By analyzing the four phenomena of superluminal speed, can we break through the century-old iron wall limited by superluminal speed?

Einstein's special relativity and general relativity have been published 100 years. After centuries of ups and downs, this theory has been polished more and more brilliantly and become the cornerstone of modern human scientific civilization.

The limit and invariability of the speed of light is the basis of Einstein's special theory of relativity. The limit of light speed and the invariability of light speed are two basic properties of light speed.

One is the limit of light speed, that is, the speed of light is the fastest in the world. The speed of light travels in a straight line at a speed of 299,792,458 meters per second in a vacuum. Nothing can reach this speed and nothing can surpass it. Where there is static mass, with the acceleration of speed, its dynamic mass will become larger and larger, and when it approaches the speed of light, the mass energy of matter will approach infinity.

What is infinity? Even if the universe is limited, it is not infinite. Therefore, even if all the energy of the universe is used, it is impossible to drive the matter with static mass to the speed of light, not even a proton or an electron. This is called speed limit, or speed obstacle.

This principle can be expressed by the following formula:

M=m/？ [ 1-(v/c)^2]

Where m is the moving mass of matter, m is the static mass of matter, v is the moving speed and c is the speed of light.

What needs to be emphasized here is that the light speed limit is only realized in a vacuum and is not applicable to other media. For example, the speed of light in water is 225000 km/s; 230,000 km/s in ice; 200,000 km/s in the glass. It is believed that neutrinos travel at a speed close to the speed of light and hardly interact with any other matter, so they can't stop even if they cross the earth. Therefore, in the above medium, the speed of neutrinos must be greater than the speed of light.

Second, the speed of light is constant, and the speed of light seen in any frame of reference is the same.

This conclusion has been confirmed in Michelson and Morey's experiments. They tried to measure the speed difference between two beams of light in different directions through experiments. They make one beam of light consistent with the rotation direction of the earth and the other beam perpendicular to this direction. Results The speed difference between the two beams was not measured, but the speed of the two beams was exactly the same, indicating that the speed of light had nothing to do with the choice of reference frame.

You know, the revolution speed of the earth is about 30 kilometers per second. If the speed of light shows different speeds in different reference frames, then the light beam in the same direction as the earth's revolution should be 30 kilometers faster than the speed of light per second.

The formula for the constant speed of light is: v = (v1+v2)/(1+v1xv2/c2).

Where V is the superposition velocity of objects, V 1 and V2 are the velocities of two motion sources, and C is the speed of light.

This formula solves the confusion of many friends about the superposition of light speed. It has been suggested that throwing an apple on a light-speed spaceship will make it go faster than the speed of light. Planes emit light faster than the speed of light, and so on. Try this formula. Can you surpass it?

In fact, earlier, Maxwell deduced a constant light speed formula from the electromagnetic equations, which was expressed as C= 1/? 0? 0。

Where c is the speed of light. 0 is the permeability of vacuum. 0 is the vacuum dielectric constant.

All Einstein's theories are based on this assumption. If the speed of light can be surpassed, or the speed of light is not constant, and the speed of light can surpass itself, Einstein's theory will fall apart.

When the cornerstone collapses, so does the building. In other words, all modern scientific theories based on Einstein's theory of relativity need to be rewritten, and mankind will return to darkness and start again. Fortunately, in the past 100 years, Einstein's special relativity and general relativity have been confirmed by numerous observation and experimental data, and various predictions based on these theories have also been confirmed one by one, and the iron wall that establishes these theories is the limit of light speed and the constant light speed.

Today, let's analyze several possible superluminal phenomena recognized by the scientific community. Can these so-called superluminal phenomena shake the iron wall of light speed limit and constant light speed? At present, the scientific community recognizes that there may be four superluminal phenomena in this world, one is the expansion speed of the universe, the other is the wormhole crossing, the third is the folding of time and space, and the fourth is quantum entanglement. Note that space-time communication uses four kinds of superluminal? Phenomenon? The phenomenon is not necessarily the essence.

