Poems praising papermaking in past dynasties

The poem about papermaking is 1. Talking about the process of ancient papermaking.

Paper-making is an important invention of working people of ancient Han nationality.

There are two forms: mechanical and manual. The mechanism is continuous on the paper machine. The paper pulp suitable for paper quality is diluted to a certain concentration with water, and is preliminarily dewatered in the wire section of a paper machine to form a wet paper sheet, then dewatered by pressing, and then dried into paper.

Manually use a frame with bamboo curtain, polyester net or copper net to copy the fibers dispersed and suspended in water into wet paper pages, and then press and dehydrate them, and then dry or dry them into paper. The biggest difference between machine-made paper and hand-made paper is that because hand-made paper is artificially beaten, the fibers in pulp are well preserved; Machine-made paper is beaten by machine and pulp fibers are broken.

So that handmade paper is much better than machine-made paper in toughness and tension. Because of the poor pulp speed, the fiber distribution in machine-made paper is uneven in both vertical and horizontal directions, while the fiber distribution in manual paper is not uneven in both vertical and horizontal directions, especially on calligraphy and painting paper (for example, Xuan paper base paper appears as a new writing material.

Before the invention of paper, things recorded in China were mostly tortoise shells, animal bones, epigraphy, bamboo slips, wooden slips and silk books. Since the beginning of this century, the material objects of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Zhong Dingwen in Yin Dynasty have been unearthed continuously. Bamboo slips, wooden slips, silk books and silk paintings from the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties also have a large number of unearthed objects.

However, Oracle bones are hard to get, stones and silks are heavy and expensive, and bamboo slips take up a lot of space, which is inconvenient to use. With the development of social economy and culture, it is urgent to find new writing materials that are cheap and easy to get.

After long-term exploration and practice, plant fiber paper made of waste hemp materials such as hemp rope ends, rags and old fishing nets was finally invented. China is the first country in the world to raise silkworms and weave silk.

The working people of the Han nationality spun silk from the first-class cocoons, and the rest of the evil cocoons and sick cocoons were bleached to make silk floss. After floating, some residual flocs will be left on the mat.

When the flossing frequency is high, the residual flossing on the pad will accumulate into fiber sheets, which can be peeled off after drying and can be used for writing. This kind of floc is called "He Qi" or "square floc" in ancient books because of its small number of by-products.

This shows that the origin of papermaking of Han nationality in China is related to silk floss. 105, Cai Lun summarized the experience of his predecessors in Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and reformed papermaking.

He made paper from bark, hemp head, rags and old fishing nets. It greatly improves the quality and production efficiency of paper, expands the source of raw materials for paper, reduces the cost of paper, opens up new prospects for paper to replace bamboo and silk, and creates favorable conditions for the spread of culture.

Regarding the ancient records of Cai Lun's invention of papermaking, The Biography of Cai Lun in the Later Han Dynasty said: "Since ancient times, books and deeds have been compiled with bamboo tubes; People who use it are called paper. Expensive and simple, inconvenient for people.

Lennart created this idea, using bark, hemp head, our cloth and fishing nets as paper. Later generations revered him as the inventor of China's papermaking.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen talked about the origin of "paper" in his first well-organized and systematic dictionary Shuo Wen Jie Zi in China. He said: "Paper comes from the side, that is, from the side of silk."

At that time, the paper was mainly spun silk, which was completely different from the paper in the modern sense. The invention, development and spread of paper also went through a tortuous process.

/kloc-after the invention of papermaking in 0/05, papermaking spread from Henan to other economically and culturally developed areas. Cai Lun sealed the Dragon Pavilion in Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province, and papermaking spread to Hanzhong area, and gradually spread to Sichuan.

According to the folklore of Han nationality in Leiyang, Hunan, Cai Lun's hometown, Cai Lunsheng also taught papermaking to his hometown before his death. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shandong's papermaking was also relatively developed, and it was an expert in papermaking in Donglai County (now Yexian County) of Zuo Bo.

In addition, paper and decorative books first spread to the northern minority areas through the Silk Road. Since the Jin Dynasty, many famous painters and calligraphers have appeared in China, which greatly promoted the development of calligraphy and painting paper.

For example, Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, greatly improved the paper used for painting and calligraphy during the father-son period. Writing paper in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was made of hemp and bamboo bark, coated with starch and white mineral pigments, and polished.

After the Sui Dynasty unified the north and south, the Tang and Song Dynasties inherited and developed the achievements of papermaking for hundreds of years, which opened the heyday of China's manual papermaking in the Tang and Song Dynasties: the popularity of calligraphy and painting and Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty increased the demand for paper sharply, and the raw materials for papermaking expanded to rattan and mulberry bark. Painting and calligraphy paper is also coated with nitrate starch before waxing, and finally polished with coarse cloth or stone.

Warp writing paper is also dyed yellow with phellodendron to avoid smoking. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Anhui has adopted the method of bleaching bast fiber to make paper. The base paper is smooth and white and durable.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, bamboo paper was abundant in southern China. Both Wang Anshi and Su Dongpo like to write with bamboo paper. They think that bamboo paper has bright ink color and bright brushwork, which was imitated by many literati at that time, thus promoting the development of bamboo paper. In the Song Dynasty, bamboo paper was not only abundant, but also rice and wheat straw was used to make paper.

Su Yijian in the Northern Song Dynasty recorded that people in Zhejiang made paper pulp from wheat and rice stalks, and made paper with oil vines. By the Ming Dynasty, the technology of making paper from bamboo in China had been perfected. At that time, Song's Tiangong systematically described the production process of making paper with bamboo, with illustrations of production equipment and operation process.

This book has been translated into Japanese, French and English and spread to Japan and Europe. It is the earliest book in China that systematically describes papermaking technology. After hundreds of years in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, by the middle of Qing Dynasty, China's hand-made paper was quite developed, with advanced quality and various varieties, which became the material conditions for the development and spread of China culture for thousands of years.

Paper industry is a processing industry that mainly provides commodity materials such as packaging, printing and information industry, and it is also a general competitive processing industry with a high degree of marketization and nationalization. The development of China's paper industry is closely related to the national economy and social development, and the economic development provides a strong support for the development of the paper industry.

The development of paper industry has the following characteristics: first, the equipment investment of technology-intensive and capital-intensive enterprises in paper industry accounts for about 60% of the total investment, and the degree of automation is higher than that of general paper industry; Every increase in pulp production capacity of 1 10,000 tons requires an investment of about1.2-200 million yuan; For every 1 10,000 tons of pulp and paperboard, the capital investment is about1-10.2 billion yuan, and the amount of fixed assets occupied by the output value of 100 yuan is similar to that of metallurgical, petroleum and chemical industries. Second, the industry has economies of scale. Due to the large investment in equipment and high fixed cost in the paper industry, expanding scale has become an effective means for enterprises to reduce costs and enhance competitiveness.

Third, look at resources.