What should diabetics pay attention to?

Dietary principles of diabetic patients

Modern medicine has proved that the insulin secretion of normal people increases with the increase of blood sugar after eating, which makes the blood sugar drop and keep it in the normal range, so diabetes will not occur. However, due to the decline of islet function, insulin secretion in diabetic patients is absolutely or relatively insufficient, and insulin cannot increase with the increase of blood sugar after eating, which can not effectively reduce blood sugar, so blood sugar exceeds the normal range. At this time, if you eat like a normal person, do not control your diet, or even overeat, your blood sugar will rise too high, which will adversely affect the islet tissue that is already under-secreted, making the islet function lower and insulin secretion lower, thus further aggravating the condition. Therefore, diabetics should control their diet reasonably.

Dietotherapy is the basis of treating all kinds of sugar laziness, and it is also one of the most fundamental treatments for diabetes. No matter what type of diabetes is, the severity of the disease or whether there are complications, whether it is treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs, it is necessary to strictly carry out and adhere to diet control for a long time. For obese patients with type 2 diabetes or elderly mild cases, diet therapy can be used as the main treatment method, and proper oral hypoglycemic drugs can achieve the purpose of effectively controlling the disease. For type I diabetes and severe cases, it is necessary to actively control diet on the basis of insulin and other drugs in order to effectively control blood sugar and prevent the disease from getting worse. Therefore, diet therapy is the basic treatment of diabetes, which must be strictly observed.

1. The purpose of diet therapy

(1) Reduce the burden of islets, make blood sugar and blood lipid reach or approach normal values, and prevent or delay the occurrence and development of cardiovascular complications.

(2) Keep healthy so that adults can engage in various normal activities and children can grow and develop normally.

(3) maintain a normal weight. Reducing the energy intake of obese people can improve the sensitivity of receptors to insulin. Thin people can increase their resistance to infection by gaining weight.

2. Main points of dietotherapy application

(1) Diet therapy is the basic therapy for diabetes, and it is the premise of all treatment methods, and it is suitable for all types of diabetic patients. Mild cases can achieve good results mainly through diet therapy, and moderate and severe patients must also apply physiotherapy and drug therapy reasonably on the basis of diet therapy. Only by controlling diet, oral hypoglycemic drugs or islets can play a good role. Otherwise, it is difficult to achieve good results in clinic by blindly relying on so-called new drugs and drugs and ignoring diet therapy.

(2) Dietotherapy should be flexibly adjusted and mastered according to the condition. Thin patients can relax appropriately to ensure the total calories. Obese patients must strictly control their diet and focus on a low-calorie fat diet to lose weight. For patients treated with insulin, we should pay attention to adding meals at 9 ~ 10, 3 ~ 4 pm or before going to bed as appropriate to prevent hypoglycemia. When manual labor or activities are long, attention should also be paid to appropriately increasing staple food or dinner.

(3) Dietotherapy should be scientific and reasonable, neither too much nor too little. Just don't be arbitrary, too strict, and dare not eat any carbohydrates. On the contrary, it will aggravate your condition and even cause ketosis. We should strictly calculate according to our own conditions, weight, height, etc., and arrange our diet scientifically and reasonably under the premise of controlling the total calories, so as to meet the minimum needs of the human body and control the total calories.

(4) Arrange staple food and non-staple food scientifically, and don't just pay attention to staple food and despise non-staple food. Although staple food is the main source of blood sugar and should be controlled, some protein and fat in non-staple food can also become blood sugar and become the source of blood sugar. In metabolism, 58% of protein and 10% of fat become glucose. Eating too much of this kind of non-staple food will also make people fat, which is not good for their illness. Therefore, in addition to reasonable control of staple food, non-staple food should also be reasonably matched, otherwise the expected effect will not be achieved.

