When did Confucius, Sun Tzu, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Mozi, and Han Feizi live?

Confucius was an ancient Chinese thinker, educator, and founder of Confucianism. Sun Tzu was a famous military strategist and politician in China's Spring and Autumn Period. Laozi is an ancient Chinese thinker, philosopher, writer and historian. Mencius was a famous philosopher, thinker, politician, and educator during the Warring States Period. Zhuangzi was a famous thinker, philosopher and writer in the middle of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States Period. Mozi was a famous thinker, educator, scientist, and military strategist during the Warring States Period. Han Feizi was a thinker, philosopher and essayist.

1. Confucius. Confucius (September 28, 551 BC - April 11, 479 BC) was born in Zouyi (now Qufu, Shandong Province) of the state of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and his ancestral home was Liyi (now Xiayi, Henan Province) of the state of Song. He created a culture of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom and trustworthiness. Confucius once led some of his disciples to travel around the world for 13 years. In his later years, he revised the Six Classics, namely "Poetry", "Book", "Ritual", "Music", "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn". According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for advice and had three thousand disciples, including seventy-two sages. After Confucius's death, his disciples and his subsequent disciples recorded the words, deeds, quotes and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled them into the Confucian classic "The Analects of Confucius".

2. Grandson. Sun Wu (about 545 BC - about 470 BC), also known as Changqing, was born in Le'an (now northern Shandong Province) of Qi State in the late Spring and Autumn Period. He is honored as the Military Sage or Sun Tzu (Sun Wuzi), also known as the "Sage of Military Strategies". He is known as the "Master of Military Strategies for a Century" and "The Originator of Oriental Military Science". Sun Wu was active from the end of the sixth century BC to the beginning of the fifth century BC. From Qi to Wu, he was recommended by Wu Yuan (Wu Zixu), an important minister of Wu State, and submitted thirteen articles on the art of war to King Helu of Wu, and was highly regarded as a general. He once led the Wu army to defeat the Chu army, occupied Yingcheng, the capital of the Chu state, and almost overthrew the Chu state.

3. Laozi, whose surname is Li and whose given name is Dan, may also be called Boyang. He was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and his date of birth and death is unknown (Hu Shi once speculated that I was born in the early years of King Ling of Zhou Dynasty, which was 570 BC). He was born in Ku County (Kuxian, the ancient name of the county) in the state of Chen during the Spring and Autumn Period of the Zhou Dynasty. It is generally believed by historians that In present-day Luyi County, Henan Province). In politics, Laozi advocates governing by doing nothing and teaching without speaking. In terms of power, Lao Tzu emphasizes the principle that things must be reversed when they reach their extreme. In terms of self-cultivation, Lao Tzu is the ancestor of Taoism's dual cultivation of life and life, which emphasizes the practice of being humble and not competing with others.

4. Mencius. Mencius (approximately 371 BC - 289 BC), Ji's surname was Meng, his given name was Ke, and his name was unknown (Ziyu, Ziju and other names are all from forged books or made up by later generations). )people. Mencius is one of the representatives of the Confucian school, his status is second only to Confucius, and he is also called "Confucius and Mencius" together with Confucius. He promoted "benevolent government" and was the first to put forward the idea of ??"the people are more important than the monarch". Han Yu's "Yuan Dao" listed Mencius as a figure who inherited Confucius' "Taoism" among pre-Qin Confucians. The Yuan Dynasty named Mencius "Ya Shenggong Shuchen" and was honored as "Ya Sheng". "Mencius" is a book of quotation prose. The Collection is a compilation of Mencius's remarks, compiled by Mencius and his disciple ***, and advocates "taking benevolence as the basis".

5. Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi, whose surname was Zhuang, whose given name was Zhou, and whose given name was Zixiu (also known as Zimu), was a native of Meng in the Song Dynasty. His ancestor was Song Daigong, the monarch of the Song Dynasty. Zhuangzi founded Zhuangxue, an important philosophical school in China. After Laozi, he was a representative of the Taoist school during the Warring States Period and one of the main representatives of the Taoist school. Zhuang Zhou did not accept the appointment of King Wei of Chu because he advocated freedom. In his life, he only served as a lacquer garden official in the Song Dynasty. Known as the "Proud Official of Qiyuan" in history, he was hailed as a model for local officials. Zhuangzi was the first to put forward the idea of ??"inner sages and outer kings" which had a profound influence on Confucianism. Zhuangzi had an insight into the theory of changes and profoundly pointed out that "the "Book of Changes" teaches yin and yang"; Zhuangzi's "three sounds" thought is consistent with the three talents in the "Book of Changes". His representative work is "Zhuangzi", among which famous articles include "Xiaoyaoyou", "Equality of Things" and so on. As famous as Lao Tzu, he is called Lao Zhuang.

6. Mozi. Mozi (year of birth and death unknown), named Zhai (dí), was a native of the Song Dynasty in the late Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, and the early Warring States Period. One said he was from Luyang?[5]?, and the other said he was from Teng. Mozi was a descendant of Mu Yi, a nobleman of the Song Dynasty. He served as a doctor of the Song Dynasty during his lifetime.

Mozi was the only philosopher of peasant origin in Chinese history. Mozi founded the Mohist school, which had a great influence in the pre-Qin period and was called "Xianxue" together with Confucianism. He proposed "universal love", "non-aggression", "salvation of the virtuous", "shangtong", "heaven's will", "minggui", "feiming", "feiyue", "sharp burial", "sparing use" ” and other views. With universal love as the core, frugality and respect for the virtuous as the fulcrum. During the Warring States Period, Mozi created a set of scientific theories with outstanding achievements in geometry, physics, and optics.

7. Han Feizi. Han Fei (about 280 BC - 233 BC) was a native of Xinzheng (now Xinzheng City, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province), the capital of South Korea during the Warring States Period. The Legalist doctrine founded by Han Feizi provided a theoretical basis for the birth of China's first unified and authoritarian centralized state. ?[Han Fei loved his motherland deeply, but he was not taken seriously by the King of Han, but the King of Qin sent troops to attack South Korea in order to get Han Fei. After Han Fei entered Qin, he wrote to the King of Qin about his strategy to weaken Qin and protect Han, but in the end he could not be used by the King of Qin. Han Fei was imprisoned because of his impeachment against Yao Jia, the high minister, which caused Yao Jia's revenge. Later Li Si was imprisoned and poisoned. Although Han Feizi died, his Legalist thoughts were reused by King Yingzheng of Qin, who regarded "Han Feizi" as the key to the governance of Qin. Help Qin become rich and powerful, and eventually unify the six countries. Han Fei's thoughts were profound and advanced, and had a profound impact on future generations.

Extended information:

In Chinese history, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the most splendid times of thought and culture, with stars twinkling. During this period, there was an unprecedented academic situation in which hundreds of schools of thought challenged each other and argued with each other, occupying an important position in the history of the development of Chinese thought. According to the records of "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi", there are 189 names of academia with 4324 works. Subsequent books such as Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi and Si Ku Quan Shu General Catalog recorded that there were actually thousands of "philosophical schools of thought". However, there are only ten that are widely spread, influential and famous. In summary, only 10 schools have been developed into schools.

Liu Xin of the Western Han Dynasty removed novelists from his "Qi Lue· Zhu Zi Lue" and called them "Nine Streams". The common name "Ten Schools and Nine Streams" comes from here. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the achievements of various ideological and academic schools complemented the ancient Greek civilization of the same period; the three major philosophical systems represented by Confucius, Laozi, and Mozi formed a prosperous situation where hundreds of schools of thought contended.

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