How to make a statement in the ancient court?

The ancient imperial court spoke mandarin.

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In ancient times, Mandarin was not circulated now, but 1955 was circulated after the founding of New China.

First, the changes in ancient Mandarin are: elegant speech-lingua franca-orthography-elegant speech-Mandarin-Mandarin.

The lingua franca in the pre-Qin period was called "Yayan", in the Qin and Han dynasties it was called "Tongyu", and in the Sui and Tang dynasties it was called "Hanyin". During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it was called "correct pronunciation" or "elegant pronunciation". It was not until the Ming Dynasty that it was called "Mandarin" and it was used until the late Qing Dynasty.

Judging from the characteristics and development history of dialects, the most influential dialect belongs to Mandarin, accounting for 73% of the total population of Han nationality.

[Mandarin was originally a title for the official standard language. In the early days, the official standard Chinese was called Yayan, Mandarin in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Putonghua 1909 and Mainland Putonghua 1956, and Putonghua was used to refer to Mandarin dialects. ]

So, how did Putonghua come into being? Because of the inconvenient transportation and the lack of communication between regions, people from all over the world gathered together, lived in the same temple and spoke their own dialects, so they could not govern the country. Therefore, it is necessary to unify the language and make * * * barrier-free, and naturally "Mandarin" appears.

That's what officials said when they went to court ~

Mandarin can be subdivided into eight sub-dialects: northeastern mandarin, BeijingMandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin, Lanyin Mandarin, Jianghuai Mandarin and Southwest Mandarin.

The most widely used Mandarin dialect in China is Southwest Mandarin, followed by Central Plains Mandarin.

In ancient China, many dynasties changed, so what the former dynasty said in Mandarin certainly depends on the dynasty.

Because the location of the capital of each dynasty is different, the mandarin of each dynasty is different, and the basic pronunciation is generally based on the pronunciation of the capital, so there are local mandarin. (that is, the official language)

1. Shang Dynasty: According to records, until the Warring States period, all people held the elegance of the Central Plains, which also shows that people had the same desire to "enter the market elegantly" a long time ago.

Sui Dynasty: At that time, northern China was under the rule of nomadic people in the north for a long time, and the customs and culture of the Han nationality changed greatly. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was bent on restoring the rites and music of the Han nationality, and did many measures to restore the culture of the Han nationality, including ordering Lu Fayan and others to compile Qieyun to examine more classic and pure Chinese.

2. Tang Dynasty: On the basis of rhyming, Tang Yun was formulated as the standard pronunciation of the Tang Dynasty, stipulating that officials and imperial examinations must use Tang Yun.

3. Song Dynasty: On the basis of Tang Yun, Guang Yun was made. After the death of the Northern Song Dynasty, Liu Yuan in the Southern Song Dynasty wrote Ping Yun Shui based on Guang Yun.

4. Yuan Dynasty: The capital is a metropolis, which is Beijing today. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court stipulated that school teaching should use the common language with most phonetics as the main language.

5. Ming Dynasty: Nanjing Mandarin is the official language.

6. Qing Dynasty: With Beijing as its capital, Nanjing Mandarin remained the mainstream mandarin of officialdom and intellectuals in Qing Dynasty. In Yongzheng period (1728), an official sound hall was established, and Beijing Mandarin was established as the official pronunciation of Mandarin. The status of Beijing Mandarin has risen rapidly. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the influence of Beijing Mandarin gradually surpassed that of Nanjing Mandarin, and finally Mandarin was established on the basis of Beijing Mandarin during the Beiyang government period.

Some experts also believe that Mandarin in Tang and junior middle schools is closest to Minnan, Mandarin in late Tang Dynasty is closer to Cantonese and Hakka in Song Dynasty.

Modern Mandarin is not pure ancient Chinese, but a language with northern dialect as its grammar and Beijing dialect as its standard pronunciation.

There is no tongue coating in ancient Chinese, which distinguishes voiced sounds from vowels, while northern dialects are divided into tongue coating under the influence of Manchu.

The northern dialect is divided into four tones in the current Mandarin, and the southern Mandarin is divided into 5- 12 tones.

Among the eight dialect families in China, Min dialect, Cantonese, Hakka dialect, Wu dialect, Gan dialect and Xiang dialect are all closer to ancient Chinese than the northern dialect families, which is the benchmark grammar of current Putonghua. In other words, in fact, the southern mandarin dialect is closer to ancient Chinese.