Zhang heng's quality

In the course of 62 years' life, Kesheng Zhang Heng spent 34 years in Nanyang. He was diligent and studious, thoughtful, intelligent and modest, and diligent in learning. According to historical records, he reached the position of "mastering the Five Classics and Six Arts" in his youth. In order to seek deeper knowledge, he not only read books written by predecessors, but also read some "living books" to broaden his horizons. So in 94 AD, when he was 16 years old, he went to study in Sanfu area of Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng stepped across the plains, climbed mountains and waded across the Weihe River. Visit people's feelings, ask about products and look for historical sites. I have enjoyed famous mountains and rivers, magnificent buildings and people's feelings. It not only deepened the understanding of predecessors' book knowledge, but also accumulated a lot of literary materials, which laid a solid foundation for future creation. Later, I went to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the academic center of the whole country, to visit my teachers and friends, to ask for advice modestly, and to meet many scholars and like-minded friends, with a broad vision and a stronger thirst for knowledge. At that time, Zhang Heng's family was not rich, but no matter in the winter when the north wind roared and dripping into ice, or in the summer when mosquitoes bitten and sweated, he was immersed in the ocean of learning day and night, and spent spring, summer, autumn and winter. Because Zhang Heng was diligent and studious, with excellent moral character and outstanding talent, the court competed to call him an official. However, Zhang Heng is open-minded and not bound by traditional ideas. It is not enough to cultivate "filial piety", and the government can't name it. He said: "A gentleman does not suffer from disrespectful position, but from disrespectful morality; Don't be ashamed of disagreement with Lu, but be ashamed of wisdom. "

Be successful in your studies and serve your hometown

After six years of hard study abroad, Zhang Heng has become a veritable young scholar. When he is successful in his studies, he has a desire to go back to his hometown to do some business and serve his hometown. At that time, Nanyang county magistrate Baode was a diligent and loving official. He appreciated Zhang Heng's talent very much, and sincerely invited Zhang Heng to be the monarch of Nanyang County to help him deal with the county administration. In A.D. 100, Zhang Heng accepted Balder's invitation and became the princess book of Nanyang County. During his nine years in office, he helped Baode manage Nanyang, popularized iron farm tools, built water conservancy and education, expanded education and improved the level of science and technology, which made outstanding contributions to the economic prosperity and scientific and educational development of Nanyang at that time. Zhang Heng helped Baode to deal with the county administration well during his tenure as the monarch of Nanyang. At the same time, he wrote many excellent literary works in his spare time, the most famous of which were Fu to the Second Capital and Fu to the Capital. With full passion, he praised Nanyang's beautiful mountains and rivers, clear water, convenient transportation, fertile land, rich products, precious mineral deposits, gorgeous palaces, spectacular pavilions, anecdotes of celebrities, economic prosperity and historical origins, and expressed his love for Nanyang's hometown.

With the help of Zhang Heng, Baode has made outstanding achievements. In 108, he was transferred to Beijing as a senior farmer. Zhang Heng resigned as the magistrate of Nanyang County and returned to his hometown in western Hubei Province to concentrate on his studies. From his love of literature, he began to study astronomy, calendar, mathematics and other disciplines, which laid a solid foundation for his many inventions in the future.

Astronomical science has made outstanding contributions.

In A.D.11/year, Zhang Heng was called to Beijing to worship the doctor first, and then served as an official in charge of astronomy twice, from 65438 to 2004. During this period and later in his official career, his scientific research achievements reached the peak of his life.

Astronomy is the most mysterious of all disciplines, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. Since entering civilized society, human wise men have been exploring and trying to understand and master its laws. Through arduous scientific experiments and theoretical research, Zhang Heng established the most systematic and complete theoretical system of Huntian Theory, which was of advanced significance not only in China at that time, but also in the world. He made outstanding contributions to the formation, development and dissemination of Huntian Theory.

