On the Language of China's Ancient Poetry

Linguistic features of ancient poetry;

1. Fresh

Its characteristics are novel language and unconventional. Freshness is generally used in landscape poetry. Generally, the poetic style is distinct, the language is popular, the metaphor is novel and unique, and it contains the author's joy.

Freshness is very common among pastoral poets. For example, Tao Qian's poems are mainly plain and sometimes fresh, while Wang Wei's and Meng Haoran's poems are relatively fresh. Another example is Du Fu's quatrain: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " Four kinds of scenery, dynamic scenery, static scenery, gorgeous colors and fresh and vivid language are written in four sentences.

dreary

Or plain, it chooses the exact words to describe directly, and they are all sketched, unadorned, true, profound and approachable. But plain doesn't mean simple and shabby, plain is different from mediocrity and plain. Technically speaking, it is a simple expression of deep feelings and rich thoughts. Plain and thoughtful often reflects the writer's real kung fu. As Wang Anshi said, it seems the most bizarre, but in fact it is easy to achieve but difficult. Tao Yuanming was the first one who was plain, and not many people could write his poems plain.

For example, Mei Yu Sheng's "Dongxi" "Savages sleep on the shore and have leisure, and old trees have no ugly branches." Watching the performance in the muddy park, the language is simple and plain.

Gorgeous.

It is characterized by rich rhetoric, gorgeous literary talent and fantastic feelings.

For example, Li Shangyin's poems. Another example is the moonlight in the pine forest and the crystal stone in the stream in Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains. The sentence of "the sound of bamboo songs returns to the woman, and the lotus leaves are collected before the fishing boat", the first couplet is elegant in color and beautiful in image; The latter couplet is colorful and vivid.

Be lively.

It is particularly direct, clear, frank and provocative. Just don't beat around the bush and hit the nail on the head. Nothing is brighter than Bai Juyi. For example, his memory of Jiangnan.

Be subtle.

Sometimes it is also called implicature, especially implicature. It is often not a direct description, but a tortuous talk. What is said here is intentional, or cited without sending, or intentional, so that readers can appreciate it.

For example, Du Mu's quatrains and Li Qingzhao's later poems. Another example is "Yangzhou Slow", "Reading red medicine by the bridge, who knows who to live for every year?" In a word, on the surface, it is a question about the peony beside the bridge, but in fact it implicitly writes the depression and coldness of Yangzhou after the invasion of nomads from the Golden Army.

terse

Especially neat and concise.

For example, in Jia Dao's "Leave", when I asked your student under a pine tree, he replied, "My teacher went to collect medicine." . However, through these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing? . "The poem asks the question-"Where is the teacher going? ""Where are the herbs collected? "Omit all, the whole poem is completed with a question and answer sentence. There are only twenty crosses in the whole poem, which is quite concise.

terse

It is required to use as few words as possible to express rich content, and the language should be accurate, vivid and vivid.

For example, the word "horizontal" in Chen Ziang's "Send David to the Army" describes the importance of the geographical location of Yanmen Mountain, which is located in the north of Daizhou; The word "knot" not only vividly depicts the preciseness of flying fox jam, but also points out that flying fox jam is integrated with Yunzhong County. The language is quite concise.

8. vivid

The words used make the scene vivid.

For example, the word "Noisy" in Song Qi's "Jade House in Spring" and "Red Apricot Branches in Spring" describes the beautiful and lively scene of red flowers blooming in spring. The word "noisy" is quite vivid.

9. meaningful

The meaning is deep and chewy. For example, Chen Ziang's poems on the Youzhou rostrum are in front of me the lost times. Behind me, where is the next generation? . I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, tears fell down! "

10. Gong Li

"Work" is double neatness, and "reason" is literature. For example, Du Fu's quatrains, "When the sun sets, it is beautiful, and the flowers and plants are fragrant in the spring breeze. Mud melts and swallows fly, sand warms and mandarin ducks sleep. " Like a colorful meticulous painting, fresh and beautiful.