(5) Choosing foods suitable for diabetics is also very important to control diabetes. Attention should be paid to the following two points:

(1) The foods that should not be eaten are:

I. Foods that can easily raise blood sugar rapidly: white sugar, brown sugar, rock sugar, glucose, maltose, honey, chocolate, toffee, fruit candy, candied fruit, canned fruit, soft drinks, fruit juice, sweet drinks, jam, ice cream, cookies, cakes, sweet bread and sweets made of sugar.

Ii. Foods that are easy to raise blood lipids: butter, sheep oil, lard, butter, cream and fat. For foods rich in cholesterol, special attention should be paid to using them less or not to prevent the occurrence of atherosclerotic heart disease.

Iii. it is not advisable to drink alcohol. Because the alcohol contained in the wine contains no other nutrients, it only provides heat energy, and each gram of alcohol produces about 7 kilocalories (294 joules), which is harmful to the liver and easy to cause the increase of serum triglycerides. A few patients who take sulfonylurea hypoglycemic drugs are prone to palpitation, shortness of breath and blushing after drinking. Note that insulin patients who drink alcohol on an empty stomach are prone to hypoglycemia. For the safety of patients, it is best not to drink alcohol.

2 Suitable foods: mainly foods that can delay the increase of blood sugar and blood lipid.

Ⅰ. Soybean and its products: These foods are rich in protein, inorganic salts and vitamins. There are more unsaturated fatty acids in soybean oil, which can reduce blood cholesterol and triglycerides, and the sitosterol contained in them also has lipid-lowering effect.

Ⅱ. Coarse miscellaneous sugar: such as naked oats powder, buckwheat powder, hot cereal, corn flour, etc. contain various trace elements, vitamin B and dietary fiber. Experiments show that they can delay the rise of blood sugar. Corn flour, soybean flour and white flour can be made into steamed bread, pancakes and noodles in a ratio of 2: 2: 1. If you stop using it for a long time, it will not only help reduce blood sugar and fat, but also reduce hunger.

(6) People with diabetes should eat less or not eat fruit. Because fruit contains more carbohydrates, mainly glucose, sucrose and starch. Rapid digestion and absorption after eating will lead to a rapid increase in blood sugar, which is not good for diabetic patients. Therefore, diabetic patients generally should not eat more fruits. But because fruit contains more pectin, pectin can delay the absorption of glucose, so you can eat less fruit when your condition is stable.

Choose the principle of low sugar when eating fruit. At the same time, according to its sugar content, calculate its heat energy. Convert it into staple food, reduce or deduct the amount of staple food, and keep the total calories unchanged. It is not advisable to eat fruit at every meal. It is generally believed that it is more appropriate to take a small amount between meals (when blood sugar drops). There is a nutrient composition table, which should be selected according to the condition.

(7) Diabetic patients should also limit the cholesterol content in their diet. When the condition of diabetic patients is not well controlled, it is easy to increase serum cholesterol, which will lead to diabetic vascular complications and disease-free coronary heart disease. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the intake of cholesterol in the diet of diabetic patients, and it is generally advocated that the limit of cholesterol is below 300 mg per day. Therefore, fat meat and animal viscera, such as heart, liver, kidney and brain, should not be used or used sparingly in clinic, because these foods are rich in cholesterol. And eat more lean meat, fish and shrimp, which are high-protein and low-fat foods.

Strict diet control is the prerequisite and the most important part of treating diabetes. Doctors found in clinical practice that patients often can't play their due role because of poor diet control. The principles of diet control are as follows:

1. Break the misconception that eating more hypoglycemic drugs will lead to more meals.

2. Eat less and eat more. It not only ensures the supply of calories and nutrients, but also avoids the peak of postprandial blood sugar.

3. Carbohydrate foods should be eaten according to regulations, neither less nor more, and should be balanced (carbohydrates refer to sugar in food, vegetables, milk, fruits, bean products and hard fruits).

There is no difference between eating dessert and salty dessert, both of which will lead to higher blood sugar.

