"It's a drop in the bucket to send ephemera into the ground. What does it mean to mourn the moment in life and admire the infinity of the Yangtze River?

"Sending ephemera to heaven and earth is a drop in the ocean, mourning for my life and admiring the infinite Yangtze River." From the Song Dynasty Su Shi's "Qian Chi Bi Fu".

It means: (we) are as vast as a mayfly in a world and as small as a millet in the sea. Sigh that our life is only a short moment, and envy the endless Yangtze River.

The whole poem is as follows:

Original "Red Cliff Fu"

Su Shi in Song Dynasty

In autumn, on July 16th and 16th, Su Shi and his friends went boating in Chibi. The breeze blows gently and the water can't reach the surface. Raise a glass to propose a toast to one's companions, recite articles related to the moon, and sing praises to chapters. Not long after, the moon rose from Dongshan, hovering between the Big Dipper and the cow. Milky white fog across the river, clear water. Let the boat float on the boundless river and cross the boundless river. Vast as the wind in Feng Xu, I don't know where it ends; Floating like an independent world, feathering into a fairy. (Feng Tong: adopted)

At this time, he was very happy to drink, slapping the ship's rail with his hand and singing. The song says: "Gui Gui is like a blue paddle, striking the sky and tracing the streamer. I am pregnant, and I hope that beauty is on one side. " Guests have oral sex and rely on songs to make peace. Its voice is whiny, like resentment, like crying; The sound is endless. It can make the dragon dance in the deep valley and make the widow in the lonely boat cry.

Su Shi's face was sad and sad, so he sat up in a corner and asked the guest, "How do you know?" ? "The guest said," There are few stars on the moon, and blackbirds fly south. "Isn't this Cao Mengde's poem? Looking at Xiakou in the west and Wuchang in the east, the mountains and rivers are misty and gloomy. Isn't this because Meng Zhizhi was trapped in Zhou Lang? Fang Qi broke Jingzhou and went down to Jiangling, downstream to the east. He was thousands of miles long, wearing a flag, drinking wine and singing poems across the river, and became a hero in the world. Now, where is he? My son and I are fishing on the river, making friends with fish, shrimp and elk, keeping a boat and keeping bottles for each other. It's a drop in the ocean to send a mayfly into the earth. I lament my life for a while and admire the infinity of the Yangtze River for a while. Fly with the flying fairy, hold the bright moon, and grow up. I can't understand it for a while, but I hate it. "

Perilla said, "Do you know my husband's water and the moon? The deceased is like this, but he has never been there; If you are full of emptiness, the dead will not ebb and flow. Gai must view it from its changers, then heaven and earth can't be in an instant; If you look at it from its unchangeable point of view, then things are infinite to me, so why envy them! Besides, between heaven and earth, everything has its own owner, not mine, so I will take it for nothing. However, the breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains are wonderful to hear and beautiful to meet. It is the creator's endless hiding place, and my son and I are in the right place. " (* * * Suitable for one work: * * Food)

So the companion smiled happily, wiped the cup clean again and poured it again. All the vegetables and fruits have been eaten, leaving only the cups on the table in a mess. Sleeping on the boat, hugging each other, I know the horizon has turned white.

The whole poem is interpreted as follows:

In autumn in Ren Xu, on July 16th, Su Shi and his friends went boating in Chibi. The breeze blows gently, but the waves are quiet. Raise a glass to propose a toast to your partner, recite articles related to the bright moon and praise this chapter. Soon, the bright moon rose from the back of Dongshan Mountain and hovered between Dousu and Niusu. White fog crosses the river, and clear water connects the sky. Let the boat float on the boundless river and cross it. It's like riding the wind out of thin air, but I don't know where it ends. Climbing outside the cloud nine is like leaving the world, escaping from independence and becoming an immortal into a fairyland.

