Appreciation of Wang Zhihuan's Poetry

Tang Dynasty: Wang Zhihuan

The sun sets slowly near the western hills, and the Yellow River flows into the East China Sea.

By going up one flight of stairs, look further.

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The sunset slowly sinks beside the western hills, and the Yellow River rushes to the East China Sea.

If you want to see the scenery of Wan Li, you must climb a higher tower.

To annotate ...

1. Stork Tower: The former site is in Yongji County, Shanxi Province. The building is three stories high, with Zhongtiao Mountain in front and the Yellow River at the bottom. Legend has it that storks often inhabit here, hence the name.

2. Day: the sun.

3. rely on: rely on.

4. Everyone: Disappear. The sun sets near the mountains.

5。 Desire: the desire to obtain something or achieve a certain purpose, but it also refers to hope and want.

6. Poverty: Exhausted, reaching the extreme.

7. clairvoyance: broad vision.

8. More: substitution and change. (Not the commonly understood meaning of "re")

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The extraordinary ambition of the poet in this poem reflects the enterprising spirit of the people in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Among them, the first two sentences are what you see. "The Mountain Covers the Day" is about the view, the mountain and the scenery seen when climbing the building, and "The River with the Ocean Discharging Gold" is about the close-up view, the water is spectacular and magnificent. Here, the poet captured the rivers and mountains of Wan Li in a very simple and plain language with just ten words; Later, when people read these ten words a thousand years later, they felt like they were underground. If they see the scenery, they will feel that their minds are open. Looking into the distance, a touch of sunset sank to the endless rolling mountains in front of the building and disappeared into Ran Ran at the end of the field of vision. This is the sky view, the distant view and the western view.

The second sentence is about the Yellow River flowing through the front and bottom of the building, roaring south, then turning east in the distance and flowing to the sea. This is from the ground to the horizon, from near to far, from west to east. When these two poems are combined, the scenery of up and down, far and near, and things are all contained under the pen, which makes the picture look particularly broad and distant. As far as the second poem is concerned, the poet can't see the Yellow River entering the sea from the stork building. The sentence is written in the middle of the poem, which is a way to combine the foreground with the sky. This writing increases the breadth and depth of the picture. Calling the sun "daytime" is a realistic style. The setting sun holds the mountain, and the clouds cover the fog. At this time, the brightness of the weakened sun is even dimmer, and the poet directly observes the wonders of the sun. As for the "Yellow River". Of course it is also realistic. It flies like a golden ribbon in the mountains.

What the poet presented to him was a magnificent picture. This picture is still in a fast-changing dynamic. It's only a short process to walk by the mountain for a day; The Yellow River flows to the sea, but it is an eternal movement. If this kind of scenery is beautiful, then it is a dynamic beauty, full of infinite vitality and lively beauty. This is not a so-called "freeze frame", not a precious fossil or specimen. The generosity of the poet left a deep impression on the readers. Write the last two sentences. "But you have broadened your horizons by 300 miles", a poet's endless pursuit, wanting to see farther and see where his eyesight can reach. The way is to stand higher and "go up a flight of stairs". "A thousand miles" and "the first floor" are imaginary numbers, which are both vertical and horizontal spaces in the poet's imagination. The words "to be poor" and "to be better" contain many hopes and longings. These two well-known poems are not only unexpected, but also very natural, close to the first two. At the same time, the use of the word "Lou" at the end also plays a role in pointing out that this is a poem about climbing stairs. It can be inferred from the second half of the poem that the first half was written on the second floor. The poet wanted to see the distant scenery as far as possible, and even climbed to the top floor of the building. The poem seems to write the process of climbing stairs straightforwardly, but it has far-reaching implications and is intriguing. Here is the poet's enterprising spirit, forward-looking mind, and also the philosophy of standing high and looking far. As far as the writing characteristics of the whole poem are concerned, this poem is what the Japanese monk Konghai said in On the Chamber of Secrets in the Mirror. Some people say that poetry should not be reasonable.

This should only mean that poetry should not be blunt, boring and abstract, not that philosophy cannot be revealed and promoted in poetry. Just like this poem, it perfectly dissolves truth, scenery and events, making readers feel comfortable instead of reasoning. This is a mode to express the philosophy of life through thinking in images according to the characteristics of poetry. The writing of this poem has another feature: it is a quatrain full of antithesis. In the first two sentences, the nouns "daytime" and "Yellow River" are relative, the colors "white" and "yellow" are relative, and the verbs "one" and "ru" are relative. The last two sentences are the same, which constitutes a formal perfection.