The amount of "diabetic food" should be equal to that of ordinary food. "Diabetic food" refers to foods with high dietary fiber, such as buckwheat and oats. Although these foods take a long time to digest and absorb, they will eventually become glucose.

6. The so-called "sugar-free food" is essentially a food without sucrose. Some foods use sweeteners instead of sucrose, but you still can't eat them casually.

7. Vegetables with starch as the main component should be included in the staple food. These vegetables include potato, sweet potato, lotus root, yam, water chestnut, taro, lily, water chestnut, arrowhead and so on.

8. Beans other than soybeans, such as red beans, mung beans, broad beans, kidney beans and peas, are mainly composed of starch, so they should also be counted as staple foods.

9. Eat non-staple food in moderation.

10. Hard fruits such as peanuts, melon seeds, walnuts, almonds and pine nuts cannot be used to satisfy hunger.

1 1. Eat more foods containing dietary fiber.

12. Eat less salt.

13. Eat less foods containing cholesterol.

14. About eating fruit. Patients with better blood sugar control can eat fruits with lower sugar content, such as apples, pears, oranges, oranges and strawberries, but the amount should not be too much. The time to eat fruit should be when blood sugar is low between meals. If you eat fruit in the future, it is equivalent to adding meals, and your blood sugar will rise immediately. In addition, after eating watermelon, sugar is absorbed quickly, so try not to eat it. Banana has a high starch content and should be counted as a staple food.

15. Sweeteners will not be converted into glucose and will not affect the change of blood sugar, so they cannot be used as self-help food for hypoglycemia.

16. Diabetic patients should not limit drinking water.

Traditional Chinese medicine prescription

Prescription 1

Gypsum 30g, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi10g, Lycium barbarum peel10g, Anemarrhena asphodeloides10g, Radix Asparagi, Radix Ophiopogonis, Trichosanthis Radix, japonica rice 20g, and Radix Glycyrrhizae 8g.

Preparation method: decoction, daily 1 dose.

Indications: diabetes with dryness-heat impairing lung syndrome.

Prescription 2

20g of Radix Rehmanniae and Rhizoma Dioscoreae, 0g of Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Radix Ophiopogonis, Radix Puerariae10g, 0/2g of clam powder, pumice15g of pollen15g, and 5g of Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli.

Preparation method: decoct in water.

Indications: diabetic kidney yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity syndrome

Prescription 3

30 grams of red beans and 40 grams of yam. Pig pancreas 1

Preparation method: decoction, daily 1 dose, depending on the degree of blood sugar reduction.

Indications: diabetes

Prescription 4

50 grams of watermelon seeds and 30 grams of japonica rice.

Production method: first mash watermelon seeds with water, put them in water to get juice, and then add rice to cook porridge. Help yourself.

Indications: Diabetic lung heat injury and fluid injury.

Prescription 5

Watermelon peel and winter melon peel 15g, Trichosanthes root 12g.

Production method: decocting. Half a cup twice a day.

Indications: diabetes, thirst and turbid urine.

Prescription 6

60-90g of raw cogongrass rhizome

Production method: decocting. Tea substitute, daily 1 dose, continuous 10 days.

Indications: diabetes

Prescription 7

Yam and Trichosanthes are equal.

Preparation method: decoct in water, 30g per day.

Indications: diabetes

Prescription 8

60 grams of ootheca mantidis

Preparation method: grind the powder and take it with boiling water, 6 grams each time, 3 times a day, until it is more severe.

Indications: diabetes, polyuria and thirst

Prescription 9

Ge Fen, Trichosanthes root 30g each, pig pancreas 1.

Preparation method: Slice pig pancreas with water, and swallow it together with Ge Fen and Trichosanthes root, daily 1 dose, and take it three times.

Indications: Drink more and eat more for diabetes.

