The pronunciation of erhua

In the actual recognition and reading of Erhua rhyme, the Erhua sound and the preceding syllables are pronounced together, and it is not appropriate to read them separately (that is, the following "er" character cannot be separated and clearly pronounced. read out). However, in lyrical genres such as poetry and prose, sometimes rhymed sounds can be pronounced separately for the purpose of rhyming, such as "leaf, crescent moon".

1. When final rhymes with a, o, ê, e, u (including the o in ao and eao) are used as rhymes, their pronunciation does not change much, and the tongue curling movement is different from its own. There is not much pronunciation conflict, so just add the retroflex color when changing it to a child. Among them, the tongue position of e is slightly moved back, and the tongue position of a is slightly raised. Such as:

a→ar: where nǎr shǒubàr

ia→iar: ye yaer yièyár wallet qiánjiár

ua→uar: painting huàr lànghuār

o→ou: powder fěnmòr bamboo film zhúmór

uo→ror: eye socket yǎnwōr everyone dàhuǒr

e→er: small box xiǎohér hard shell yìngkér

ue→uer: protagonist zhǔjuér wooden pronger mùjuér

ie→ier: stone steps shíjiēr copybook zìtiěr

u→ur: teardrop lèizhūr outrageous lípǔr

ao→aor: xiaodaoer xiǎodàor purse hébāor

ou→our: old man lǎotóur intersection lùkǒur

iao→iaor: minor tune xiǎodiàor mouth corner zuǐjiǎor

iou→iour: small ball xiǎoqiúr top cow dǐngniúr

2. The final phonemes have i and ü as the main vowels When the finals are transformed into rhymes, the openings of i and ü are small and the tongue high point is forward. The rhyme belly of i and ü cannot be lost at this time, so it conflicts with the rolling movement. The method of processing is to first add a lingual, central, middle, and middle rounded vowel, and then roll the tongue on this basis. Such as:

i→ier: Guo Dier guōdǐr Liu Sier liǔsīr Stuff wányìr

ü→üer: ih Xiaoquer xiǎoqǔr Donkey máolǘr Funer yǒuqǔr

3. When the final phoneme of which the final phoneme is I is processed as Er, because the pronunciation of I conflicts with the retroflex, the final I is lost during the Er conversion, and the main vowel is retroflexed. The tongue position of some major vowels is affected by the rolling movement of the tongue, and the tongue position moves backward toward the center and middle. Such as:

ai→ar big name dàpáir window sill chuāngtáir

ei→er: peer tóngbèir baby bǎobèir

uai→uar: candy bar tángkuàir yīkuàir

uei→uer: taste kǒuwèir yīduìr

4. When the final phoneme of the rhyme is n, the pronunciation of n hinders the retroflexion. Action, so the final n sound of the rhyme is lost, and the tongue is retroflexed based on the main vowel. The original main vowel with the tongue in the front moves backward to the center and middle direction after being transformed into a child. When the main vowel interferes with the retroflex i and ü, a tongue surface, center, middle, and unrounded vowel must be added. Labial vowels, and then roll the tongue on this basis.

For example:

an→ar: top class dǐngbānr, leaflet chuándānr

en→er: loss-making kuīběnr, destiny mìnggēnr

ian→iar: corns son jīyǎnr roadside son lùbiānr

in→iar: hard work yòngjìnr handprint son shǒuyìnr

uan→uar: fun hǎowánr turn corner guǎiwānr

uen→uer ：wrinkle zhòuwénr kaichūnr

üan→üar：circle yuǎnquānr handkerchief shǒujuànr

ün→üer：gregarious héqúnr flower skirt huāqúnr

5 .When the vowel ending with -I in front of the tip of the tongue or -I in the back of the tip of the tongue is used as the final rhyme, the opening of the pronunciation is small, and the tip of the tongue is close to the back of the teeth or the front hard palate, which has hindered the tongue curling movement. Therefore, when converting it to a child, it should be changed into lingual, central, middle, and unrounded vowels, and then retroflexed on this basis. Such as:

-i→er: looking for thorns zhǎocìr Liusier liǔsīr

-i→er: looking for branches shùzhīr looking for trouble zhǎoshìr

6. With nag When processing the final phoneme of the final phoneme, the place of articulation of nag is at the back (which does not hinder the retroflexing movement). However, since nag is a nasal sound, there is no airflow in the mouth when it is pronounced, so the retroflexing characteristic cannot be formed when the tongue is rolled. . When processing the pretense, the nag sound should be completely lost, and then the tongue should be rolled on the basis of the main vowels. If the main vowel hinders the retroflexing action, add a nasalized lingual, central, middle, and unrounded vowel, and then roll the retroflex on this basis. Such as:

ang→?r: tea jar chágāngr medicinal prescription yàofāngr

iang

i?r: lamb xiǎoyángr vegetable Yangr càiyāngr

iang

i?r p>

uang→u?r: bamboo basket zhúkuāngr door and window ménchuāngr

eng→ (small waves above e) r: skipping rope tiàoshéngr bamboo stool zhúdèngr

pants seam kùfèngr

ong→ (small wave above u) r: small hole xiǎodòngr chōukòngr

wine cup jiǔzhōngr

iong→ü (e above Little Wave) r: Little Bear xiǎoxióngr

When "er" is connected to other syllables as the end of a word, it loses its independence and merges with the previous syllable into one syllable, causing the final of the previous syllable to appear. The rhyme ending of a retroflex movement becomes the final rhyme of retroflex, that is, the rhyme rhyme. This phenomenon is called "erhua". Students, don't underestimate "erhua", it plays a certain role in expressing meaning.

1. Some words are transformed into words to express feelings of affection. Such as:

Flowers, girls, fun, folk songs

2. Some words mean "little" and "little" after being transformed, such as:

Children, bamboo sticks, cracks in the door, a while

3. Some words are transformed into words to express a gentle attitude. For example:

You speak slowly, I will tell you thoughtful words

4. Some verbs and adjectives are transformed into nouns. Such as:

Gai (verb) - Gaier (noun)

Hua (verb) - Hua'er (noun)

Jian (adjective) - —Jian'er (noun)

5. Some words have changed their meaning after being transformed. For example:

eyes - eyes (meaning "small hole")

tou (head) - boss (meaning "person in charge")

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Remarks: There are different views on the role of "er". Some people think that it is not the word "er" that means small or less, but the word itself carries such an intention.

For example, child itself means small, and the door gap has the characteristics of being small and narrow.

In Mandarin and some northern dialects, all finals except ê and er can be "er-ified". During "erhua", due to the upward curling of the tongue, that is, tongue curling, the finals -i and -n, which are high and forward, cannot be pronounced and are lost. At the same time, the ventral vowels are also affected and "centralized". The nasal final –ng is lost and the ventral vowel is “nasalized”.

For example: only add tongue-rolling movements: little car, little bird;

When tongue-rolling, the end of the rhyme is lost, and some have to change the rhyme belly or increase the sound: together, a little son, maybe son, vest son;

Kaya vowels: little chicken, funny son;

When the tongue is rolled, the ending of the rhyme is lost, and the vowels are nasalized: helper, vase Son.

Erhua is the result of the sound change of finals, which is accompanied by the phenomenon of shedding, augmentation, replacement and assimilation. The sound change is mainly manifested in the end of the rhyme, followed by the belly of the rhyme, and has no effect on the initial consonants of the rhyme.

Er-changing words are not unique to Mandarin. They are common in northern dialects, especially Beijing dialect and Northeastern dialect. However, southerners are not used to er-changing words and find it very difficult to learn them.

Er words have a strong colloquial flavor, and their meaning is generally to dilute the original meaning of the word, playing the role of "understatement". For example, to express the meaning of "small, light, thin, weak", the method of "er" is often used. For example, the nouns "corner, alley, vest, handkerchief, medicine noodles, snowflakes, rubber bands, toothpicks, bubbles", the verbs "play, exert oneself, take a nap, turn, Run along the way" and so on. Erhua also often embodies the emotional color of "love and preference", such as "kitten, bird, stuff". Of course, sometimes it also expresses "contempt and ridicule" attitude, such as "thief, drunkard and crazy". Son, you are telling lies." Erhua sometimes also has the function of differentiating the meaning of words. For example, "tou" refers to "head" and "tou'er" refers to "chief or leader"; "jian" is an adjective and "jian'er" is a noun; "gai" is a verb. "Gail" is a noun, and "Gail" is a verb-object phrase.

Mandarin is the standard modern Chinese language. In fact, the trend of modern Chinese language becoming Chinese is gradually decreasing. For example, "go to work, go to work, red light, red light", which have no different meanings, do not need to be erification; emerging words such as "computer, mobile phone" will not be erification ("yimeier" is a transliteration of the word , another discussion). In order to make it easier for people in southern dialect areas to learn Mandarin, the Mandarin proficiency test stipulates the must-read children's words used in the test, which makes it easier to master.