In A.D. 1 17, Zhang Heng created a large-scale "water leakage instrument" based on the theory of the sky and the actual observation of the celestial phenomena, which was driven by dripping water from a leaking kettle. This is the world's first instrument to automatically demonstrate the Sunday motion of stars and the sun. It is a hollow copper ball, and its axis passes through the center of the ball. The two points where the axis intersects the sphere are the North Pole and the South Pole. The sphere is covered with horizon and meridian circle, and the ecliptic circle and equatorial circle are erected to form an included angle of 24 degrees, including 24 solar terms. The instrument relies entirely on the power of water flowing from the leaky kettle to push the gear, thus driving the elephant to rotate around the clock. The appearance of the stars on the instrument is completely consistent with the astronomical phenomena, vividly revealing the Sunday movements of the sun, the moon, the stars and the morning. The success and accurate demonstration of the armillary sphere sensationalized the whole capital, and the audience was in an endless stream, all of which were amazed. ? Rolling? This invention not only summarizes the achievements and experiences of ancient astronomy, but also makes deliberate innovation and successful application of scientific instruments, which has great inspiration and reference for future astronomical research. What is every star on the armillary sphere? Rolling? The crystallization of hard work and sweat will always radiate brilliant light. Zhang Heng not only invented and created the world's first armillary sphere, but also wrote the immortal astronomical classics Lingxian and Annotation on Armillary sphere in the history of the world. The book comprehensively expounds the generation and structure of heaven and earth, and scientifically explains the essence and movement of the sun, moon, stars and morning. These two books fully reflect? Rolling? Understanding of celestial evolution, infinite universe thought, Huntian theory, planetary motion law, explanation of solar eclipse, star observation results, etc. These two masterpieces exploring the mysteries of nature, like two bright stars, twinkle in the long history of ancient astronomical science in China.

Earthquake research has made amazing inventions.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, China was a country with frequent earthquakes. In order to determine the earthquake orientation and reduce people's pain and loss, Zhang Heng paid attention to collecting and mastering earthquake information and records after he became the second official in 126. After years of painstaking research, he finally understood the first scientific instrument for determining earthquake orientation in 132. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Rolling? Biography records: "In the first year of Yangjia, the seismograph was rebuilt, made of fine copper, with a round diameter of eight feet, covered with a bulge, shaped like a wine bottle, decorated with turtles, birds and animals. All of them are pillars, eight-way, and the engine is turned off. There are eight dragons outside. The first one is a copper pill, and the next one is a toad. Open your mouth and accept it. Its teeth are cleverly made, all hidden in bottles, and the coverage is endless. If there is an earthquake, the bottle will shake the dragon machine and spit out the pill, and the toad will take it. The vibration was so exciting that the waiters noticed it. Although Yilong started the engine, Qige didn't move, and the air was full of places that knew about the earthquake. Test it with something, it is like a god. Since it is recorded in the book, it is nothing. " In AD 138, Zhang Heng's seismograph spit out a copper ball at the dragon in the northwest, and an earthquake was detected in the northwest. At that time, Beijingers couldn't feel the earthquake at all, and some bureaucrats and scholars talked about it one after another, blaming the instrument for being ineffective. A few days later, Longxi reported that there had been an earthquake, and the time coincided with the dragon spitting copper balls. Everyone praised the magic of the seismograph. The seismograph invented by Zhang Heng is the first one in human history, which opens a new era of earthquake science. He is a pioneer of human beings engaged in earthquake science research in the world and is recognized as the originator of seismology in the world. His invention predates Europe by 1700 years. Zhang Heng invented the seismograph that shocked the world and once again reached the peak of science.

Mechanical manufacturing has achieved fruitful results.

No matter when and where, Zhang Heng can show people his brilliance with his extraordinary creation. He once again showed the genius of the world with his excellent mechanical manufacturing.

The "South Guide Car" made by Zhang Heng is composed of two-wheeled single-wheeled vehicles by using the mechanical principle and the transmission function of gears. The trunk adopts a gear system with automatic clutch, and a woodcut fairy is placed on the upper layer of the trunk shell. No matter which direction the car rotates, the woodcut fairy's outstretched arm points south. Zhang Heng's applied theory about gear train and relative motion is praised by western scholars as "the originator of all cybernetic machines".

Zhang Heng's "drum car in the meter" is a machine used to calculate mileage. According to "Notes on Ancient and Modern Times", "I remember that the car inside was on the second floor, with Woodenhead. One mile played drums on the lower floor, and ten miles made bracelets on the upper floor". The manufacturing methods of "drum car" and "guide car" are the same, and the principle of differential gear used is 1800 years earlier than that in the west.

Zhang Heng's "Ruilun pod" (that is, the event calendar) has a built-in mechanism. A vertical shaft is equipped with 15 paddles, which act on 15 pods in turn, lifting and lowering in time. Using hydraulic movement, turn out one leaf every day from the beginning of the month, and turn out another leaf every day after 15 days until the moon sets. This is the earliest timer in the world.