When Shen De selected this poem in Tang Poetry and Song Poetry, he pointed out: "All four languages are correct, and it is not too expensive to read, so the bones are high." There are only two couplets in the quatrains, both of which are antithetical sentences. If it is not full of momentum and clear-cut, it will easily appear dull or fragmented. In this poem, the previous combination is the opposite name, the so-called "right and wrong", the sentence is extremely neat, heavy and powerful, which shows the grandeur of the scene written; The latter combination is that although the two sentences are relative, there is no trace of confrontation. Therefore, the poet's dual skills are also very mature.

Two Liangzhou Ci Poems

Tang Dynasty: Wang Zhihuan

The Yellow River is getting farther and farther away, because it flows in the middle of the Yellow River, and Yumenguan is located on a lonely mountain.

Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing!

Khan looked at the clouds in the north and killed the altar of Madden several times.

The son of the Han family is now in SHEN WOO, and he refuses to go home with his relatives.

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Looking around, the Yellow River is drifting away, as if it were running in the middle of winding white clouds, on the high mountain of Wan Ren in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, an isolated city, Yumenguan, stands tall and isolated.

Why do you want to use Qiangdi to play sad willow songs to complain that spring has not come? It turns out that the spring breeze around Yumenguan can't blow!

Turkic leaders came to the Central Plains to find relatives, set their sights on their own territory in the north, saw the Fuyundui shrine in the north of the border, recalled that they had killed horses here many times in the past, and then attacked the Tang Dynasty with great pride.

But now SHEN WOO, the son of heaven in the Tang Dynasty, is aloof and unwilling to kiss the Turks, so this trip to the Central Plains had to come in vain.

To annotate ...

⑴ Liangzhou word: also known as "levee". Lyrics for Liangzhou, a popular song at that time. There are Liangzhou songs in Guo Maoqian's Yuefu Poetry (Volume 79) and modern lyrics, and Yuan Yue is quoted as saying: "Liangzhou, Gongdiao Song, Governor of Kaiyuan Liangfu Guo Zhiyun, Chinese and Western." Liangzhou, subordinate to Longyou Road in Tang Dynasty, is located in Guzang County (now Liangzhou District, Wuwei City, Gansu Province).

(2) looking far: looking far to the west. Far above the Yellow River: Looking at the source of the Yellow River. "River" means "sand" and "far" means "straight".

⑶ Isolated city: refers to the lonely castle guarding the border. Qi: an ancient unit of length. Together, it is equivalent to seven or eight feet (about 265,438+03 cm or 264cm).

⑷ Qiang people: The ancient Qiang people were mainly distributed in Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan. Qiangdi is a A Qiang musical instrument, which belongs to cross-wind wind music. Why: Why? Liu: The song "Folding Willow". In ancient poetry, willow is often used as a metaphor for farewell. The Book of Songs Xiaoya Cai Wei: "I wasn't there yesterday, Liu Yiyi." In the Northern Dynasty Yuefu's "Blowing the Drum Horn Across", there is "Folding Yang Liuzhi", and the lyrics say: "If you don't catch the whip when you get on the horse, you will hit Yang Liuzhi instead. Dismount and play the flute, worrying about killing travelers. "

5] degrees: blow. Yumenguan: It was set by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was named after the introduction of jade articles from the Western Regions. Therefore, Xiaofangcheng, located in the northwest of Dunhuang, Gansu Province, was the main road leading to the western regions in ancient times. During the Six Dynasties, the site moved eastward to the vicinity of Shuangta Fort in Anxi.

[6] Shan Yu: The title of Xiongnu monarch in ancient times refers to the Turkic leader. Fuyun Team: The name of the temple is now Wuyuan, Inner Mongolia.

(7) Lai: Auxiliary words are meaningless.

(8) Spring breeze: some kind of warm care or some kind of human spring.

