On running official schools in tang dynasty.

The first is the cultural and educational policy of "respecting Confucianism, respecting Buddhism and respecting the elderly"

The academic system of the Tang Dynasty was initiated by the Sui Dynasty. Although the Sui Dynasty was short, it made great achievements in educational system and cultural education. writing

At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the emperor collected Confucian classics extensively, and when he arrived at Emperor Yang, he sorted them out, namely, A, B, C and D, which were divided into four categories: classics, history, zi and Ji, and later became the orthodox classification method of historical records. In the early years of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Dingguozi Temple (later renamed imperial academy) set up 1 person for drinking, and the main book and clerk had 1 person, which led the official school and created a precedent for setting up special education administrative departments and full-time education administrative personnel in the history of our country. In the central government, there are four schools, namely Guo Zi, imperial academy and Law, as well as Calligraphy, Arithmetic and Law. Books, arithmetic and law were all founded here. It is another new development of university education in China feudal society after Hongdumen School in Han Dynasty. Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Schools, Calligraphy and Arithmetic are all led by Guo Zi Temple, while Legalists are directly managed by Dali Temple. In addition, Chinese medicine enrolls students, teaches medical skills and trains medical talents. Establish state, county and county schools in the local area. Yang Dishi said, "The study of country, county and county was more prosperous at the beginning of the emperor's opening." It can be said that the official learning system in Sui Dynasty laid the foundation for the establishment and development of the academic system in Tang Dynasty. Although it was still incomplete and declined, its influence was enormous and should be affirmed by history.

As far as the cultural and educational policies of the Tang Dynasty are concerned, the basic feature of inheriting the Sui system is "respecting Confucianism, respecting Buddhism and respecting the elderly". At the beginning of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Li Yuan of Tang Gaozu was a "very outstanding Confucian scholar minister". In addition to establishing Confucianism, in the second year of Wude, he issued a letter to promote Confucianism, ordered the company to set up the Duke of Zhou and the Confucius Temple in the school, and offered sacrifices at four o'clock, and personally went to imperial academy to attend the "release ceremony". For a time, "scholars want to sound, Confucianism is prosperous."

Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, was even more "practical". When he was an official of the King of Qin, he set up a literature museum in the palace, and gathered 18 scholars from Fang, Du Ruhui, etc. as bachelors. That is, the Hong Wen Pavilion was established after he ascended the throne, and the world-famous Confucian scholars Yu Shinan and Yao Silian were selected as official schools. In the first year of Zhenguan, Zhougong Temple was abolished and Confucius Temple was established. In four years, he also ordered all counties to establish Confucius temples; /kloc-in 0/3, Chongxian Pavilion was established to recruit Confucian scholars and study Confucian classics. In 15, it was noted that all states in the world were famous for Confucianism and studied in normal schools. Later, I personally wrote 265,438+0 articles on Emperor Wenzhang Fan, expounding the Confucian way of monarch and the skill of emperor, and confessed: "The only person I am good at today is Yao Shun, and I listened to the teachings of Zhou and Kong, thinking that if a bird has wings, like a fish depends on water, it will die if it is lost." ("Zhenguan Politicians" Volume 6) After Taizong, basically all emperors worshiped Confucianism and were promoted.

When Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was a prince, he personally went to imperial academy to give lectures. After he acceded to the throne, he wrote to States, counties and officials many times to recommend talents. In the twenty-seventh year of Kaiyuan, Confucius was made king of Wenxuan. In the following year, at the invitation of Guo Zi's wine offering column, Shi Dianri's officials and customs will go to imperial academy to see it.

Ceremony, and as a routine system. Tang Daizong Li Yu is "determined to take care of his health, especially Confucianism". (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty Dai Zongchuan Xi Volume) Later, the actions of scholars such as Li Ang and Xuanzong Li Chen to destroy Taoism and Buddhism were also related to Confucianism.