At this time, I drank happily, knocked on the ship's rail with my hand and sang loudly. The song sings: "Sweet-scented osmanthus wooden boat paddles vanilla, facing the empty waves and the flowing water is full of light. My heart is far away, and I hope Iraqis are on the other side of the world. " There are also guests who play the flute. They sing with the rhythm, and the flute wails: like resentment, like longing, like crying, like talking, with a sad ending, long and tactfully, like a continuous filament. Can make the dragon in the deep valley dance for it, can make the widow in the lonely boat cry.

Su Shi's face was sad and sadness came from it. (He) adjusted his clothes, sat up straight and asked the guest, "Why is (the tune) so sad?" The companion replied: "The moon stars are rare, and blackbirds fly south." Isn't this a poem by Cao Gong and Meng De? You can see Xiakou in the west and Wuchang in the east. Mountains and rivers are contiguous, full of green. Isn't that where Cao Mengde was besieged by Zhou Yu? At the beginning, Jingzhou was captured, Jiangling was captured, and it went down the Yangtze River. His warships stretched for thousands of miles, covered the sky with flags, drank by the river and recited poems with spears. He is indeed a lean man of the present age, but where is he today? What's more, you and I are fishing and chopping wood on the water island by the river, keeping company with fish and shrimp and being friends with elk. (We) drove the boat and raised cups to toast each other. (We) are in a world as vast as a mayfly and as small as a millet in the sea. Sigh that our life is only a short moment, and envy the endless Yangtze River. (I want to) travel around the world hand in hand with the gods, embrace the bright moon and live forever. Knowing that these things can't be obtained repeatedly, I have to turn my regrets into flutes and entrust them to the sad autumn wind. "

Su Shi said, "Do you know this water and the moon? Just like this river, it has not really passed away; The round time is like this month, but it doesn't increase or decrease in the end. It can be seen that from the changeable side of things, there is no moment between heaven and earth; From the unchangeable side, everything is as endless as one's own life. What is there to envy? Besides, between heaven and earth, everything belongs to it, and if it is not what it should be, it won't even get a penny. Only when the breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains reach your ears can you hear the sound and draw all kinds of colors when you enter your eyes. No one will forbid you to get these things, and you never have to do your best to enjoy them. This is an inexhaustible treasure (gift) of the creator, and you and I can share it together. "

So the companion smiled happily, washed the cup and filled it with wine. All the vegetables and fruits have been eaten, except the cups and plates on the table. (Perilla and her companions) are sleeping on each other's pillows on the boat, and before you know it, the sky has turned white.

Sentence annotation

This article is selected from Volume 1 of Four Series, which was written in the fifth year of Song Shenzong Yuanfeng (1082). Prior to this, Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei) because of Wutai Poetry Case (Yuanfeng two years). Later, I wrote an essay on the same topic, which was called "Qianchibi Fu". 10 15 wrote "Houchibi Fu". Chibi: It is actually Chibi Rock in Huangzhou, not the former site of Battle of Red Cliffs during the Three Kingdoms period. Locals also call it Red Cliff because its sound is close. Su Shi knew this and made a mistake, so he used scenery to express his embrace.

Ren Xu: Song Shenzong Yuanfeng is five years old (1082) and was born in Renxu.

Everyone hopes: both, too; Look, the fifteenth day of the lunar calendar. "Wang" refers to the sixteenth day of the lunar calendar.

X: Take your time.

Xing: Get up and do it.

Genus: "zhǔ" is a greeting, which is extended to the meaning of "persuading wine" here.

Shao Yan: It's been a while.

White dew: white water vapor. Hengjiang: Gaijiang. Horizontal, horizontal.

As long as a reed is like it, it will be at a loss: let the boat float on the wide river. Longitudinal: Whatever. Reed: A boat as small as a reed leaf compared with a very small boat. The Book of Songs Feng Wei He Guang: "Who is He Guang, a Hang Wei (sailing)." Go, go. Ling: Over. Wan Qing: It describes that the river is very wide. At a loss, broad-minded.

Feng Xu defends the wind: it flies in the air. Feng: Pass "multiply", multiply. Virtual: space. Y: Drive (control).

Independent from the world: abandon the world and live alone.

Buckling: to beat the ship's side, referring to the beat, the ship's side and the ship's side.