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one

According to the Records of Collected Legacies by Xue Yongwei of the Tang Dynasty, during the Kaiyuan period (7 13-74 1 in the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty), Wang Zhihuan, Gao Shi and Wang Changling went to the Qiting to drink, and met the actors who sang and feasted in the Liyuan, and privately agreed to determine the name of the poem according to the situation of the actors singing poems. Wang Changling's poem was sung twice, and Gao Shi also sang one, but Wang Zhihuan failed one after another. It's the turn of the most beautiful woman to sing, singing "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds". Wang Zhihuan is very proud. This is the story of "flag pavilion painting wall". It may not be true. But it shows that this poem by Wang Zhihuan has become a famous one that was widely sung at that time.

The first two sentences of this poem describe the vast and magnificent scenery in the northwest. The first sentence captures the special feeling of looking at the Yellow River from the bottom (swimming) to the top (swimming) from near and far, and depicts the moving picture of "the Yellow River is far above the white clouds": the surging Yellow River flies to the clouds like a ribbon. Writing is really a leap of thought, and the weather is open. Another famous poem of the poet, "And the Ocean Drains Gold River", is viewed from the opposite angle, from top to bottom; Li Bai's "How the Yellow River Water Moves Out of the Sky" is different from this sentence. Although it is also about looking at the upper reaches, the line of sight is from far to near. "All rivers run into the sea" and "How the water of the Yellow River moves out of the sky" are deliberately exaggerating the style of the Yellow River, showing dynamic beauty. "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds", the direction of which is opposite to that of the river, which is intended to highlight its long-standing leisure state and show a static beauty. At the same time, it shows the vast and magnificent scenery of the border, which is worthy of being a strange sentence throughout the ages.

The second sentence "Isolated City, Wan Ren Mountain" appears as an isolated city on the frontier, which is one of the main images of this poem and belongs to the main part of the "picture scroll". "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds" is its background, and "Wan Ren Mountain" is its near background. Against the background of the mountains in Yuanchuan, it is helpful to see that the city is in a dangerous terrain and lonely situation. "Pian" is an idiom in Tang poetry, which is often associated with "loneliness" (such as "a lonely sail" and "a lonely cloud"). Here it is equivalent to "a seat", but this word has an additional meaning of "thin". A lonely city like Mobei, of course, is not a residential area, but a fortress on the edge, suggesting that readers have husbands in their poems. As a vocabulary of classical poetry, "Lonely City" has a specific meaning. It is often associated with the sadness of leaving people, such as "The sunset in Kuifu ancient city is oblique, and every Beidou Wangjing is in China" (Du Fu's Autumn Prosperity), "Knowing the Han people far away makes Xiao Guan go out and worry about seeing the sunset in the old city" (Wang Wei's Send Wei to Comment on Things) and so on. Firstly, the image of "lonely city" in the second sentence is introduced to prepare for further describing the psychology of husband recruitment in the next two sentences.

Poetry begins with a description of the vastness and desolation of mountains and rivers, and bears the loneliness and danger of the defenders. The third sentence suddenly turns, introducing the sound of Qiang flute. The tune played by Qiangdi is "Folding Willow", which can't help but arouse people's sadness. Translate this sentence into Yuefu's "Cross Blowing Song"? "Folding willow songs" "If you don't catch a whip when you get on the horse, you will fold Yang Liuzhi. Playing the flute on the bench and worrying about killing travelers is very poetic. The custom of "breaking willows to bid farewell" was the most popular in the Tang Dynasty. "Willow" has a more direct relationship with parting. Therefore, people will feel sad not only when they see willow trees, but also when they hear the flute sound of "breaking willow trees". The sentence "strong enemy" is not about "smelling willow", but about "resenting willow", which is particularly wonderful. This avoids directly using the title of the song, and turns the board into life, which can trigger more associations and deepen poetry. Outside Yumenguan, the spring breeze is not strong, the willow is not green, and people can't leave a willow to send their feelings, which is more embarrassing than breaking the willow to bid farewell. When people listen to songs in this mood, it seems that the flute is also complaining about the willow. The resentment revealed is strong, but it is euphemistically expressed in the broad explanation of "why complain", which is deep, implicit and intriguing. This third sentence conveys such rich poetry in the question, and the last sentence "Spring breeze is not enough to pass Yumenguan" is logical. Entering the poem with the word' Yumenguan' is also related to making people think. "The Biography of Ban Chao in the Later Han Dynasty says:" I dare not look at Jiuquan County, but hope that Yumenguan will be born. " Therefore, the last sentence was written in the biting cold, implying infinite homesickness. If we compare this poem "Liangzhou Ci" with some frontier poems after the middle Tang Dynasty (such as Zhang Qiao's "Old Soldiers of Hehuang"), we will find that although this poem is extremely about the resentment of those who are imprisoned in the frontier fortress and are not allowed to go home, it is tragic and desolate, and there is no melancholy mood, which shows the broad-minded mind of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Even if you write sad grievances, you are strong in sadness and generous in sadness. The word "Why complain" not only shows the euphemism and implication of its artistic technique, but also shows that the frontier guards at that time realized the great responsibility of defending the country and defending the border when they were homesick, so that they could forgive themselves. Perhaps it is because of the sadness of Liangzhou Ci that it can become a typical representative of "Tang Yin".