First, the expansion of the universe.

The discovery of the space-time expansion of the universe is a great leap forward in human understanding of the universe, which directly impacts the static cosmology that has ruled mankind for thousands of years and opens a new era of the Big Bang theory.

The scientific community found that the universe has a beginning and an end, which originated 654.38+03.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. According to Planck satellite and gravitational lens, Hubble constant, that is, the expansion rate of the universe, is about 70km/s/ million parsec. It means that millions of parsec, or about 3.26 million light years, galaxies leave us at a speed of about 70 kilometers per second.

This is the observed expansion speed of the universe. This rate is isotropic and proportional to the distance. In other words, all directions look essentially the same. The farther away, the faster you walk, and the closer you get, the slower you walk. In this way, the farthest Hubble volume, that is, the galaxy 46.5 billion light years away, leaves us at a speed more than three times that of light, which is why the universe expands faster than light.

But in our nearby galaxy, the speed of separation is so small that we don't even feel it. Theoretically, at the distance of 1 light-year, the expansion speed of the universe is 3.26 million times that of 70km, which is about 2.15cm/sec.

In fact, the expansion of the universe is only a general trend, and the motion between the left and right close galaxies is still determined by gravity.

It is found that the Andromeda galaxy, which is 2.54 million light years away from us, not only does not leave us, but runs towards us at a speed of hundreds of kilometers per second. One day after 3-4 billion years, it will collide with our Milky Way, and the last two galaxies will merge into a larger elliptical galaxy.

The expansion of the universe is the expansion of space-time itself, and matter adheres to it, moves with it, and separates from each other with the expansion. This motion has nothing to do with the motion of matter itself, so there is no superluminal or superluminal motion of matter.

Secondly, talk about wormhole crossing.

Wormhole is a celestial phenomenon predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity and a solution of gravitational field theory.

Einstein's gravitational field theory holds that the distortion of time and space caused by massive celestial bodies will lead to a powerful vortex of time and space in an extreme state, and there will be a hole in the middle of this vortex, commonly known as a wormhole. The scientific name is actually Einstein-Rosen Bridge, also known as time tunnel. These nouns have explained the essence of this astronomical phenomenon, that is? Hole? 、? Bridge? 、? Tunnel? .

Theoretically, this wormhole can connect two distant time and space, just like digging a tunnel in the middle of an originally curved mountain road, which greatly shortens the distance. If you can cross this wormhole, you can reach a very long place in a very short time, such as a few light years away, which seems to be much faster than the speed of light.

This prediction is still only a prediction, and humans have not found any evidence of the existence of real wormholes.

However, all Einstein's gravitational field predictions have now basically found evidence, such as gravitational waves, black holes, gravitational lenses, space-time bending and so on. It may only be a matter of time before the evidence of wormhole prediction appears. But even if a wormhole is found, it has nothing to do with ftl. Because the light speed limit is about the speed of matter in a vacuum, not a shortcut.

For example, there is an unbreakable wall between us. Although we are close at hand, we cannot break through this wall. We can only go around the earth to get to the opposite side. It will take you a long time to go there by car and plane.

But I found a key to open a door on this wall, so as soon as I opened it, I went through the wall, which took me less than a few seconds. And you're still going crazy around the earth. Your speed is very fast, but it still takes a long time to arrive. And I arrived at my destination much faster than you, because I opened this dimensional door.

It can be said that I travel many times faster than you. No, actually, I just walked slowly and took a chance. So the so-called superluminal in the wormhole is just a shortcut to save time, but whatever the speed is, it has nothing to do with superluminal.

Let's talk about the folding of time and space first. This way of crossing is actually similar to wormhole crossing.

The theoretical basis is Einstein's theory of gravitational field. According to this theory, under the strong gravity field, time and space will be extremely distorted, forming a folding of time and space, just like folding a piece of paper in half or several folds, so that the folded time and space will be much closer.

