Connecting with historical facts, this paper discusses the reasons why the imperialist powers failed to turn China into a colony.

Reasons why the imperialist powers failed to turn China into a colony;

First, the occurrence of the modern China Revolution and the transformation of the old and new democratic revolutions.

(1) The nature, characteristics and basic contradictions of contemporary China society.

1, the nature of modern China society

Modern China was a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Before the Opium War, China was an independent feudal power. After the Opium War, due to the invasion of imperialist powers, the social nature of China began to change greatly and gradually evolved into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. On the one hand, the invasion of foreign capitalism has turned China, which was originally territorial integrity and sovereign independence, into a semi-colonial country that seems to be independent but is actually ruled by imperialist powers. On the other hand, the invasion of foreign capitalism greatly disintegrated China's original feudal economic structure which lasted for thousands of years. Capitalism developed initially in China, and China changed from a completely feudal society to a semi-feudal society with certain capitalist elements.

2. The characteristics of modern China society.

The semi-colonial and semi-feudal social form in modern China is a special transitional social form. Its main features are:

First, the imperialist forces of aggression violated China's sovereignty, controlled China's financial and economic lifeline, and manipulated China's political and military forces, so that China lost its former status as a completely sovereign and independent country in essence, but on the surface it still maintained the form of an independent country.

Second, the self-sufficient natural economic foundation in feudal times was destroyed, but the exploitation of peasants by the landlord class, the foundation of feudal exploitation system, not only still existed, but also combined with the exploitation of comprador capital and usury capital, occupying a significant advantage in China's social and economic life.

Third, national capitalism has developed and played a considerable role in China's political and cultural life; However, it has not become the main form of China's social economy, and its strength is very weak, and most of it is more or less related to foreign imperialism and domestic feudalism.

Fourthly, because China is under the rule or semi-rule of many imperialist countries, because China is actually in a state of disunity for a long time, and because China is vast, China's economic, political and cultural development is extremely unbalanced.

Fifth, due to the double oppression of imperialism and feudalism, the broad masses of people in China, especially farmers, are increasingly poor or even bankrupt in large numbers, living a cold and hungry life and having no political rights.

3. The main contradiction in modern China society-the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the masses of the people-is the main contradiction in modern China society, and the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation is the most important contradiction among all kinds of contradictions. The existence and intensification of these contradictions will inevitably lead to the development of the revolutionary movement, which is the profound social root of China's revolution.

(2) The occurrence of the national democratic revolution in modern China, the causes of the revolution in modern China, and the reason why the revolution occurred in modern China, why it was so extensive and profound? Fundamentally speaking, it is not based on people's subjective desire, but the inevitable product of the basic contradictions in modern China society and the result of the struggle and intensification of the main contradictions in China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

4. The object, task and nature of the modern China Revolution. The nature and principal contradiction of the modern China society not only became the fundamental reason for the occurrence and development of the China Revolution, but also determined the object, task and nature of the modern China Revolution. That is to overthrow imperialist oppression externally, realize national independence and people's liberation, overthrow feudal rule internally, and realize national prosperity and people's democracy. These two tasks determined that the modern China Revolution was not only an anti-imperialist national revolution, but also an anti-feudal democratic revolution, which was the unity of the national democratic revolution.

5. The historical process of the occurrence and development of modern China Revolution: The combination of imperialism and feudalism in China turned China into a semi-colony and colony, that is, the process of China people's resistance to imperialism and its lackeys. From the Opium War to the May 4th Movement, the people of China fought against foreign invaders and their lackeys for more than 80 years: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom peasant movement, the Wuxian Reform Movement, the Boxer Rebellion and the Revolution of 1911. However, many struggles, including national movements such as the Revolution of 1911, failed. History shows that, due to historical and class limitations, the peasant class and the national bourgeoisie cannot undertake the task of leading China's democratic revolution to victory and cannot change the fate of China. China revolution needs the leadership of new class political parties, new ideological guidance and a new way out, so the transition from the old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution is inevitable.

(3) China's revolution from old democracy to new democracy.