Linguists say that the word "er" has multiple meanings. It has a small meaning, and often refers to a son. It can be the self-proclaimed name of a child, or even a woman. For example, Yuan Zhen's "The Story of Yingying" says: "A jade ring was made when the child was an infant." Also, as Language helps, like slowly. The most peculiar thing is a phonetic phenomenon in Beijing dialect (including some dialects). The suffix "er" does not form a syllable by itself, but forms a syllable with the previous character, making the main vowel of the previous character act as a retroflex. , the sound changes into a retroflex vowel, which is called "erhua".

The phenomenon of infantilization has attracted the attention and research of many scholars. Some linguists claim that 26 Erhua rhymes are produced after Erhua. Erhuayun is called "Xiaozhe" in the Liyuan industry. Commentators have different opinions on how many Xiaozhe there are. I refer to the opinions of Li Jinxi, Bai Dizhou, Qian Xuantong, Wei Jiangong, and Zhang Xunru to summarize and summarize. Eight of them are Xiao Yan Qian'er, Xiao Ren Chen'er, Xiao Suo Po'er, Xiao Yaotiao'er, Xiao Youqiu'er, Xiao Jiang Yang'er, Xiao Dong Dong'er and Xiao Gusu'er.

From pronunciation to semantics, further explore the function of infantilization. Zhao Yuanren listed five categories. The first item means small, or the object is insignificant, or the quantity is small, or the time is short, such as xiaozier, hole'er, half-crazy, sit, sit, etc., and the remaining four are abstractions of concrete words (such as Beginning, pick the word), verb nominalization (such as date, cigarette roll), adjective nominalization (such as brighter, piecemeal) and special meaning (such as man, oil and water).

It seems that regardless of the original meaning of the word or the function of er, the main meaning of the word er is tiny.

To give an example, name. Everyone has a name. Although the name is a symbol, it becomes flesh and blood and spirit, which cannot be separated in a moment.

People have nicknames and big names. Nicknames can be transformed into children, such as dog, pillar, or board, but big names cannot. Of course, if you meet the younger generation Zhang Xiaowen and Li Xiaowen, it's okay to call them "Xiao Wen'er"; if Zhang Li is a minister and it's in a public place, is it okay for you to call Xiao Zhe "Xiao Wen'er"? Well called export.

Name, this word is actually very interesting in Beijing dialect. I noticed that some words were shortened due to childification, which is called part-of-speech simplification. Ming, so it can be transformed into "ming'er", which is the meaning of "fame" and "reputation", such as "Now I have a name for lending money" in "A Dream of Red Mansions", "I don't care about your business." It ruins your reputation." Although the word categories are simplified, they cannot be generalized. For example, Zhou Taizu Guo Que'er, Liu Xuande Da'er, and Cao Zhang Huangxu'er cannot be pronounced as Erhua; Kejia'er, Tianshe'er, Bad Shao'er, Bald Si'er, and Little Girl cannot be pronounced as Erhua. Once incorporated into poetry and music, "er" seriously belongs to the "four branches" of poetic rhyme, as in the examples of "Play up Huang Ying'er" and "Marry and play with the trend"; even the simplified "name" is no longer "simple", There is a song in "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Asking whether the ancient generals still exist, it is just a false name and the admiration of future generations." This "false name" must be read literally and cannot be treated with retroflex rhyme. However, having said that, if you think about it carefully, these "er"s, such as "Xu Ming'er" and so on, no matter how they are pronounced, whether they are praise or derogation, they have a vague meaning.

From a big mistake to a small one, Erhua is really a good thing. Listen to old Beijing folk songs: "Little boy, sit on the gate, cry and cry for a wife..." "The eldest girl is big, the second girl is the second, the third girl is going out, send me a message, build a big tent, and put happy words on it, Marrying a wife with droopy wings..." This is the pastoral song of grassroots people. Thanks to Beijing dialect, it made me understand that everything in the world has become smaller after being "er-ified", people have become "人儿", and the "name" has also become a simplified "名儿" ! Cao Xueqin said: "Where are the generals of ancient and modern times? The pile of grass in the barren tomb has disappeared!" Lingnan Zi said: "A handful of cold ashes have blown away in the wind!" , is actually something external to oneself. I think that in the world of mortals, whether you speak Beijing dialect or not, or understand Erhuayun or not, you cannot fail to realize the insignificance, but you, like me, will always "examine myself three times a day."