Characteristics of Shaanxi opera

Shaanxi opera is a plate variant, which can be divided into two kinds: joyful sound and bitter sound. The former is good at expressing cheerful and joyful emotions. The latter is good at expressing grief and sadness. Choose to use it according to the plot and the needs of the characters in the play. There are flexible boards, 26, substitute boards, lifting boards, sharp boards, rolling boards, flower cavities and dragging cavities, which are particularly distinctive. The main musical instrument is banhu, with sharp and crisp pronunciation.

Performance features: Shaanxi Opera originated in Shaanxi and Gansu, and it is popular in Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang. Because it is used to play festivals, it is also called Shaanxi Bangzi. Because Shaanxi is located to the west of Guhanguguan, it was called "Xiqin" in ancient times, so it is also called "Xiqin Opera". Local people also call it Bangzi, Bangzi, Luantan Opera, Zhonglu Qinqiang Opera, Xi Luantan Opera and Henan Opera. There are different opinions about the origin of Qin Opera, which was formed in the three periods of Qin, Tang and Ming. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573- 1620), the legendary fourteenth edition of the manuscript Lotus in the Bowl used the tune of "Two Offenders in Shaanxi Opera", which is the earliest record about Shaanxi Opera. The play is an anonymous work in the south of the Yangtze River, which proves that it spread to the south of the Yangtze River, which is far away from Shaanxi, and it takes time to spread, which proves that the Shaanxi opera should have taken shape in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. According to another survey, the earliest Shaanxi Opera Society in Ming Dynasty was Huaqing Society founded by Zhou Zhiren, which was once famous in Shaanxi and Gansu. Later, Shaanxi Opera developed into East, West, South, North and Middle Road, and evolved into East, South and Middle Road in Gansu. Influenced by local dialects and folk music, each Shaanxi opera is slightly different in pronunciation, aria and music. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Shaanxi, the east, the west and the south of Shaanxi, and Gansu's Shaanxi are underdeveloped, and Guanzhong in Shaanxi has taken its place, occupying an absolute advantage in the whole northwest region. The aria of Shaanxi Opera is wide and loud, straight up and down. It has the characteristics of deep and tragic style, lingering, delicate and soft, brisk and lively, sad and euphemistic, and sad and beautiful, and is deeply loved by the broad masses of the people. The role of Shaanxi Opera is said to be "thirteen doors and twenty-eight categories". Old students can be divided into three categories, namely, security workers, declining workers, handyman, handyman, shaman-wearing workers, robe-wearing workers and red workers. Young students can be divided into pheasant-tailed students, students wearing gauze hats, poor students, military students, young people and the elderly. Zheng Dan is divided into cuff Tsing Yi and python wearing Tsing Yi, while Xiao Dan is divided into boudoir Dan, Peking Opera Blues and Hua Dan. Each character has its own unique style and specialty. Its performance skills are simple, simple, rough, delicate, profound and beautiful, moving people with emotion, full of exaggeration, strong flavor of life, rigorous programs and rich skills. Characters and stunts include riding a horse, pulling a shelf, spitting fire, blowing fire, spitting fire, shoulder and back skills, sharp skills, feather skills, sleeve skills, fan skills, snuff, dome light, grinding teeth, playing with fire sticks, falling, chewing, teetering, fangs, hat and wing skills and so on. The facial makeup of Shaanxi Opera pays attention to solemnity, generosity, cleanliness, vividness and beauty, with three primary colors as the main color, middle color as the auxiliary color, flat painting as the main color and contrast color as the auxiliary color, so transition colors are rarely used. In terms of expressing characters, it is characterized by loyalty, blackness, powder rape and magic, and its style is mainly characterized by rough lines, bold style, bright colors, strong contrast, thick eyebrows and magnificent patterns. The facial makeup of Shaanxi Opera has a long history. Kang Hai's facial makeup of Ming Dynasty unearthed in Shaanxi Wugong is the earliest facial makeup of Shaanxi Opera. Shaanxi and Gansu provinces have formed different performance styles, so there are many schools on Facebook. For example, there are Longnan facial makeup, Longdong facial makeup, and "Geng facial makeup" representing Gansu Middle Road, and different facial makeup of Shaanxi Opera has also been formed. There are tens of thousands of repertoires performed by Shaanxi Opera, and most of the traditional repertoires come from folk literati, with a wide range of topics and complex contents. Due to the age, there are many scattered books. According to the statistics of the former Shaanxi Repertory Theatre (now the provincial art research institute) from 65438 to 0958, there are only about 3000 copies left. These dramas are mainly tragedies and dramas that reflect historical events, and dramas that show folk life and love and marriage account for a certain proportion. Most historical dramas are the legend of heroes or tragic stories based on foreign countries, the Three Kingdoms, Yang Jiajiang and Yue Shuo, among which there are three kingdoms 108 and Yang Jiajiang 85. Other themes include myths, folk stories and various case-solving dramas. After the Revolution of 1911, more than 30 playwrights of Hehe wrote more than 550 plays, among which Sun, Gao Peizhi, Li and Li Yuezhi made the highest achievements. Among these plays, there are Three Returns, Three Drops of Blood, Golden Pagoda, Double Brocade, Soft Jade Screen, By the Cabinet and so on. In addition, a number of modern Shaanxi opera playwrights have emerged in the revolutionary border areas, with more than 200 plays, among which Ma Jianling is the most successful. His representative works include Revenge of Blood and Tears, Family, Hatred of the Poor, etc. After the founding of New China, the adapted plays include You Gui Shan, You West Lake, Three Drops of Blood, Zhao Orphan, Yuan, Po, Si Zi, Legend of the White Snake, Famen Temple and Burning Yangzhou.

