditional duo song "Shuangsuo Mountain", the "top" person plays Liu Jinding and the "bottom person" plays Gao Junbao. Liu Jinding captured Gao Junbao to the mountain to marry him in person. Gao Junbao asked Liu Jinding to sing a little song. He sang more than a dozen songs in a row. Only after he heard enough did he agree to the marriage. The audience can also take this opportunity to sing songs. There is also a scene in the Peking Opera "Spinning Cotton" where a silversmith's wife sings folk songs and popular songs in her room. The actors sing whatever they know and whatever songs are popular in society.

Painting of Northeastern Folk Song "Returning to My Mother's Home"

Traditional Northeastern folk songs are divided into ten main categories according to their content:

Historical legendary songs such as "The Fifth Update of Ancient Names" ” “The Name of the General”, “The Liangshan Female General”, “Meng Jiangnu’s Search for a Husband”, “The Fifth Watch of Liangshan Bo”, “Zhaojun’s Departure from the Fortress”, “The Fifth Watch of Fan Lihua”, “Havoc in Heaven”, “Embroidering the Eight Immortals”, “Zhu Hongwu Herding Cows”, “Ding Lang” "Looking for the Father", "The King Divorced His Wife", "Aunt Wang's Cylinder", "Nine Rebels against Chaoyang" (the story of the uprising of Chaoyang farmer Li Fengkui during the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty) and "Youth Biography" (the story of the public case in Fuzhou during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty), as well as "Embroidery" "Eight Plays", "Painting Fans", etc.

Folk custom songs such as "Little New Year's greetings", "Going back to my parents' home", "Watching Yangko", "Flying a kite", "Playing on the swing", "Little theater", "Little temple visit", "Going to Cier Mountain", "Wedding celebration". "Song", "Crying Nine Packs" (funeral songs) and "Twenty-Four Festival" etc.

Labor songs such as "Song of Fetching Water", "Picking Cotton", "Picking Tea", "Picking Tea Backward", etc. Local famous songs such as "Praise for Shenyang", "Praise for Harbin", etc. Love songs such as "Beautiful Missing Love", "Lover Lover", "Looking for Lover", "Looking at Lover", "Looking for Lover", "Ten to Ten Love" (a man and a woman are better than ten pairs of ancient people), "Mom is So Confused", "Widow is Difficult", "Single" Crying Wife" etc. Family songs include "Ten Kindness to the Mother", "Ten Great Thoughts" (sung by the whole family, young and old), "Mother-in-law and Daughter-in-law Talk Back", "Brother and Sister Talk Back", "Stepmother Beats the Child", etc. Songs of admonition include "Nine Persuading People", "Persuading Lovers", "Persuading Husbands to Stop Playing with Money", "Drug Abstinence Song", "Morphine Needle", "Breaking the Way" (to persuade robbers to correct their evil ways), etc.

Satire songs such as "Clumsy Girl", "Clumsy Wife", etc.

Knowledge songs such as "Little Herding Cow" (antiphonic song), "Facing the Flower", "Opposing the Flower", etc.

Fable stories and songs such as "The Mandarin Duck Marries the Old Eagle" and "The Crow Feeds Back" etc.

Folk wind and percussion performances in the late Qing Dynasty

From the perspective of expressions, "Fifth Geng", "Four Seasons" and "Twelve Months" are the most popular, such as the Wu Geng style "The Name of the General in the Fifth Geng" "Call the Five Watches", "Lagging the Five Watches", "Playing with Money at the Five Watches", "Looking on the Five Watches", etc.; "Farmers' Four Seasons Song", "Meng Jiangnu's Four Seasons Song", etc. in the Four Seasons style; "Painting the Fan" and "Drawing the Fan" in the December Style "Praising Shenyang", "Praising Harbin", "Picking Tea in December", etc. There are also many ten-section folk songs sung from one to ten, such as "Ten Big Thoughts", "Ten Ten Loves", "Ten Handkerchiefs", "Ten Pairs of Red Embroidered Shoes", "Ten Trees Blossom", etc.; those starting with the word "embroidered" There are also many folk songs, such as "Embroidered Door Curtain", "Embroidered Cloud Shoulder", "Embroidered Purse", "Embroidered Ear Bag", "Embroidered Doudou", "Embroidered Eight Immortals", "Embroidered Eight Operas", etc.