1 1. Natural

It means artificial, not painted, not piled. For example, the sentence "Spring grass grows in the pond" in Xie Lingyun's "Climbing the pond upstairs" naturally shows vitality and is very meaningful.

How to appreciate and evaluate the language of ancient poetry

1. Pay attention to the adjustment of sentence order and word order.

Ancient poetry pays attention to levelness, antithesis and rhyme. Sometimes, in order to meet the requirements of metrical rules, or to obtain special expression effects, word order and word order have to be changed, which brings trouble to reading comprehension. When reading, it will be much easier to understand if these changed words and sentences are analyzed and adjusted. For example, in Su Shi's Huanxisha, "jujube flower" should be the subject, "Luo" should be the predicate, "skirt" should be the object of falling, and "Sasha Vujacic" should be the adverbial in the sentence, so the word order of this sentence should be: "jujube flower falls off the skirt".

Another example is "Every tree in Hanyang becomes crystal clear, and Nautilus Island is a nest of sweet grass" in the Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao. The logical structure should be "the Hanyang trees in Qingchuan are vivid and the grass in Parrot Island is lush". After this transformation, it is much easier to understand. In terms of language structure, inversion sentences generally emphasize.

Think about it. Are there any similar poems? Please write them (not less than two sentences).

Tip: There are seven or eight stars in the sky, two or three points before the rainy mountain. /Chicken Tiaodian Moon, Banqiao Frost/fragrant rice pecking at parrot grains, Biwuqi Laofengzhi/Zhuyu Laundry Girl returning, Lotus leaves before fishing boat. Affectionate Ying Xiao Wo was born early. /Independent cold autumn, Xiangjiang North, Orange Island. /The apes on both sides of the Taiwan Strait can't stop crying, and the canoe has crossed Chung Shan Man.

2. Pay attention to the connection between the upper and lower sentences

In ancient poetry, some sentences need to be analyzed in conjunction with the upper and lower sentences.

For example, in Xin Qiji's "Xijiang Moon", "The old Maodian was at the edge of the forest, and the road turned to Xitou." In the old society, Maodian was a scene of "first sight". The time of "first sight" was when the road turned to Xitou, and "community forest side" was where Maodian was. This is very easy to understand. The upper and lower sentences are linked and analyzed: "The road turns to Xitou, and suddenly I see the old Maodian near the forest in the community."

Please write a few more similar sentences:

Hint: Wu, Qiu, give them to the little boy and exchange them for good wine./Give them to our boys and girls, poor little baby, too young to know where the capital is. /I saw the red medicine by the bridge. Do you know who to give it to every year? /Look at the mountain, the jungle is dyed, the river is clear, and there is no battle. 3. Grasp the key words

In some poetic sentences, one or two words play a key role. If the meaning of these keywords is clear, it will be easy to understand this sentence. For example, Li Qingzhao's "Sound Slow" has such a sentence: "How can it be dark when you are looking out of the window?" Among them, "how to live" is the key word, and "how to live" is an idiom in poetry, meaning "how" and "how". "How dark" means "How dark". Another example is Du Mu's "Walking on the Mountain", "Stop and sit in love with the late maple forest, and the frost leaves are red in February", in which "sitting" in the previous sentence is the key word to understand this poem. In the context of context, "sitting" should be interpreted as "because". If understood as a verb, it is difficult to understand the logical relationship between the upper and lower sentences. At the same time, the language of poetry is "the language of poets", that is to say, the language of poetry is different from other stylistic terms, and the appreciation of poetry language and images in the college entrance examination is mainly at the language level. Need to focus on the following aspects.

(1) verb:

When appreciating poetry, we should pay attention to verbs, especially "polysemous" verbs. For example:

Which verbs are vividly used in the following poems? Please briefly analyze:

(1) Why does Qiangdi resent the willow? The spring breeze is not in Yumenguan. ("Liangzhou Ci" Wang Zhihuan)

A:

Analysis: Resentment uses personification, which is not only the emotion in the song, but also the heart of the piper.

Petals fell like tears, and lonely birds sang their sadness. ("Spring Hope" Du Fu)

A:

Analysis: The words "splash" and "shock" are not only fresh words, but also add to the poet's inner pain of hating others.