1, the transformation from the old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution is a historical necessity. The transformation of China's revolution from old democracy to new democracy is the inevitable result of the development of basic social contradictions in modern China and the development of China's revolutionary movement. The failure of the Revolution of 1911 and its follow-up struggles, the aggression of domestic imperialism against China and the autocratic dictatorship of Beiyang warlords, and the traitorous surrender of foreign countries have caused serious national and social crises, indicating the occurrence of a new revolution and the arrival of a new revolutionary climax. The development of China's new productive forces, the expansion of the proletariat, the enlightenment of the New Culture Movement, the victory of the October Revolution aroused the new awakening of the people of China and their advanced elements, the spread of Marxism in China, and the formation of the ranks of intellectuals with preliminary production ideas made the China Revolution realize the transformation from old democracy to new democracy.

2. The realization of China's revolution from old democracy to new democracy.

The transformation of China's revolution from old democracy to new democracy was realized through the May 4th Movement and the establishment of China's * * * Production Party.

19 19 The May 4th Movement broke out, which made a historic leap in the process of democratic revolution in China, and was essentially different from all revolutionary movements in the past 80 years. The working class in China played a major role in the May 4th Movement and began to enter the historical stage as an independent political force. Influenced by the October Revolution, a group of advanced elements with preliminary ideas have always stood at the forefront of the struggle and become the guiding force of the movement.

The establishment of China * * Production Party is the inevitable result of the social, economic and political development in modern China. Since China's * * production party, China's revolution has taken on a new look, and China's revolution has entered a new democratic revolution period led by the proletariat and its political party China * * production party.

Second, the general line of the new democratic revolution.

1, the content of the general line of the new democratic revolution

1948, 1 In April, Mao Zedong made a complete summary of the general line of the new-democratic revolution: the revolution led by the proletariat and opposed by the people to imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism. This is China's new-democratic revolution, which is the general line and policy of China's * * * production party at the current historical stage.

2, the object of the new democratic revolution

The object of the new democratic revolution is imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism.

The nature and principal contradiction of China society determine that the main targets or enemies of China Revolution are imperialism and feudalism. The national oppression of China people by imperialism is the biggest oppression and the main obstacle to the social development of China, so it is the first and most ferocious enemy of China people. The landlord class is the main social foundation for imperialism to rule China, the class that uses the feudal exploitation system to deprive and oppress farmers, the class that hinders China's social progress politically, economically and culturally without any progress, and as a class, it is the main object of revolution. The bureaucratic bourgeoisie was directly supported by imperialism and combined with the feudal ruling class, monopolizing the lifeline of the national economy, becoming a comprador and monopolizing capitalism, forming the economic foundation of Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary regime and seriously hindering the development of social productive forces. Therefore, the bureaucratic bourgeoisie is also one of the targets of China's democratic revolution.

3. The leadership of the new democratic revolution The core of the general line of new democracy is "proletarian leadership", that is, the new democracy is led by the proletariat, which is the fundamental sign that the new democratic revolution is different from the old democratic revolution.

Why must the new-democratic revolution in China be led by the proletariat?

First of all, the China Revolution must be led by the proletariat, which is the inevitable choice of the historical development of modern China revolution.

The bourgeoisie in China should shoulder the heavy responsibility of leading the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal national democratic revolution, and the bourgeoisie in China has indeed worked hard and struggled for it. However, due to the weakness and compromise of China bourgeoisie, it is impossible for China to achieve real national independence and democratic politics. History has proved that the bourgeoisie in China is incapable of assuming the leadership responsibility of the China Revolution. Objectively speaking, the China revolution needs a new leading class and a new road, while the China proletariat just complied with the requirements of the times and became the leading class of the China revolution.

Second, the China revolution must be led by the proletariat, which is also determined by the advantages of the proletariat in China.

The working class in China has three characteristics: strong sense of resistance, thorough revolution, high concentration, easy to unite to form a strong fighting capacity, natural connection with farmers and easy to form a close alliance with farmers. These advantages will inevitably make it a special revolutionary class in modern China and shoulder the heavy responsibility of leading the China revolution.