Most of the traditional Northeastern folk songs were produced in the Ming and Qing dynasties, reflecting the various lives of the Northeastern people. There are also foreign folk songs, such as "Tea Picking in December" comes from the southern tea area, and "Exploring Love in the River" talks about things in the suburbs of Beijing and was originally a Hebei folk song. "Painting Fans" tells the story of Yang Xiuying, a girl from Yangliuqing, a painting town in Tianjin, who must have come from Tianjin.

Some Northeastern folk songs are widely circulated and have been adapted into performances by Erezhuan artists. For example, "Cier Mountain" is derived from the folk song "Shang Cier Mountain". "Two Love to Visit" is derived from the folk song "Girl, why don't you comb your hair". The Peking Opera "Little Cowherd" also originated from northern folk songs.

In addition to the Northeastern folk songs that are often sung in the Northeastern Yangge during the first month of the year, there are also some folk artists who sell and sing along the streets, specializing in singing folk songs and minor tunes. For example, "The Chronicles of Accompanying the Capital" describes the "sitting tune" and "blind girl" text.

The description of "Sitting in Qiang" is:

On a clear summer day, it's time to play Qingqing.

The river is scattered (alongside), and we have dinner in the evening.

Tune silk strings and go to the market.

When someone calls, good luck has arrived.

This is about an artist who goes around the streets and alleys in Shenyang's Xiaoheyan area, tuning strings and singing. The author does not specify what type of music the artist performs. According to an old drum artist from Fengtian, in the Qing Dynasty, there were people performing on the street called "Chuan Xiangzi", and being called to sing at home was called "Chuangzi Menzi". This article should refer to such artists. "Blind Gu" and "Siam Sheng" are both blind raps. The "blind aunt" recorded in "The Chronicle of the Capital" is:

Listen to the blind aunt, her voice is sharp.

Miscellaneous brands, complete songs.

Learning Kunqiang is difficult to pronounce.

Singing group songs, there are sharp groups.

Folk songs and raps of the Qing Dynasty

"Blind Gu" is a blind girl. The two sentences "mixed brands" refer to various "branded songs". "Kunqiang", also known as Kunshan Qiang, is an opera tune passed down from the Ming Dynasty and later developed into Kunqu Opera. In addition, during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, a kind of Kungao flute music was produced in Liaoyang and other places in Guandong, with two-person duets, multiple choruses and other performance forms. "Group song" is what the octagonal drum is called, which refers to a performance performed by many people. "Jian Tuan" means that opera and folk art actors must distinguish the pronunciation parts of the two characters "Jian Tuan" and "Tuan Tuan" when singing. It seems that the "blind girl" recorded by Liu Shiying not only sang folk songs and miscellaneous tunes, but also learned to sing opera.

The artists who take to the streets and alleys along the creek sing mostly folk songs and ditties. The handed down "Praise for Shenyang", also known as "Shenyang Scenery", has local characteristics:

In the first month of the new year, the fragrance of daffodils comes to Shenyang, one of the three provinces in Kanto.

Nine stars pass through the hall and eighteen steps, and the outer city is an earth wall.

Four towers ① press the four sides, and there are eight gates and eight passes ② lanes inside.

In February, I came to cover my head with apricot flowers and walked to the Phoenix Tower in front of the central temple.

On the left is the Jinluan Hall ④, with brick walls and green glazed walls.

Big stone face ⑤, outside the hall. The four outer skirt walls are painted in red and pink.

Peach blossoms bloom during the Qingming Festival in March, and there are countless officials, big and small.

The Yin of the General's Office is also responsible for the five ministries, the academy office, the magistrate,

the Food Administration Department, Niulu Street ⑥, the eight admirals ⑦ three Ling six sides.

On the Beginning of Summer in April, the begonia flowers are red, and there are countless alleys, big and small,

The 17th Avenue of Changxing Street, five small markets, is one,

None Waterways connect the oceans, and seventy-two tortoises are in Dakeng.

On the Dragon Boat Festival in May, the garden is full of pomegranate flowers, and there are thousands of temples.

Siping Street ⑨ has the City God Temple, the Monk Temple, the Guzi's Nunnery, and the Lama Temple.