The mist of Yungu and Menggu hangs over Yueyang City. (Meng Haoran's "Giving the Prime Minister Zhang Crossing Dongting Lake")

A:

Analysis: "steaming" and "shaking" are somewhat exaggerated.

(4) the rain is too light and wet, and the wind is too thin. ("Suburban Xing" Wang Bo)

A:

Analysis: "Wet" means "light" and "sparse" means "shadow", which is unusual in itself. Wang Bo described the short-lasting spring rain. After sunrise, there was no rain on the flowers, and it was even wetter under the sunlight, so the word "wet" was extremely accurate. The word "light" is full of energy, so the word "light" is affectionate. The wind stopped, and under the sunshine, the night shadow was clear and sparse, and the word "sparse" appeared, indicating the sunshine from the leaf shadow. It is written completely according to the lifestyle and looks very poetic. The words here are wonderful.

⑵ Modifiers: mostly adjectives, which are also the focus of attention in poetry appreciation. For example:

Which words are used well in the following poems? Please briefly analyze:

The Yellow River is far above the white clouds. It is an isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain. ("Liangzhou Ci" Wang Zhihuan)

A:

Analysis: a word "lonely" describes the loneliness of the environment and can directly reach people's hearts.

(2) At night with the wind, things are moistened silently. ("Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night" Du Fu)

A:

Analysis: "essence", continuous pulse, describes the timing of natural occurrence, the closest.

3 boudoir young married women do not know how to worry, spring makeup. Suddenly I saw the green willows, and I felt uncomfortable; Oh, I regret that I shouldn't have asked my husband to find Hou Feng. ("in my heart forever" Wang Changling)

A:

Analysis: The first two sentences write that the young woman is dressed up and rushes to the Cuilou to enjoy the spring scenery. At this time, the author used a word "suddenly", which means casual and just right. What she met was the willow color that broke into her eyes, which reminded her of the scene of seeing her husband off, and she couldn't help but feel sad when she thought of him. This is a young woman with a childish face. A word "suddenly" vividly describes this emotional change, which is intriguing.

⑶ Special words: In poetry, some words are different in themselves.

① Reduplication: Reduplication has only two functions, namely, enhancing the sense of rhythm of language or playing an emphasis role. For example:

The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River. (The first part of Liu Yuxi's Zhi Zhu Ci)

Thousands of families always trade new peaches for old ones. ("Yuan Ri" Wang Anshi)

Looking around, lonely and sad. ("Slow Whispering" Li Qingzhao)

② Onomatopoeic words: Some onomatopoeic words are reduplicated words, so they are listed separately because of their high frequency. Functions can make poetry more vivid and make people feel immersive. For example:

Outside the curtain, the rain is gurgling, and the spring is fading away. Luo Gan can't stand the cold of five seasons ("Langtaosha" by Li Yu), and the leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, while I watch the long river roll forward all the time. ("Ascending the Mountain" Du Fu)

Words expressing colors: These words are sometimes used as predicates, sometimes as attributes, and sometimes as subjects or objects. But there is only one function. Color generally expresses mood, enhances the color sense and picture sense of description, and renders the atmosphere. When appreciating, you can grasp the following points:

● Grasp the words that can express the tone, and experience the rich artistic meaning and distinctive rhythm of poetry, such as:

"Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky." The four colors of yellow, emerald, white and cyan are patchy, extending from point and line to infinite space, and the picture moves silently, full of distinct three-dimensional rhythm. )

● Grasp the words that can show sharp contrast and appreciate emotional concentration in poetry, such as:

"The streamer is easy to throw people, and the red cherry and green banana." (the red and green roads sigh that the time sequence is in a hurry and spring is fleeting. ).)

Grasp the words expressed in a single color, and you can also understand the poet's affection, such as:

"Recalling the blue silk clothes, I pity the grass everywhere."

"Whoever is drunk in the frost forest at dawn always makes people cry!"