The cultural and educational policy of respecting Confucianism in the Tang Dynasty is also manifested in the extensive work of unifying Confucian classics. Based on political needs and ideological unity, Emperor Taizong believed that there were many Confucian schools with complicated chapters and sentences. The 170 volume Justice of the Five Classics, edited by Zhao Zhizi Kong, was published and distributed in the whole country after several revisions, and was designated as the unified teaching material for all kinds of official schools at all levels in the country, and the annual Ming Classics examination was also based on it. Two years after Tang Wenzong opened its port, he completed the magnificent "Opening the Stone to Become a Classic". The Kaicheng Stone Classic is divided into twelve classics (except Mencius, which is thirteen classics in modern times), with five classics and nine classics of Tang Dynasty, with 650,000 words, 1 14 square stones, and lettering on both sides. This Shijing is still well preserved in the forest of steles in Xi 'an. The cultural and educational policy of worshipping Confucianism in the Tang Dynasty is also reflected in the Tang law and the formulation of the Tang law. "Tang Li" fully embodies the Confucian political and religious thoughts of "the virtue of Tao, the ceremony of Qi" and "Tang Kai and Ethan"

Volume 150 is a great achievement, which can be seen from Li Longji's personal comments on the Book of Filial Piety. The Law of the Tang Dynasty codifies the Confucian spirit and ethical norms, and clearly puts forward the Confucian principle that "morality and courtesy are the foundation of politics and punishment is used for politics and religion".

It should be pointed out that the cultural and educational policies of the Tang Dynasty advocated Buddhism and Taoism while respecting Confucianism, with Confucianism as the foundation and Buddhism and Taoism as the supplement. Based on practical interests and the need of governing the country, Buddhism and Taoism are sometimes promoted and sometimes suppressed, and sometimes even destroyed. Most emperors in the Tang Dynasty believed in Buddhism and vigorously promoted Buddhism. In the third year of Wude, Tang Gaozu built a Buddhist temple and made a Buddha statue; In the third year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong issued a letter to translate Buddhist scriptures, which was a preface to the Buddhist scriptures translated by the famous mage Xuanzang. Tang Gaozong also prefaced it, and at the same time sent a mage, I Ching, to India to learn from it. I ching returned to China, and the emperor personally greeted him. Su Zong and Dai Zong set up Dojo in the palace; The envoys of the Xian Sect went to Fufeng Famen Temple to welcome the Buddha bones to worship in Beijing. Han Yu was so remonstrated that he was demoted to Chaozhou that Wu Zongshi was "the treasure of the world, and the Buddha has its seven or eight." Reflected in education, although Buddhism was not established as an official school in the Tang Dynasty, there were many temples in various places, and the debate became the norm. Temples not only educate believers in Buddhism, but also translate and annotate Buddhist scriptures. In fact, every temple is a Buddhist college. His activities, such as giving lectures, translating notes, transcribing and collecting scriptures, were all imitated by later academies, which objectively promoted the research and development of Buddhism.

In the Tang Dynasty, besides paying attention to Buddhism, Taoism was also highly respected. Emperor Gaozu built a temple for Laozi when he was a warrior, and Emperor Gaozong was the Emperor Xuanyuan. Xuanzong painted Laozi as an excuse, dreamed of Laozi and promulgated the world. Out of respect for Taoism, the law also stipulates that criminals such as Taoist priests and female crowns enjoy privileges, and counties and counties may not arbitrarily punish them. According to Tang, there are more than 30 Taoist temples in Chang 'an alone. Xuanzong personally annotated the classics of Tao Te Ching, which made every household collect Laozi's books 1 volume. At the same time, he set up metaphysical schools in the two cities to study Taoist classics such as Laozi, Wen Zi and Liezi, and sent them to the central government to take the Taoist imperial examination every year, which objectively promoted the study of Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy.

Second, the education system and its management system in the Tang Dynasty

According to the records of New Tang Book, Old Tang Book and Tang Zhaoda Ji Ling, the establishment of official schools in Tang Dynasty is divided into two levels: central official schools and local official schools. In the central government, there are: Xue, imperial academy, four schools, museums, Chongwen Museum, Chongxuan Museum, law, calligraphy, arithmetic, medicine, astronomy, animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, etc. In addition, there are children who teach royalty and heroes in primary schools.