The "Single Woodcarving" created by Zhang Heng is a mechanical plane. It is a wide and long gliding wing design, imitating birds flying high in the sky. It can be used and controlled to fly for miles through the abdomen. This invention predates foreign mechanical aircraft 1500 years.

Zhang Heng's "Meteorometer" (bronze waiting bird) is an instrument for forecasting wind direction in meteorology. Similar to the western waiting chicken. However, it was not until the12nd century that the waiting for chickens in the west was recorded, which was more than 1000 years later than Zhang Heng's waiting for bronze birds.

Zhang Heng has made many achievements in mechanical manufacturing, made outstanding contributions and written a brilliant page in the history of world scientific development.

Virtue is lofty and admirable.

"Gavin's first job is to go to school and help the country and the people."

"Today's childe if good suppression of people for entertainment, forget the people for the enemy; Good things are used to poverty, and suddenly they are rebellious and annoyed. "

"Water carries a boat, so it's called capsizing the boat. Make ice in the frost, and the search for wood begins with tillering. "

"Shortcuts are evil, and I can't bear to take a step; I can't bear it. "

-Zhang Heng

Zhang Heng not only made outstanding contributions in astronomy, earthquake and machinery manufacturing, but also made outstanding achievements in mathematics. He is the author of Calculation Theory, and the calculated value of pi is 3. 1466. This achievement is earlier than Europe 1300 years. In geography, he drew a topographic map, and plotted the location and customs of the main mountains and rivers in the country, which was of great value. He also has a lot of research on history, and put forward more than a dozen amendments to Sima Qian's Historical Records and Ban Gu's Hanshu. In art, he is known as the first of the six masters in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Zhang Heng is also a great writer. He is good at writing poems, essays, inscriptions, eulogies, letters, books, sparse and other styles, leaving more than 30 excellent works. His works not only have high literary value, but also fully reflect his political thoughts of worrying about the country and the people. The magnificent and magnificent masterpiece "Erjing Fu" was written by him with the feeling that "the world will last forever, and princes will never lack themselves". After a long discussion and satire, he put forward the epigram that "water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it". Zhang Heng's political thoughts are also fully reflected in his literary works, such as Ying Jian, Si and Four Sorrow Poems. Returning to Tianfu, which attracted the attention of later critics, is a manifestation of his long-term political dissatisfaction and desire to retire. The full text is fluent and concise, and the words are beautiful and euphemistic, which washes away the gorgeous extravagance of traditional big fu and opens a precedent for lyric small fu.

His works have profound popularity and distinctive patriotism. The refined and literary language, wonderful imagination and strong romanticism in the works have reached a high level in ideology, politics and artistry. His literary achievements can be compared with his scientific achievements.

Zhang Heng is not blindly immersed in the world of science and literature. He showed far-sighted statesmanship in practical political activities. He hated the eunuch's ugly phenomena such as power struggle, power struggle, corruption and bribery. He advocated science and opposed superstition, and risked his life to write a letter to the emperor, "Please forbid the publication of books". Zhang Heng was ostracized by eunuchs because he was not afraid of powerful people, was as evil as enemies, and had lofty moral integrity. Shun Di listened to rumors and changed Zhang Heng to Hejian in A.D. 136. After he took office, he went deep into the people, investigated rapists, arrested and punished them, and cleaned up unjust prisons, so that "the rule within the county is called political management" and was praised by the people. Because politics was getting darker and darker at that time, the rule of one side was like a drop in the bucket. ? Rolling? The thought of worrying about the country and the people is getting heavier and heavier, and it is boring. So Zhang Heng, 6 1 year-old, wrote to Shun Di and asked to resign and return to China, but he was not approved. In 138, he was transferred to Beijing as a minister, Zhang Heng? He died in A.D. 139 at the age of 62. According to his last wish, he was buried in his hometown Nanyang.

Zhang Heng's noble quality of striving for progress and self-improvement and his scientific research spirit of "making an appointment with oneself and learning from others", like his inventions and creations, are precious wealth in human history. Zhang Heng is admired by people all over the world. The United Nations named the crater on the moon "Zhang Hengshan"; The solar system 1802 planet was named "Zhang Hengxing". This is the highest respect that today's civilized world pays to the scientific masters who build world civilization.