Third, the China revolution must be led by the proletariat, which is the requirement of upholding the proletarian leadership in the democratic revolution. The leadership of the proletariat over the China revolution is realized through its own political party, and the essence of proletarian leadership is the leadership of the * * * production party. China * * * Production Party is composed of advanced proletarian elements and proletarian vanguard. Guided by Marxism–Leninism, it can understand the development law of China society and China revolution, formulate the correct program, line, principles and policies, always stand in the forefront of the revolutionary movement and lead the revolution to victory step by step.

4, the motive force of the new democratic revolution

The "people" in the general line of the new-democratic revolution refers to the revolutionary motive force. The basic revolutionary motive forces of the new-democratic revolution are the proletariat, the peasantry and the urban petty bourgeoisie. In a certain period, to a certain extent, the national bourgeoisie also participated. The China proletariat is the most advanced and revolutionary class in China society and the leading class of the new-democratic revolution. The peasant class is the most reliable ally of the proletariat and the main force of the China revolution. The petty bourgeoisie includes intellectuals, small businessmen, industrialists and freelancers, who are oppressed by imperialism, feudalism and the big bourgeoisie. It is an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution, one of the driving forces of the revolution and a reliable ally of the proletariat. The national bourgeoisie is oppressed by imperialism and bound by feudalism, so they have contradictions with imperialism and feudalism. On the one hand, they are one of the revolutionary forces, but on the other hand, because they have not completely cut off their economic ties with imperialism and feudalism, they have no courage to completely oppose imperialism and construction. If the proletariat in China wants to win the revolution, it must unite with all revolutionary classes and strata under various circumstances.

5. The nature and future of the new-democratic revolution.

The nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society and the task of China's revolution determine that the nature of China's revolution is bourgeois democratic revolution, not proletarian socialist revolution.

However, it is not an old bourgeois democratic revolution, but a new and special bourgeois democratic revolution: the leadership of the revolution is no longer the bourgeoisie, but the proletariat and its political parties; The guiding ideology of the revolution is not the bourgeois democratic thoughts of both sides, but Marxism; The future of the revolution is not the establishment of bourgeois dictatorship, but proletarian socialism.

The new-democratic revolution and social revolution are also different: the object of the revolution is not the ordinary bourgeoisie, but national oppression and feudal oppression; Revolutionary measures generally do not abolish private property, but protect it. As a result of the revolution, both socialist and capitalist factors have developed.

The future of the new democratic revolution is socialism, because:

First, the proletariat is leading this new and special bourgeois democratic revolution.

Second, the new-democratic revolution was carried out in the international environment of the rise of socialism and the decline of capitalism. It is not allowed to follow the old road taken by the European and American bourgeoisie after the victory of the China Revolution, and it is not allowed to establish a capitalist society in China.

Third, the proportion of socialist factors (the proletariat and the * * * production party in the country's political forces has increased; Peasant intellectuals and urban petty bourgeoisie recognize the leadership of the proletariat and the * * * production party, and the establishment of state-owned economy and cooperative economy develops faster than capitalist factors.

The whole China revolution is divided into two steps: the first step is to change the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social form and make China an independent new democratic country; The second step is to promote the revolution in China and build a socialist society. The relationship between the two is just like the relationship between the first part and the second part of the article. Only when the first part is done can the second part be done well. The democratic revolution is the necessary preparation for the socialist revolution, which is the inevitable trend of the democratic revolution.

Third, the basic program of the new democratic revolution.

1. The political program of the new-democratic revolution is to establish a new-democratic country with joint dictatorship and democratic centralism of all revolutionary classes. The new democratic Republic is different from the old capitalist dictatorship in Europe and America, which is not suitable for China's national conditions, and imperialism does not allow China to become an independent capitalist country. New democracy is different from the proletarian socialist dictatorship between China and the Soviet Union. The new democratic Republic is a transitional form in a certain historical period, and it must be transformed into a socialist Republic in the future, but it is an inevitable form at present. 2. Economic Program of the New Democratic Revolution The economic program of the New Democratic Revolution is: confiscate the land of the feudal class to the peasants, confiscate the monopoly capital led by Chiang Kai-shek, Song Ziwen, Kong Xiangxi and Chen Lifu to the new democratic countries, and protect the national industry and commerce. 3. Cultural Program of the New Democratic Revolution The cultural program of the New Democratic Revolution is an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal mass culture led by the proletariat, that is, a national, scientific and popular culture.