Locally, there are: state and county studies, medicine, metaphysics and so on In the first year of Zhenguan, the leadership system of official learning was changed to imperial academy due to the Sui system in the Tang Dynasty, and at the same time it became an independent educational administrative institution. Imperial academy set up 1 person to offer wine as the education chief; There are two people in the department, who are responsible for specific affairs such as grades and student status. According to the "Selected Records of the New Tang Dynasty", "All those who learn six things are transferred from imperial academy." Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Books, Law, Calligraphy and Arithmetic are all managed by imperial academy. Later, the situation changed: "Those who studied calligraphy were transferred to Lantai, those who studied arithmetic were transferred to the secret cabinet, and those who studied law were transferred to the punishment hall." (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Biography of Emperor Gaozong, Volume 4) As a result, the three studies of book, law and arithmetic were separated from imperial academy and managed and led by the competent department of business. Hong Wen Pavilion belongs to Xiamen Province, Chongwen Pavilion belongs to the East Palace, Chongxuan Pavilion belongs to Shangshu Province, medicine belongs to the Department of Cure Too much under the jurisdiction of Zhongshu Province, and astronomical calendar belongs to the Tiantai Department. Animal husbandry and veterinary science is led by Taibu Temple. In the Tang Dynasty, there were local education officials, that is, officials, who were responsible for the unified leadership of state and county schools. The official school holiday system includes long-term and short-term. Long holidays are "field holidays" and "clothing holidays". "Field leave" is in May, and "gift leave" is in September, each with a duration of 1 month. Students are allowed to go back to their hometown to visit relatives, and special circumstances may be extended as appropriate. Short-term holidays are "ten-day holidays", that is, every 10 day is 1 day. There are three kinds of official exams: one is a ten-day exam, which examines the courses students have learned in 10 days; The second is the annual review, that is, the courses taken at the end of the year 1 year; Third, the final exam, that is, students who have completed all the required courses and are qualified or willing to continue their studies, can add four students as Thai students and Thai students as national students; Or take the imperial examination; Or directly assign various official positions. It is worth noting that the official school in the Tang Dynasty clearly stipulated the "bundle" system, and the bundle ceremony varied with the nature of the school. According to "Wen Tong Kao School Exam II", "In the second year of Shenlong, students were taught in the order of seniority, and new entrants were polite to their teachers. Guo Zi, the Imperial College, the military division, the law, the arithmetic, and the county school all have wine. " In addition, a grand ceremony was held at the same time, "The prince tied a bundle of five silks, two buckets of wine in a pot, and three boxes in a box". As for the age of admission, according to "Selected Works of the New Tang Dynasty", "The birth limit is fourteen to nineteen, and the law is eighteen to twenty-five."

According to its nature, official schools in Tang Dynasty can be divided into three categories: Confucian classics schools, junior colleges and vocational education. The so-called Confucian Classics School, which mainly studies Confucian classics, occupies a dominant position in the official education system of the Tang Dynasty. Mainly includes:

(1) Guo Zi School was founded in the Wude period. "There are five doctors, they are all on the five products. They teach their grandchildren with three qualities, their grandchildren with their country, and their great-grandchildren with two. His classics are divided into five parts: Zhou Li, Yi Li, Shi Mao, Book of Rites, and Zuoshi Biography in the Spring and Autumn Period, with 60 people each; Five teaching assistants, from six major products, are responsible for teaching Dr. Zuo; Speak directly to four people, taught by Dr. Zhang Zuo and the teaching assistant; There are two doctors in each of the five classics, and they are taught by their knowledge of the classics. " It can be seen that Guo Zi has 300 students, all of whom are aristocratic children, and 24 teachers. The doctor is both a teacher and a senior official. (2) Imperial College, also built in the first year of Wude, "six doctors; On positive six products; There are six teaching assistants from seven grades. Those who teach more than five products and descendants of counties and counties, who live on three products and great grandchildren, are divided into five industries, and each time they pass 100 people. " (The Official History of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 48) The number of students in imperial academy here is 500, which is more than that in Guo Zi, but the admission qualifications of students in imperial academy and the positions of teachers are lower than those in Guo Zi.

(3) Four subjects, built in the first year of Wude, "there are six or seven doctors, a total of seven; There are six teaching assistants from eight grades, four of whom are responsible for teaching more than seven grades. Hou Bozi lives by men, and Shu Ren lives by gentlemen. " (Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Official Records, Volume 48) According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, the four subjects were graded as 1300, of which 500 were awarded the third-class or above honours, four were awarded titles, and seven or more were in the civil arts subjects; 800 people were deeply impressed by the beauty of Shu Ren.