Blowing the sky and tracing the streamer: paddles hit the moon and float clear water, going upstream. Back: Upstream. Empty, streamer: refers to the moonlight floating on the clear river.

Vaguely, I am pregnant. My thoughts drift away. The ethereal and distant appearance. I care about _ _ "Mrs. Xiang" with my eyes, and my feelings in my heart.

Beauty: This is the style of Qu Yuan borrowed by Su Shi. Use beauty to refer to the monarch. Most ancient poems mention people they miss and yearn for.

Song harmony (hè): Rhythm harmony. Lean: follow, follow and respond.

Resentment is like longing, and crying is like complaining: it's like mourning, longing, sobbing and pouring out. Complain: sadness. Mu: Attachment.

Aftersound: over. Curl: describes the long and soft sound.

Thin thread: A thin thread.

Dive into the deep valley: deep valley: this refers to the abyss. The dragon in the deep valley was moved to dance.

Cry for the widow in the lonely boat: let the widow in the lonely boat cry sadly. Li: A woman who lives alone, here refers to a widow.

Yan (qi m: o qi m: o) ran: the way of color change.

Sit tight: get dressed and sit tight: sit up.

What is this? Why is the song so sad?

There are few stars under the moon, and birds fly south: it is a poem in Cao Cao's Short Songs.

Miao: It's "hyun" coiled.

Melancholy: The trees are dense and green. Yu: It looks lush.

Zhú lú Zhulu: Warships are connected back and forth. This refers to warships.

(Shh) Wine: Pour the wine.

Shuò: Hold the spear horizontally.

Friends of fish, shrimp and elk: take fish and shrimp as partners and elk as friends. Companion: Take ... as your partner. The following is the conative usage of nouns. Elk: A kind of deer.

Piā n boat: a small boat.

Send: accommodation.

Mayfly (fú) Mayfly: An insect, born near the water at the turn of summer and autumn, has a short life span of only a few hours. This sentence is a metaphor for the brevity of life.

Nine Niu Yi hairs: small. The sea: the sea. This sentence means that human beings are extremely small between heaven and earth.

A moment (yú): a moment, a very short time.

Nagano: As for forever.

Suddenly: several times.

Yi Tuo hates Taiwan's ringing: the lingering sound refers to the flute. Very Thai: Autumn wind.

The deceased is like this: "The Analects of Confucius Zi Han": "Zi Yue Chuan:' The deceased is like a husband, never giving up day and night. ""death: go. This means water.

Absence of surplus: refers to the round and short of the moon.

Pawn: Finally. Fluctuation: increase or decrease. Length: growth

Then heaven and earth can't use a moment: modal adverbs. To: use. Blink: The blink of an eye.

Is the creator's endless hidden: this. Creator: heaven and earth are natural. Zan: Buddhist language. Refers to an endless treasure.

* * * Gourmet: * * Enjoy. Su Shi's "Red Cliff Fu" is written about "* * * food", which has been the meaning since the Ming Dynasty.

Be more cautious: drink again.

Vegetables and stones are used up: meat vegetables and fruits. It's already started.

Chaos: write "chaos" again, the appearance of chaos.

Pillows: pillow each other.

Bai: It's already white.

Make an appreciative comment

This poem leads to the description of the dialogue between subject and object through boating and drinking poems on a moonlit night. It not only expresses the feelings of mourning the past and hurting the present from the guest's mouth, but also hears the unwavering feelings from the words of Perilla. The whole poem is profound and profound, and it is really a masterpiece in literary prose.