Secondly,

This poem reflects the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and the northern minority regime, which involves the Tang Dynasty? Xuanzong? Some historical events dealing with Turkic issues. In the Kaiyuan period (the first year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, 713-741), the Turkish leader killed Ceng Qi and Xuanzong as his sons, and Xuanzong allowed it. He also wanted to marry the princess, but Xuanzong only gave it generously and was not allowed to kiss. Later, Xiao Sha asked Yuan Zhen, the Tang envoy, who said, "Since Khan is the son of the emperor, is father and son a marriage?" Later, Sha Xiao sent his minister Xie Lifa to contribute to North Korea. Jie Lifa and Xuanzong shoot arrows and hunt. Sometimes the rabbit starts in front of the imperial horse, and Xuanzong draws a bow and shoots arrows, and wins at once. Jie Li dismounted and danced with the rabbit, saying, "Saint SHEN WOO is magnificent, chinese odyssey." Later, Xuanzong hosted a banquet for him and sent him a generous gift. Finally, he was not allowed to kiss. The last two sentences in the poem praise Tang Xuanzong's literary martial arts through the subtle changes in the psychological activities of Turkish leaders, indicating that his strength is enough to shock the surrounding ethnic minorities, resolutely act according to their unreasonable demands, and will never compromise with them for peace.

This poem eulogizes the rationality and restraint of the Tang dynasty in dealing with ethnic relations from the side, and reflects the strength of the Tang dynasty through the disappointment of the Turkish leaders in seeking relatives, which is full of national pride.

Meet sb. leave

Tang Dynasty: Wang Zhihuan

A willow tree in the spring breeze presents a green color along the royal river bank.

It's not so convenient to have a rest recently. It should be because there are too many people.

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In the spring breeze, the willows on both sides of the Yu He River are green.

It's not convenient to climb recently, it should be because there are too many people leaving.

To annotate ...

(1) East Gate: Qingmen, Chang 'an. During the Tang Dynasty, many people left the capital for the East, mainly to see them off. Some versions are Dongfeng.

(2) Green: refers to the color of willow.

(3) Yu He: refers to the moat in Beijing.

(4) Climbing high: the ancient custom of folding willows to bid farewell.

(5) Bitterness: Hard work, here refers to the inconvenience of folding willows.

(6) parting: parting, respectively.

Creation background

Outside Chang 'an, Wang Zhihuan and his friends are preparing to leave. It was the spring when the willows grew. Wang Zhihuan felt it, so he wrote this song "Farewell".

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The first two sentences of the poem not only point out the time and place of farewell, but also render a strong feeling of parting. "East Gate" set the farewell place in Qingmen, Chang 'an. "Qingqing" means that the color of the willows is already very green, indicating that the time is in late spring. "Liu" is synonymous with farewell, so seeing Liu reminds people of parting. The seemingly quiet environment of the mixed green willows on both sides of the Royal River reflects the poet's reluctance to his friends. And the first sentence is what you see from a distance, and the second sentence is what you see from a close distance. In the sense of distance, it can reflect the figure of the poet's farewell to his friends in the long street, and set off the feeling of being reluctant to part with never say goodbye.

The last two sentences of the poem are lyrical, and they climb the willows by describing others' farewell from the side, reflecting that there are many farewell people. A word "bitter" is not only the inconvenience of climbing willow, but also the sadness of parting. As for the poet himself, he didn't say a word, which set off the poet's farewell affection. The last two sentences seem dull, chewed carefully and meaningful. I'm afraid the poet's inner sadness has reached the point where it is beyond measure.

This farewell poem is as light as water, short and pithy, and leisurely reveals feelings of parting. Throughout the poem, every word has punctuation marks, no farewell, concise description and impressive.