Prescription 10

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Radix Ophiopogonis and Radix Codonopsis each10g, gypsum 30g (fried first), Radix Scrophulariae12g and Radix Rehmanniae18g.

Preparation method: decoct in water.

Indications: diabetic potential stomach and fluid injury syndrome

Prescription 1 1

Radix Rehmanniae and Fructus Lycii each 65438±02g, Radix Asparagi, Fructus Rosae Laevigatae, Ootheca Mantidis and Radix Astragali each 65438±00g, Fructus Corni and Semen Euryales each 65438±05g, and Rhizoma Dioscoreae 30g.

Preparation method: decoct in water.

Indications: diabetic kidney yin deficiency syndrome

Prescription 12

Sweet potato leaves 30g

Preparation method: decoct in water.

Indications: diabetes

Prescription 13

Radix Aucklandiae10g, Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Rhizoma Chuanxiong10g, Radix Puerariae, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Astragali, Herba Leonuri and Rhizoma Dioscoreae 30g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Rhizoma Atractylodis12g.

Preparation method: decoct in water.

Indications: diabetes with blood stasis syndrome

Prescription 14

9 grams each of Radix Astragali, Rhizoma Polygonati, Radix Pseudostellariae and Radix Rehmanniae, and 6 grams of Radix Trichosanthis.

Usage: * * Grinding to the end. Take it with 14g water three times a day.

Indications: diabetes with deficiency of both qi and yin.

Prescription 15

Rhizoma Polygonati, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Rehmanniae, Radix Scrophulariae, Radix Ophiopogonis, Radix Puerariae, Trichosanthis Radix and Radix Astragali.

Preparation method: decoction, daily 1 dose.

Indications: Diabetic nephropathy with deficiency of both liver and kidney, qi stagnation and blood stasis.

Prescription 16

Cocoon 50g

Usage: support silkworm chrysalis and decoct in water. Drink tea instead, daily 1 dose.

Indications: Diabetes mellitus is thirsty and drinks too much, and urine sugar continues to decrease.

Prescription 17

Pig pancreas 1

Production method: low-temperature drying for powder, honey for pills. Take 15g with boiling water every time, and take it regularly.

Indications: diabetes

Prescription 18

Radix Asparagi, Radix Ophiopogonis, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata and Radix Paeoniae Rubra each 65438±05g, Radix Scutellariae and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (below) each 65438±00g, Rhizoma Coptidis 6g, Cortex Moutan 65438±02g, Radix Scrophulariae 30g and Stigma Maydis 60g.

Preparation method: decoct in water.

Indications: Diabetic stomach heat syndrome

Prescription 19

25g of Chinese yam, and 0/0g of Rhizoma Coptidis/kloc.

Preparation method: decoct in water.

Indications: diabetes, thirst, polyuria and hunger

Prescription 20

Laosongcha 10g

Usage: brew with boiling water. Drink tea instead.

Indications: diabetes

Prescription 2 1

Radix Rehmanniae Preparata and Radix Astragali each 65438±05g, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Fructus Psoraleae and Fructus Schisandrae each 65438±00g, Radix Scrophulariae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae each 65438±02g, Rhizoma Atractylodis 6g and Cortex Cinnamomi 3g.

Preparation method: decoct in water.

Indications: deficiency of both yin and yang in diabetes.

Prescription 22

Atractylodis Rhizoma 40-100g, Fructus Aurantii 15-20g, Rhizoma Pinelliae Preparata, Rhizoma Sparganii, Rhizoma Curcumae, Radix Puerariae 20-30g, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum15g and Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata 2-3g.

Preparation method: decoct in water. Radix Codonopsis and Radix Astragali are added for patients with qi deficiency; Radix Curcumae and Herba Artemisiae Scopariae are added for patients with liver depression; Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, Fructus Lycii and Fructus Corni are added for premature senility.

Indications: diabetes

Prescription 23

1 fresh pig pancreas, 50g coix seed or 100g astragalus.