④ Hong Wen Pavilion, built in Wude for four years, has bachelor professors and 30 students. In the first year of Zhenguan, 24 people with more than five grades were appointed as Beijing officials, and doctors were appointed to give lectures. Jinglong has four college students for two years, just like the four seasons; There are 8 undergraduate students, and they like eight paragraphs; There is a 12 straight bachelor's degree. It seems to be twelve o'clock. In the seventh year of Kaiyuan, a school bookseller was established. A place where students teach exams, such as the national examination system.

(5) Chongwen Pavilion, built in the 13th year of Zhenguan, has 2 bachelors, 2 professors and 2 students, 2 captains and 20 students. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the Prime Minister was in charge of * * *. The students of Chongwen Pavilion and Hongwen Pavilion are relatives of the royal family, the Empress Dowager and the Empress Dowager. The three books in Chinese are the same as those in Chinese books, and they are descendants of six ministers, heroes, Jingguan Vocational School and Huangmen Assistant. These two museums not only teach students and apprentices, but also "the evolution of the imperial system and the severity of the ceremony are under discussion." This shows the importance of the status of the two museums.

(6) The Wenguang Museum was established late and was built in Tianbao for nine years. It has four doctors and two teaching assistants, who are in charge of the national students' career, that is, to train them to take the entrance examination. According to the biography of Zheng Qian in the New Tang Dynasty, "Xuanzong loves talents and wants to be left-handed, so that he doesn't do whatever he wants, and he has a wide range of natural history and is pious.

Stone. I don't know where Cao is, so I want to sue the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister said,' If the country increases its children, it will set up a pavilion of literature and light, so that people of insight can speak literature and light for medicine.

Since you, it's not so beautiful. At that time, Xijing Wenguang Museum had 60 students, while Dudong Wenguang Museum had only 10 students. But it didn't last long.

(7) The worship of metaphysics was built in the 25th year of Kaiyuan. According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty and the official records, "In the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyuan, metaphysics enshrined Xuanyuan Emperor Hall." Doctor and teaching assistant 1 person, student 100 person. In the second year, it was renamed Chongxuan Hall. The doctor is called bachelor, the teaching assistant is called straight bachelor, there are 1 college students, and the prime minister is it.

(8) county studies. According to Zi Tong Zhi Jian (volume 185), in the early Tang Dynasty, it was not only set up outside Neo-Confucianism, but also clearly set up in the local area. "In the early Wu Dynasty, schools in various counties also set up their own students"; According to the collection of imperial edicts of the Tang Dynasty, Volume I O 5: "In the seventh year of martial arts, the county and township were called and ordered to be placed.

Learn ";" Wu Dechu, doctor of classics, teaching assistant, student. Dezong acceded to the throne and changed his doctorate to literature. Yuan and six years, waste zhongzhou, Zhou Xia literature. Jingzhao and other three governments have two teaching assistants and eighty students. Governor and Shangzhou teaching assistant; 50 Du Fu in Zhongdu; Forty people from Xiafu and Zhou Xia. "("New Tang Book Guan Baizhi ")" The county is third-class, with 60 people in the county school and 10 people in the middle and lower levels; There are forty students in Shangxian School, and there are ten students in the middle and the lower. " (Book of the New Tang Dynasty Scholars (Volume 198) According to Selected Books of the New Tang Dynasty, there were about 83,000 local Confucian classics students in the Tang Dynasty. Most of the students in each county are ordinary children, and the status and treatment of teachers.

It is also relatively low, about eight to nine products, and the curriculum is relatively simple.

The specialized schools in the Tang Dynasty mainly included law, calligraphy, arithmetic, medicine and astronomy.

(1) Legalist school was founded in the early years of Wude, once under the jurisdiction of imperial academy, and later returned to Detailed Punishment Temple. Three doctors, teaching assistants 1, are responsible for the teaching of students below grade 8 and Shu Ren. The initial quota was 50, but it was later reduced.

(2) Calligraphy, founded in the second year of Zhenguan, first belonged to imperial academy and then to Lantai. 2 doctors, 1 teaching assistant, 30 places.