The first paragraph, write a night tour in Chibi. The author dived into the embrace of nature, enjoyed the beauty of cool breeze, white dew, mountains, flowing water, moonlight and skylight, and recited the first chapter of the Book of Songs, "The moon is shining in the sky." Shu Yao corrected it, and he was very sad. "Compare the bright moon to a beautiful woman with a good figure, expecting her Ran Ran to rise. In response to the poem "The Moon is Out", "Xiaoyan, the moon rises from Dongshan and lingers between bullfights." And leads to the following song cloud created by the author: "Looking at beauty and loving the sky", which is consistent in emotion and style. The word "wandering" vividly depicts that the soft moonlight seems to have incomparable attachment and affection for tourists. In the bright moonlight, white fog enveloped the river, and the sky and water became one piece, which is the so-called "autumn water * * * sky is one color" (Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting). At this time, tourists are open-minded and unrestrained, so they leave the world in a small boat, drifting with the flow and detached from things. The vast river and free and easy mind jump out of the author's pen, and the joy of boating is beyond words. This is a passage in this article that positively describes "boating" and enjoying the scenery. Lyric with the scenery, the scenery is good.

In the second paragraph, the writer's drinking and singing joy and the guest's sad flute sound. The author is extremely happy to drink and sing to express his disappointment and frustration in thinking about "beauty". The "beauty" mentioned here is actually the embodiment of the author's ideal and all the beautiful things. The song says: "Gui Gui is like a blue paddle, striking the sky and tracing the streamer. I am pregnant, and I hope that beauty is on one side. " This lyric all adopts the meaning of "Songs of the South, Less Thinking": "Look forward to a beautiful future and sing a magnificent song in the breeze", which embodies the content of "reciting the poem of the bright moon and singing a graceful chapter" above. I can't see it because I want to be beautiful. I have expressed my frustration and sadness. In addition, Hakka plays, according to its songs, Xiao's tone is sorrowful. "If you complain like a hope, you cry like a complaint, and the sound is like a wisp", in fact, it attracts the dragons hidden in the ravine to dance and makes the widows in the lonely boat cry. One of Dong Xiao's songs is sad and tactful, and its sad tone is touching, which makes the author's feelings change suddenly, from joy to sadness, and the article is also ups and downs.

In the third paragraph, write the guest's sigh about the impermanence of life. This part is endowed with historical sites, not the natural scenery of Chibi. The host asked "what is nature", and the guests answered with the monuments of Chibi, and the arts and sciences turned to nature. But this article is not about Chen Qi, but uses two questions. First of all, based on Cao Cao's Short Songs, I asked, "Isn't this a poem by Cao Mengde?" He is also better than the mountains and rivers in front of him and asks, "Isn't this because Meng Dezhi is trapped in Zhou Lang?" Two questions made the article sensational again. Then, it tells the story of Cao Cao breaking Jingzhou and forcing Liu Cong to surrender. At that time, the mighty Cao Jun descended from Jiangling along the river, with warships connected by thousands of miles and banners covering the sky. Cao is full of pride and arrogance, drinking and writing poems on the river at the bow, which can be described as "a hero in the world". Where is he now? Heroes like Cao Cao are only prominent for a while, let alone themselves, so now they can only sigh the shortness of life, envy the endless flow, and hope to meet the gods and be with the bright moon. However, all these are unrealistic fantasies, which is why sadness and sadness are conveyed through flutes. The guest's answer shows a nihilistic thought and a negative outlook on life, which is one aspect of Su Shi's revealing thoughts through the guest's mouth.

In the fourth paragraph, Su Shi stated his views on the impermanence of the guest students in order to understand each other. The guests once "admired the infinity of the Yangtze River" and wished to "embrace the bright moon and end up long". Su Shi took Jiang Yue Ming Yue as a metaphor and put forward that "the deceased is like this, but never had it; If the surplus is lacking, the dead will not ebb and flow. If we look at things from the perspective of change, the existence of heaven and earth is only a blink of an eye; From the same point of view, things and human beings are endless, so we don't have to envy rivers, bright moons and heaven and earth. Naturally, there is no need to "mourn for my life for a moment." This shows Su Shi's open-minded world outlook and outlook on life. He is in favor of looking at the problem from multiple angles instead of absolutizing it. Therefore, in the face of adversity, he can maintain an open-minded, detached, optimistic and adaptive mental state, get rid of the impermanence of life and treat life rationally. Then, the author further explains that everything in the world has its own owner, and individuals can't force it. The breeze on the river can be heard, the bright moon in the mountains is colorful, the mountains are endless, the moon is eternal, the world is selfless, and music entertains people. The author can wander around and enjoy himself. This situation is due to Li Bai's "Xiangyang Song": "The breeze and bright moon don't need a penny to buy, and Yushan won't be pushed", and then it deepened.