Form of performance

The lyrics structure of Shaanxi Opera is a homogeneous style, and there are seven sentences and cross sentences commonly used, that is, the whole lyrics are arranged in Shaanxi Opera stills like a blank poem with seven words.

Clean and tidy. Corresponding to the lyrics is the tune, and the musical structure of Shaanxi Opera can be summarized as the process of "breaking the board-adagio-from the medium board to the urgent board-ending", that is, the rhythm of playing the board changes from slow to slightly fast and extremely fast, and then gradually slows down before ending, and finally ends. The singer unfolds the story layer by layer according to this step-by-step rhythm. So how to change the rhythm? This is precisely the role played by the "Luban" who sings in the Shaanxi Opera. Shaanxi opera belongs to a variety of plate-type operas, and there are six plates, namely, 26 plates, adagio, ribbon plate, backboard, two-inverted plate and curling plate. 26 boards are two "six boards", and a six board needs to knock six bangzi, all of which are strong shots. Other kinds of plates are made by acceleration, deceleration and free rotation. In this way, artists can express their feelings in different rhythms according to the needs of the plot. Another feature of Shaanxi opera singing is "color tone", which is sung in falsetto and octave, and is often used in places where the characters are emotional and the plot is ups and downs. Among them, Tuqiang must be classified as "An" rhyme, which is full and vivid, and it is also obviously different from other operas. In addition, the singing of Shaanxi Opera can be divided into joyful sound and bitter sound. As the name implies, Yin Huan is good at expressing cheerful emotions; Bitter sounds are suitable for expressing grief and sadness. All these require the performer to grasp the script, in order to better express the emotion of assisting singing. The accompaniment of Qin opera is divided into two fields: sub-field and Wu field. The instruments used are banhu, erhu, flute, sanxian, pipa, dulcimer, suona, sea flute, pipe, tuba (trumpet) and so on. There are drums, dry drums, hall drums, sentence gongs, small gongs, horse gongs, cymbals, hinges and bangzi in the martial arts field. Of course, the most important musical instrument in Qin Opera is Banhu, and its sharp and crisp pronunciation can best reflect the characteristics of the changes of Qin Opera plates. The role of Shaanxi Opera is divided into four students, six Dan, two clean and one ugly, and there are thirteen doors, also known as "thirteen nets". When you sing, you must sing duets from many angles, such as Sheng, Tsing Yi, Lao Sheng, Hua Lian. Therefore, it is also called "disorderly singing". Some people praise the Qin Opera for its "exciting sounds and sour ears, which makes people's blood and blood turbulent", precisely because of the characteristics of its performance. The performance of Shaanxi Opera is simple, rough, delicate and profound, touching and full of exaggeration. After the Revolution of 1911, Yi Sushe was founded in Xi 'an, specializing in Shaanxi Opera, determined to reform, and absorbed the nutrition of Peking Opera and other operas. His singing changed from high-pitched and passionate to soft and beautiful, which not only retained the original style, but also incorporated new styles.