Production method: rinse the pig pancreas with clear water, cut it into several pieces, put it in a bowl with coix seed and drown it with water. Stew in an iron pan over water, and add appropriate amount of salt and seasoning.

Indications: diabetes

Prescription 24

500g of fresh celery and radish, 0/000g of wax gourd/kloc-,0/20g of mung bean/kloc-and 2 pears.

Usage: First, cook celery and wax gourd with water, wrap them in white gauze, take juice, and cook them with mung beans, pears and green radish.

Indications: diabetes

Prescription 25

65438 00 grams of Fructus Cnidii, lotus seed beard, Cornus officinalis, Dictamni Radicis, 30 grams of Alpinia oxyphylla, Mulberry, Radix Astragali Preparata, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, and Caulis Lonicerae, 65438 05 grams of Poria, 6 grams of Galla Chinensis, and 6 grams of Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli.

Sanqi 3g (Chongfu)

Preparation method: decoct in water.

Indications: diabetic kidney yin deficiency syndrome

Prescription 26

Codonopsis pilosula 15g, salvia miltiorrhiza 30g, radix scrophulariae and radix adenophorae 10g, Polygonatum odoratum 12g and ebony 30g.

Preparation method: decoct in water. Trichosanthes root is added to thirsty people, and hawthorn fruit is added to loose stool people.

Indications: diabetes

Prescription 27

Atractylodes rhizome, Scrophularia root and Astragalus root each 30g, Chinese yam, prepared rehmannia root, dried rehmannia root, codonopsis pilosula, Ophiopogon japonicus, Schisandra chinensis, Galla Chinensis, Os Draconis and Poria each 65438+/-00g.

Preparation method: decoct in water.

Indications: Diabetes mellitus with blood stasis due to injury of both qi and yin.

Prescription 28

Portulaca oleracea100g

Preparation method: decoct in water. Daily 1 dose, generally taking 1-2 weeks to turn negative after urine sugar.

Indications: diabetes

Prescription 29

10 loach and 3 dried lotus leaves.

Production method: dry loach in the shade and grind it into powder, and mix it with lotus leaf powder. Take 10g each time, three times a day.

● Detailed illness and consultation purpose: What fruit is suitable for diabetics?

What fruit is suitable for diabetics in life? Does the sugar in the fruit have an effect on the body? In addition, what should diabetics pay attention to in their diet and daily life? Is there a simple and practical diet therapy to treat this disease?

Hello, diabetes is a common disease among middle-aged and elderly people. Poor control will lead to some complications. Treatment is usually a combination of diet, exercise and medicine, among which diet therapy is the basis of all treatments. For mild diabetes, only diet therapy can control the condition.

The basic principle of dietotherapy is to estimate the total calories needed according to the patient's weight and activity, and arrange the daily diet reasonably. Don't eat foods with high sugar content, eat less foods containing fat and starch, mainly vegetables and miscellaneous grains, with a certain amount of high-quality protein foods such as lean meat, milk, eggs and bean products. Fruit contains sugar, can I eat fruit?

It is not appropriate to eat fruit at all, because fruit contains a lot of vitamins, cellulose and minerals, which is beneficial to diabetics. The sugars contained in fruits are glucose, fructose and sucrose, among which fructose does not need insulin to participate in metabolism. Therefore, diabetic patients do not reject fruits after their blood sugar is controlled.

Moreover, the sugar content of fruits is different and cannot be treated equally. Foods below 100g10g are: dark plum, watermelon, melon, coconut milk, orange, lemon, grape, peach, plum, apricot, loquat, pineapple, strawberry, sugarcane, coconut, cherry and olive. , available for diabetics to choose from. Fruits with sugar content of 1 1-20g include bananas, pomegranates, grapefruit, oranges, apples, pears, lychees and mangoes. So choose carefully. There are dates and red fruits over 20g, especially dried dates, candied dates, dried persimmons, raisins, dried apricots and longan. It is forbidden to eat because of its high sugar content.