Pity and hurt feelings are both in "Young" and "Drunken Red". ) Another example is:

Ten miles after the spring breeze, the wheat is green. ("Yangzhou Slow" Jiang Kui)

Lotus root is fragrant, and jade is lingering in autumn. (Li Qingzhao, pruning plums) The green grass in spring stained the steps, and the birds sang happily under the leaves. ("Shu Xiang" Du Fu) 4 Quantifiers: Only by carefully selecting and refining quantifiers can we produce rich and meaningful poems.

For example, "One piece, two pieces, three or four pieces, five pieces, six pieces, seven pieces, eight pieces, ninety pieces, a thousand pieces and countless pieces are all missing when flying into the reed flower."

In Yu Xin's Xiao Yuan Fu, "one inch and two inches of fish, three poles and two poles of bamboo", the predecessors called it "indulging in reading".

For example, in the former deep Xue Cun, some branches bloomed last night. Zheng Gu changed the phrase "several flowers blossom" in Miracle's poem "Early Plum" to "one flower blossom", so Miracle worshipped Zheng Gu as the "word teacher".

For another example, according to a poem in the Notes on Old Learning in the Study by Sheng Confucian in the Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Juxuan said: "When the water is half flowing, it rains at night, and the trees begin to blossom, where will spring come?" Yuan Yishan thought that since he pointed out "a tree", he could not say "where", which was doubtful, and a plum tree was by no means early, so he changed "a tree" to "when". ⑤ Function words: In classical poetry, function words, after proper tempering, can achieve aesthetic effects such as dredging literary style, opening and closing echoes, melodious twists and turns, activating emotional charm, and turning stagnation into flow.

Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are good at using the famous sentence "The sunset is lonely in Qi Fei, the autumn water is * * * the sky is one color" and Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting. If the words "and" and * * * "are removed, the color will be greatly reduced. The first sentence of Ouyang Xiu's "Ji Jin Tang Ji" was originally "the official to the general, and the wealth came home", which was handed down from generation to generation. Step 4 pay attention to allusions

Rhetoric is widely used in ancient poetry. If we don't pay attention to the analysis of figures of speech, we will often encounter insurmountable obstacles when reading ancient poems. For example, in Liu Yuxi's "Zhuzhici", "The east rises and the west falls, and the road is sunny and sunny." Here, "sunny" and "sunny" of rain are used to imply emotional "sentiment", which is actually "Tao is heartless and people have feelings". For example, Wang Changling's "Bright Moon in Qin Dynasty, Customs in Han Dynasty" can be understood as the moon in Qin and Han Dynasties in an intertextual way. According to the customs of Qin and Han Dynasties, if you don't know the use of intertextual rhetoric, you will make mistakes in understanding. Therefore, we must attach importance to the analysis of figures of speech when we understand ancient poetry sentences.

Please name some famous poems with puns and intertextuality:

A:

Intertextuality: My road is covered with petals-I haven't cleaned it for others, and my thatched cottage door has been closed-but it is open for you now. /Open my Dongting Gate and sit on my Xiting bed. /Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant. /I, the master, have dismounted and my guest has boarded his ship. /Qin Shimingyue Han Shiguan

Pun: bow your head and take lotus seeds, as clear as water. /sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny but sunny. I lost my pride, Yang Jun lost her willow, and the willow went straight to the sky.

5. Pay attention to comparison

Paying attention to contrast is very beneficial to reading and understanding ancient poems and sentences. For example, in Li Bai's "Farewell to Friends", "Blue Line on the North Mountain" and "Castle Peak" and "Northland" in the sentence, and "Castle Peak" is bigger than "Northland", how can it cross the "Northland"? Such a comparison will raise doubts and force us to solve them. In fact, the author reversed the word order for the sake of leveling, which should be "the north country is separated by green hills" and "the frost leaves are redder than February flowers" in Du Mu's Mountain Walk. Pay attention to the contrast between "February flowers" and "frost leaves" when reading, and you can feel the fiery red of maple leaves under autumn frost. The red here is not the red of a leaf (February flower), but the red of mountains and rivers and forests. Through this contrast, we can feel the vitality of this maple forest written by the author.