Artistic feature

It is characterized by high excitement and extreme haste. In particular, the singing voice of Hua Lian is even louder, and the locals call it "earning a broken head." Foreigner joke: "singing Shaanxi opera, first, the stage should be strong to avoid collapse;" Second, actors should be healthy and avoid getting sick; Third, the audience should be bold and not be scared. " Folk songs as evidence: the folk customs are simple and tough, and the face of Shaanxi opera is piercing. The audience was so happy that they were not afraid that the stage shed would turn over. The aria of Shaanxi Opera consists of "Lu Ban" and "Cai Qiang", and each part is divided into joyful sound and bitter sound. Bitter tune can best represent the characteristics of Shaanxi opera, which is deep, sad and impassioned, and is suitable for expressing grief, resentment, nostalgia and sadness; Yin Huan is cheerful, lively, full of energy and strength, and is good at expressing joy, cheerfulness and heartfelt feelings. There are six basic types of plank road: board 26, flexible board, arrow board, inverted board, belt board and rolling board. Color cavity, commonly known as two tones of an octave, is often used in places where the characters' feelings are agitated and the plot development is ups and downs. It can be divided into four categories: slow board cavity, double-inverted board cavity, substitute board cavity and back board cavity. All plate vocals are voiced by real people; They all use falsetto. Xu Sheng, Tsing Yi, Lao Sheng, Lao Dan and Hualien all sang in Shaanxi Opera, which is called "disorderly singing". There is a folk saying that "Dong 'an Anxi Adagio, xi 'an sings well at will". Before the end of the Qing Dynasty, Qin Opera, also known as Xi Luantan, was named after its two people. Some big boards have horns, which are dozens of sentences long. For example, in "The West Wing", Xian Di's crying sounds are all sweeping the strings, and he has to sing more than 50 sentences, paying attention to the natural and beautiful singing, which is called "crisp board sweeping the strings" by the people. Forty-eight tones in Lower Hedong should be sung in rows; Seventy-two lines of "Chop Li Guang" can no longer be sung. Hualian pays attention to "Jiang Yin" and "Ao Yin" in singing. If it is difficult to sing when raising, those who can become famous. Qinqiang Qupai can be divided into six categories: strings, suona, Haidi, Guan Sheng, Kunqu opera and divertimento, mainly strings and suona Qupai. The musical accompaniment of Qin Opera is called the "bravery" of Qin Opera. The pianist plays an important role in the Shaanxi Opera Troupe and often sits in the middle of the stage. Accompaniment music is good at playing the old tune, and the pitch is "three-eye tone", which was changed to the tone change (that is, pull down) after the 1930s. The performance of Shaanxi Opera is unique, and the role system has four lines: life, Dan, purity and ugliness, and each line is divided into many kinds, which are collectively called "Thirteen Nets". Generally speaking, a three-way role system with "four beams and four pillars" as the backbone should be established according to the business. The main characters include Xu Sheng, Hua Lian, and the secondary roles include, Uncle Sheng, Lian, and the clown. The other roles Lao Dan and Laosheng are all three roles. The best of all roles can be top grade, and the others are supporting roles. Troupe with superior conditions often pay big money to invite famous actors. All walks of life can, Wen; Martial arts, Kunming and Chaos are all generalists, who are good at handling, that is, the so-called "playing the burden" or "eating a full stomach". The performance skills of Shaanxi Opera are very rich, with all kinds of characters and stunts, such as riding a horse, pulling a shelf, spitting fire, jumping down, sweeping snuff, playing with fire sticks, carrying a gun, holding a dome light, grinding teeth and turning a chair. The performance skills of fairy drama are more peculiar and colorful. For example, The Yellow River Array uses five magic props. Measure the sky ruler, turn over the sky, can cast a long string of fireworks, and gold scissors can fly out of butterflies. In addition, Hualien pays attention to scaffolder to show its heroic spirit and is called "shelf" by the masses. The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On June 8, 2007, Shaanxi xi Qinqiang Theatre won the first Cultural Heritage Day Award from the Ministry of Culture. The lyrics structure of Qin Opera is seven-character style, with common seven-character sentences and cross-sentences, that is, the whole lyrics are arranged neatly like a seven-character blank poem. Corresponding to the lyrics are tunes, and the musical structure of Shaanxi Opera can be summarized as Shaanxi Opera.