Many vegetables can be eaten as fruits, such as tomatoes, cucumbers and melons. Every 100 grams of food contains less than 5 grams of sugar and is rich in vitamins. Can completely replace fruits, is suitable for diabetics and can be popularized.

In addition, it is necessary to match the amount of food, not the same. Watermelon contains 4% sugar, pear contains 12% sugar and banana contains 20% sugar. Watermelon contains less sugar, but if you eat 500 grams, it is equivalent to banana 100 grams and pear 170 grams, so you should not eat more. You should also pay attention to the way you eat fruit. Don't eat immediately after meals, but eat between meals or before going to bed. It is best to try to eat, that is, to measure urine sugar 2 hours after meals. If urine sugar increases, it needs to be reduced; If urine sugar is still high after fruit reduction, the amount of staple food should be reduced appropriately.

Precautions for diabetic diet:

1. The staple food of diabetic patients is generally rice and flour. Coarse grains such as oats, cereals and corn flour contain more inorganic salts and vitamins, and are also rich in dietary fiber, which has the function of lowering blood sugar and is conducive to controlling blood sugar.

2. The protein source of diabetic patients is soybean and its bean products. On the one hand, its protein is of good quality; On the other hand, it contains no cholesterol and has the function of lowering blood fat, so it can replace some animal foods, such as meat.

3. When diabetics are still hungry during calorie control, they can eat vegetables with less sugar, add some seasonings after boiling with water, and they can eat. Vegetables are essential foods for diabetics because of their high dietary fiber, high water content, low thermal energy and strong satiety.

4. Foods forbidden to eat include: white sugar, red pond, glucose and sugary sweets, such as candy, cakes, jam, candied fruit, ice cream and sweet drinks. In addition, there are potatoes, yams, taro, lotus roots, garlic sprouts, carrots and so on. , containing more carbohydrates, using less after eating or reducing the corresponding staple food.

5. Lard, butter, foreign oil, cream, butter, etc. Those rich in saturated fatty acids are seldom used, so it is better not to use them. Vegetable oil can be used instead of some animal oil. Peanuts, walnuts, sesame seeds and melon seeds also contain a lot of fat. Try not to eat or eat less or reduce oil intake.

6. Egg yolk and viscera of animals such as liver, brain and waist contain quite high cholesterol and should be used as little as possible or not.

7. Fruit contains glucose and fructose, which can raise blood sugar, so when blood sugar and urine sugar are relatively stable, fasting blood sugar.

8. Alcohol, mainly containing alcohol, has high heat production and few other nutrients, so it is not suitable for drinking.

9. In addition to controlling the total calories, the diet of diabetic patients should also be diversified, but due to the limitation of sugar and salt, the taste of dishes is relatively single. In view of this, there are many sweeteners in the market that do not produce heat and do not contain any nutrients, such as stevia and sweet sugar. In recent two years, there is a kind of sweetener, proteoglycan, which is composed of amino acids, has no fever and side effects, and is an ideal sweetener at present, such as Newt sugar, yuanzhen sugar and so on.

10, for insulin-dependent patients, it is also necessary to strictly implement diet control under the guidance of doctors and nutritionists. For obese diabetic patients with hypertension and coronary heart disease, in addition to strict diet control, animal viscera, egg yolk, roe and so on. Animal oils such as butter, lard and butter are strictly controlled, and saturated fatty acids are not good for preventing atherosclerosis.

1 1. For diabetic patients with renal insufficiency, besides controlling the total calories, we should also pay attention to the intake of less salt, no salt or less sodium and less protein according to the condition. Protein's supply should not be too high, avoid soy products. For uremia, a low-protein diet should be adopted. Protein is about 30 grams a day. Wheat starch should be used as staple food instead of rice, flour and protein to supply high-quality protein, such as milk, eggs and lean meat.