Flat space-time is like a big piece of paper. It takes a long time for an ant to climb from one end to the other. In the folded space-time, ants can cross from one end to the other in a short time as long as they cross along the top of the fold.

If wormhole crossing is equivalent to drilling a hole in this paper, ants can directly cross from the hole to the other side of the paper, and time-space folding is to fold time and space together, just like folding fans, ants can still climb from one end to the other, even to the other.

The way that human beings try to realize the folding of space-time into deep open space is to create warp drive. The ideal warp drive can create a curvature bubble around the spacecraft, which can be released at the back by distorting the space-time in front of the spacecraft and let the spacecraft move forward in the curvature bubble.

The energy required by this method will not be too great. According to the original theory, it is difficult to form a space-time fold around the spacecraft with Jupiter as the energy source, and human beings simply cannot obtain such a huge energy demand. So far, although some teams of scientists, such as NASA, have put forward some warp-driven plans, on the whole, this research is still in the state of science fiction, and there is no definite answer in the foreseeable future.

Even if the warp drive is really invented, human beings can fold through time and space and reach their destination at a speed faster than the speed of light. This leap-forward navigation has nothing to do with superluminal. Because the time-space folding method driven by warp speed is a bit like the ancient legend of shrinking the earth, folding the distant distance together and leaping in one step, the real speed of progress does not exceed the speed of light, but only picks up the ingenuity of shrinking the earth.

Finally, quantum entanglement belongs to the category of quantum mechanics.

Quantum entanglement is a property of matter in the microscopic state, that is, when several particles interact, these particles that originally belonged to a single particle will change, that is, their own characteristics will become integral properties, and they can no longer describe the properties of a particle alone.

If a pair of entangled particles are artificially separated, their entanglement properties still exist no matter how far away they are. According to the quantum uncertainty theorem, if you observe this particle here, the wave function will collapse, this particle will have some changes, and that particle there will immediately make corresponding changes.

Quantum entanglement can be infinitely far in theory, and the rate is not capped. In other words, a pair of entangled particles, no matter how far away, are entangled instantaneously. The Chinese team of scientists used the experimental satellite Mozi to distribute two quantum entangled photons to a distance of 1200 km, which verified that they continued to maintain this quantum entangled property.

It is likely that in the near future, people will be able to verify the quantum entanglement between the earth and Pluto. It takes 20000 seconds for the earth to travel to Pluto at the speed of light. If quantum entanglement is realized immediately, will the speed of quantum entanglement reach more than 20 thousand times the speed of light

Yes, the speed of quantum entanglement may be tens of thousands or even countless times faster than the speed of light, but it cannot be said that the speed of material transmission has reached the speed of light.

Quantum entanglement has no material transmission, at least so far it only shows some characteristics of the quantum world. This was questioned by Einstein and his supporters? Ghostly action at a distance? So far, its mechanism of action has not been clear, and even some disputes continue.

Even if this speed is several times faster than the speed of light, humans can't separate a pair of entangled particles and send one of them a light-year away. You know, the farthest flying probe Voyager 1 only flies 17 kilometers per second, and it takes 1 light years to fly 17000 years.

To sum up, at present, the phenomenon of superluminal speed discovered by human beings has not touched the bottom line of the limit of light speed, and the science building based on the theory of light speed still stands firmly on the cornerstone.

Everything we humans have discovered so far is based on the speed of light. Everything we see, from the microscopic world invisible to the naked eye to the cosmic starry sky hundreds of millions of light years away, is realized by light. If the speed of light is not the fastest limit and the speed of light is not constant, everything we see will collapse and the world will become completely uncertain. What else can we know and understand about this world?

Therefore, space-time communication thinks that the theoretical system based on the speed of light is unshakable.

That's it. Welcome to discuss.

Time and space communication focuses on the popular science topics of ordinary people, and thanks fans and friends for their constant attention, support and love.

Original copyright, any reprint and content quotation without the author's permission are regarded as infringement and plagiarism, and will be investigated for legal responsibility. Please understand and cooperate.