The process of "loose board-adagio-from medium board to urgent board-final board" means that the rhythm of playing the board changes from slow to slightly fast, to extremely fast, and gradually slows down before the final board, and finally ends. The singer unfolds the story layer by layer according to this step-by-step rhythm. So how to change the rhythm? This is precisely the role played by the "Luban" who sings in the Shaanxi Opera. Shaanxi opera belongs to a variety of plate-type operas, and there are six plates, namely, 26 plates, adagio, ribbon plate, backboard, two-inverted plate and curling plate. 26 boards are two "six boards", and a six board needs to knock six bangzi, all of which are strong shots. Other kinds of plates are made by acceleration, deceleration and free rotation. In this way, artists can express their feelings in different rhythms according to the needs of the plot. Another feature of Shaanxi opera singing is "color tone", which is sung in falsetto and octave, and is often used in places where the characters are emotional and the plot is ups and downs. Among them, Tuqiang must be classified as "An" rhyme, which is full and vivid, and it is also obviously different from other operas. In addition, the singing of Shaanxi Opera can be divided into joyful sound and bitter sound. As the name implies, Yin Huan is good at expressing cheerful emotions; Bitter sounds are suitable for expressing grief and sadness. All these require the performer to grasp the script, in order to better express the emotion of assisting singing. The accompaniment of Qin opera is divided into two fields: sub-field and Wu field. The instruments used are banhu, erhu, flute, sanxian, pipa, dulcimer, suona, sea flute, pipe, tuba (trumpet) and so on. There are drums, dry drums, hall drums, sentence gongs, small gongs, horse gongs, cymbals, hinges and bangzi in the martial arts field. Of course, the most important musical instrument in Qin Opera is Banhu, and its sharp and crisp pronunciation can best reflect the characteristics of the changes of Qin Opera plates. The role of Shaanxi Opera is divided into four students, six Dan, two clean and one ugly, and there are thirteen doors, also known as "thirteen nets". When you sing, you must sing duets from many angles, such as Sheng, Tsing Yi, Lao Sheng, Hua Lian. Therefore, it is also called "disorderly singing". Some people praise the Qin Opera for its "exciting sounds and sour ears, which makes people's blood and blood turbulent", precisely because of the characteristics of its performance. The performance of Shaanxi Opera is simple, rough, delicate and profound, touching and full of exaggeration. After the Revolution of 1911, Yi Sushe was founded in Xi 'an, specializing in Shaanxi Opera, determined to reform, and absorbed the nutrition of Peking Opera and other operas. His singing changed from high-pitched and passionate to soft and beautiful, which not only retained the original style, but also incorporated new styles.