The Original Text and Appreciation of Poems and Songs, Wenfu and China's Book Appreciation

The Original Text and Appreciation of Poems and Songs, Wenfu and China's Book Appreciation

Tao hongjing

The beauty of mountains and rivers has existed since ancient times. The mountain peaks soar into the sky and the streams are crystal clear. Stone walls on both sides of the strait, five colors meet; Green Woods, green bamboo clusters, four. The morning mist will rest, and apes and birds will sing; Night is coming and the scales are sinking. It's really the fairy capital of the world of desire, and since it's entertaining itself, it's nothing strange.

Tao Hongjing (456-536), a famous Taoist scholar, was born in Moling, Danyang in the Southern Dynasties. He lived in the Song and Qi Dynasties and loved love the water all his life. The history books say that he was "until he was ten years old and got Ge Hong's Biography of Immortals". After studying day and night, he has the ambition to keep healthy. Call people; Looking up at the green hills and the sky, I don't think it is far away. " (Biography of Heather in Tao Hongjing) When he was 65,438+05 years old, he wrote The Search for Mountains, which showed his yearning for nymphs and his seclusion. He is both talented and clever. Before he was 20, he became an assistant to the king of Qi. In the meantime, I met Sun Youyue, studied under the Confucian classics, and became Sun's disciple. At the age of 37, Tao Hongjing made up his mind to live in seclusion and went to Qushan (Maoshan), a prison in Jurong, Jiangsu Province, where he became Huayang. He lived in Maoshan for 45 years, founded Maoshan Taoism, advocated the unity of the three religions and the cultivation of Buddhism and Taoism, developed the cultivation theory of Taoism, established the immortal pedigree for Taoism, and made Taoism develop in a positive direction, which had a far-reaching impact on later Taoism. Although he lives in seclusion, he has a great influence on the political situation. He once helped to establish the title of "Liang". According to the biography of "Southern History", "Every time the country has good or bad luck to conquer major events, it is always necessary to consult. There are often several letters in the middle of the month. At that time, people called it the prime minister in the mountains. "At the age of eighty-one, the court presented Dr. Sun Yat-sen and Mr. Bai Zhen. This is a volume of Tao Seclusion Collection, and the poems in it have made great achievements in describing mountains and rivers. This article is a letter (or statement) about mountains and rivers that he wrote to Xie Wei in parallel prose. Because Xie Wei was once a master of China's calligraphy, he was called "Xie Zhongshu". In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, parallel prose reached its peak, occupying almost the whole literary world, but its achievements were not high. Most of the articles are empty, carved words and piled up allusions. But this article is one of the excellent landscape sketches, without the slightest flashy atmosphere. It only uses 68 words to describe the natural beauty of the landscape in the south of the Yangtze River, which is fresh and meaningful, and can be compared with Xie Tiao's landscape poems and become a masterpiece of landscape that has been told all the time.

At the beginning of this letter, without a general greeting, I began to talk about scenery, and always led out the full text with "the beauty of mountains and rivers, the talk of ancient times". "Mountains and rivers" are mountains and rivers. Since ancient times, people have been talking about the natural beauty contained in mountains and rivers. Explain that everyone's love for mountains and rivers is as always. The emphasis on ancient and modern talks here has a deeper meaning. Tracing back to Laozi and Zhuangzi's theory that the ancients only talked about the beauty of mountains and rivers, this family theory has far-reaching influence, especially in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, when the atmosphere of advocating nature and enjoying the joy of mountains and rivers prevailed among literati and gentry. The author lived in seclusion for a long time and had profound attainments in the study of Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts, so he was a representative figure at that time. Therefore, "talking about the past" implies the aesthetic basis for the author to talk about mountains and rivers, that is, to pursue the supernatural realm by appreciating the beauty of mountains and rivers.

In the following sentence 10, the author gives a detailed description of the scenery in the mountains. The words "the peak enters the cloud, and the clear stream bottoms out" are a pair of "even sentences", highlighting the height of the mountain. It is really out of reach to go straight into the clouds without seeing the top. The bottom of the clear spring is refreshing. In this contrast between "visible" and "invisible", the mysterious and quiet characteristics of the beauty of mountains and rivers are displayed. In the last four sentences, the author describes the colors of stone walls and plants, which enhances the intuitive effect of the picture. The stone walls on both sides of Liu Quan are colorful and complement each other. The ancients thought that the color between heaven and earth was only the color composed of five substances: gold, wood, water, fire and earth. Therefore, "the intersection of five colors" is the author's praise for rocks, which has the pure beauty of nature. Opposite the stone wall are trees and bamboo forests, which are so green all year round, showing great vitality. Nature's mountains, waters, stones and trees all have pure beauty, aren't they charming? Therefore, the author gives a static description of the color and form of the scenery, forming a landscape picture with four seasons like spring, which makes people feel pure and pleasing to the eye. And the pursuit of mountains and rivers, just stay in this eternal state, is still "limited" and "the joy of Shu Ren". The pleasure of Taoism is to seek "infinite" realm in the change of nature, so as to achieve "supreme happiness". In the last four sentences, with the change of the scenery in the mountains in the morning and evening, the author highlights the endless fun of being in the mountains. "The mist will rest, and the apes and birds will sing in disorder", "rest" means to stop, and "singing in disorder" means to sing in disorder. These two sentences constitute a morning scene in the mountains: the valley is foggy in the morning and wants to disperse. From time to time came the cries of apes and mountain birds. This silent description with sound as the background does have the artistic conception of "the moon rises and the spring flows", and then the author forms a picture of dusk in two sentences: "Dusk is coming, the scales are sinking", which is dual to the previous sentence. "Falling" means falling. "Scale" means fish swimming in the water. As the sun sets, the gurgling stream sparkles. From time to time, several small fish jump out of the water. This is a technique of dynamic and static contrast, which highlights the quiet atmosphere at dusk and gives people a relaxed and natural feeling. The morning and evening descriptions of the above two pictures show the changeable and unfathomable characteristics of nature from two different angles: hearing and mind. If people can live here for a long time, can't they enjoy endless happiness?

In the last three sentences, the author praises the beauty of mountains and rivers in the form of loose sentences, feeling that few people can really enjoy themselves. It means: this is really a fairyland on earth. Kasper? Lingyun, no one can appreciate this wonderful landscape. Xie Lingyun is a famous landscape poet in the Southern Dynasties. In fact, he only indulged in mountains and rivers when he was frustrated politically to cover up his resentment. On the other hand, the author lives in seclusion between mountains and rivers based on the theory of Laozi and Zhuangzi, pursuing the realm of immortals and attempting to cultivate immortals. So his emotion is actually telling Xie Zhongshu that no one can compare with himself now, and this kind of elegance is not enjoyed by ordinary people.

This letter focuses on the beauty and joy of mountains and rivers, and describes them from many angles and levels. It's vivid and makes people feel hurt by it. The whole article is full of fun, dazzling, neat and changeable, simple and fresh in style, ethereal and ethereal, implicitly expressing thoughts and feelings, which makes people in the world think deeply. Lu Ji's "Wen Fu": "A minute of cotton is full, and its heart is full." This simple landscape is worthy of being a masterpiece in parallel prose.