The temple, the Taoist temple, and the family temple of Master Deng are in Dadongguan.

The summer heat in June is little lotus.

As expected, there is a lot of business in the city.

Go to the pawnshop and bank store of the bureau.

There are a lot of groceries. It’s estimated that There are many clothes,

handicraft shops, needless to say,

pots are not allowed in Brick City.

At the beginning of autumn in July, peonies are blooming.

Listen to me and divide the business into parts.

Copper, wood and leather are sold in the market.

Cows and horses are walking, enter the west gate,

Yingshikou, there is a spring,

In addition, there is a row of green glazed basins.

In August, the moon is full and the sweet-scented osmanthus blooms.

Every single one of the clans can be boasted.

There are hundreds of teahouses.

Shaomai restaurants, with fried dough sticks,

Tea and soup pots, not counting it,

How many opium dens are there in Julou.

In September, the garden is full of chrysanthemums and fragrant.

The barbarians from the south are convinced by the Queen of Heaven.

The fairy cave on the corner building,

along the river , Lianhua Township,

Sanyi Temple, Zhengkeliang,

Want to visit Qingjing Wanliutang.

It was cold in October and the flowers were not blooming. Tun Lao Er came to the city to go to the market.

I only said that the little guy stole the cigarette pouch, pulled the big whip and picked the oil at the same time.

As soon as I turned around, my braid was untied and I lost my pocket in a roundabout way.

Snowflakes are falling in November, and Ximen’s face is very lively.

Storytellers, singers and lotus flowers fall, cure toothaches, sell plasters,

For fortune tellers, Look at your fate, throw dice and bet on big steamed buns.

In December, a whole year comes, and shops of all sizes have their abacus.

Business is getting better and better year by year. We welcome the God of Wealth and respect our ancestors.

Guys, please wish me a happy New Year. The shopkeeper is very happy and will make a lot of money.

(Tong Delin Sings Xinwei Ji)

After the Republic of China, some new folk songs appeared in Northeastern folk songs, such as "May 9th Memorial", "Zhi Feng Zhan" and other current affairs folk songs. After the September 18th Incident in 1931, the Japanese invaders occupied Northeast China for fourteen years. In the guerrillas active in the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Forces and in remote rural areas where "the mountains are high and the emperor is far away", the Anti-Japanese Alliance fighters, folk artists and peasants have compiled and sung many Northeastern folk songs that express anti-Japanese content, such as "September 18th Minor" and "Japanese Occupy Fengtian" "Manchu Pain" and so on.

The first two lyrics of "Japanese occupy Fengtian" are written like this:

The first month is the New Year,

The Japanese invaded Fengtian,

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Liutiaogou, there was an incident,

September 18, there was an incident,

invading all parts of China,

the Chinese people suffered.

The spring breeze is coming in February,

The Japanese are so wicked,

They have occupied the three northeastern provinces of our country,

Let’s give them a name It was called "Manchukuo",

it was changed to "Datong" for more than two years,

Pu Yi ascended the throne and was called "Kant".

Note: On March 1, 1932, the puppet Manchukuo was established, Puyi was the "ruler", and the pseudo-year name was Datong. In 1934, the name was changed to "Manchu Empire", Puyi proclaimed himself emperor, and the pseudo-reign name was Kant.

After the liberation of Northeast China during the "August 15th Movement" in 1945, during the Northeast Liberation War, many revolutionary new folk songs were produced in the Northeast Liberated Areas. For example, the lyrics of "Liberation of the Northeast" are:

The first month of the new year is coming, and the land reform has been reversed.

To protect the country and the family, join the army and join the war, attack Siping, attack Jilin,

take Jinzhou and Changchun, and march to liberate Shenyang.

Some old folk songs have also been adapted into new folk songs by new literary and artistic workers. For example, the old "Northeast Wind" is about a woman who advises her husband not to play with money. The original tune is: "The northeast wind is blowing, blowing, and the sky is cloudy and cloudy... The snow is flying, it's cold, it's cold, I don't have any cotton-padded clothes. How pitiful, I advise my husband not to play with money..." The lyrics of the new "Northeast Wind" are:

The northeast wind blows and blows, and the sky clears up when it blows,

The Northeastern people should stand up and take power.

The song spread quickly and became very popular.