In the fifth paragraph, after listening to the author's dialogue, the author turned grief into joy and drank heartily. "Pillow in the boat, I don't know Oriental White." After reading the beginning, I wrote about the happiness of traveling and enjoying. As for forgetting my gains and losses, it is a realm of detachment.

This Fu has the following artistic features:

The integration of emotion, scenery and reason, whether lyrical or argumentative, never leaves the scenery on the river and the story of Chibi, forming the integration of emotion, scenery and reason. From beginning to end, the scenery runs through, with romantic scenery as the main factor, supplemented by mountains and rivers. The author describes and discusses the wind and the moon. The article is divided into three layers to express the author's complex and contradictory inner world: first, writing about boating on the river on a moonlit night, drinking wine and writing poems, so that people are immersed in the beautiful scenery and forget the secular happy mood; From mourning the rise and fall of historical figures, I feel that life is short and changeable, so I fall into the depression of reality; Finally, the philosophy of change and invariance is expounded, which shows that human beings and everything exist forever and show an optimistic attitude towards life. Scenery, lyricism and reasoning have reached a harmonious level.

In this paper, the genre form of "prose as fu" not only retains the characteristics and charm of traditional poetry, but also absorbs the style and techniques of prose, breaking the shackles of the duality of sentence pattern and rhythm, and is more composed of prose, so that the article has both the profound charm of poetry and the incisive artistic conception of prose. The style of prose makes the whole article feel depressed and frustrated. For example, Fountain Fountain is different from Fu's emphasis on duality, and it is relatively more free. For example, at the beginning of the paragraph, "Autumn is endless, July is looking forward to it, perilla and the guests are boating under the red cliff", and the whole article is full of loose sentences, which means sorting out. From the following to the end of the article, most of them rhyme, but the rhyme changes quickly, and the rhyme changes often in a paragraph, which makes this article especially suitable for reading, and the rhyme is very beautiful, which embodies the advantages of rhyme.

The image is coherent and the structure is rigorous. The coherence of scenery not only makes the whole article look like a whole in structure, but also communicates the emotional context and ups and downs of the whole article. Writing the scenery at the beginning is the emergence of the author's broad-minded optimism; Singing while Seizing the Boat was born out of the scenery of "emptiness" and "streamer", and the transition from "happiness" to "sadness"; Guests worry about the wind and moon, and their mood turns into depression and negativity; Finally, the discussion on the variation of all things and the philosophy of life is drawn from The Bright Moon and the Breeze, so as to dispel the sadness in my heart. The repeated infiltration of the scenery will not give people the feeling of repeated delay at all. Instead, it represents the ups and downs of the characters, reproduces the changing process of the author's ambivalence, and finally achieves the perfect unity of poetry and discussion.

Brief introduction of the author

Su Shi (1037-1101) was a writer, painter and gourmet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zi yue Zhan, no Dongpo lay man. Han nationality, Sichuanese, was buried in Yingchang (now Jiaxian County, Pingdingshan City, Henan Province). I have a bumpy career, profound knowledge, extremely high talent and excellent poetry, calligraphy and painting. His writing style, Wang Yang, is unrestrained and fluent, and he is also called Ou Su with Ouyang Xiu, one of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties"; Poetry is fresh and vigorous, making good use of exaggeration and metaphor, and its artistic expression is unique. Together with Huang Tingjian, they are called Su Huang. The uninhibited school has a great influence on later generations, and it is called Su Xin with Xin Qiji. Calligraphy is good at running script and regular script, and it can be innovative. Writing with a pen is ups and downs, full of childlike interest. And Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also called Song Sijia. Painting is the same as literature. In painting, we advocate spirit likeness and "literati painting". He is the author of The Complete Works of Su Dongpo and Dongpo Yuefu.