(3) Mathematics, with relatively late equipment, was founded in Yu Xian in the year of Qingyuan, which belongs to a secret cabinet, with 2 doctors, 1 teaching assistant and 30 students.

(4) Medicine, having been in Zhenguan for three years, belongs to Chinese medicine. There are two doctors, two teaching assistants, students 100, and imperial academy is used for the examination. (5) Astronomical almanac, established in the early Tang Dynasty, belongs to four rooftops, with 4 doctors and 0/00 students. In the Tang Dynasty, in addition to setting up junior colleges such as Taibu Temple, Taibu Department and Taylor Department as administrative organs, doctors and teaching assistants were also set up to recruit students and apprentices for vocational education and training. This is one of the remarkable characteristics of school education in the Tang Dynasty. For example, the Music Department, according to the Records of Hundred Officials in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, said: "Anyone who studies music should have a teacher, but at the age of 30, his academic work as a teacher is a third-class or above etiquette department. Ten years of unsuccessful, five years of school. " For example, there is a school bookkeeper in the province under the door, who is responsible for proofreading classics and publishing them correctly. In addition to officials, there are 30 students who teach exams, such as the national examination system. In addition, music and dance education is more distinctive.

According to documents, in the second year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he set up a left and right teaching workshop in Chang 'an to train music and dance talents, and set up a doctor of music with more than 2,000 students.

It is the earliest institution in China to train music and dance talents. To sum up, we can clearly see that the development of the official education system in the Tang Dynasty was quite complete and reached an unprecedented level.

First, strengthen the hierarchy and strictly regulate the admission qualifications of students at all levels and types of schools. This rule determines the admission qualification of students not according to their age and education level, but according to their grades.

Second, Confucianism occupies a dominant position in the whole education system, with many types, many places and generous treatment.

Third, the establishment of college education system not only established liberal arts colleges, such as law and calligraphy; Moreover, professional schools for natural sciences such as arithmetic, medicine and astronomy have been established, and science and technology education occupies a considerable position.

Fourth, schools are diversified. In addition to regular schools, doctors are also set up in some administrative departments, such as Taiyue Department, Tai Po Department, Taibu Temple, Si Tiantai, etc., to teach students, and to carry out vocational training and education. Education, administration and research are integrated.

Fifth, the local school system is more detailed and perfect. Grading according to the population of prefectures and counties, stipulating the number of teachers and students, and setting up schools in towns and villages.

Sixth, the "binding" system is clearly defined. The ceremony of "bundling" existed in Confucius' private school during the Warring States period, and became a system in official school, but it was first created in the Tang Dynasty.

Thirdly, the curriculum and cultural exchange of official schools in Tang Dynasty.

The teaching plan of official school in Tang Dynasty was quite detailed, and the subject setting was also expanded compared with the past. According to "Selected Records of the New Tang Dynasty", the Tang Dynasty became a Confucian.

Classics are divided into two categories: classics and side classics. Canon is divided into big classics, middle classics and small classics. The great classics include The Book of Rites, Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuo Zhuan. Classic works include The Book of Songs, Zhou Li and Yi Li. Xiaojing includes Yijing, Shangshu, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram and Biography of the Spring and Autumn Beam. The side classics mainly include Xiao Jing, The Analects of Confucius and Lao Zi. Subject setting varies according to the nature of the school. However, learning, imperial academy and the Four Books and Five Classics are all set in the above disciplines, instead of seeking comprehensive study. It is stipulated that to learn two classics, you must choose a big one, a small one, or one of the two. To learn three classics, you must choose large, medium and small classics; If you want to learn the Five Classics, you must learn all the Great Classics, and the rest are the Middle Classics and the Small Classics. The Book of Filial Piety and The Analects of Confucius are part-time subjects. Tao Te Ching is the main subject of metaphysics, but it is sometimes classified as a part-time subject among the three studies.

The length of study in each subject is: filial piety and Analects of Confucius 1 year; Time limit of Shangshu, Biography of Ram and Biography of Liang 1.5 years; The Book of Changes, the Book of Songs, Zhou Li and Yi Li are each limited to 2 years; The Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan are limited to three years each. From the years of study in the above-mentioned subjects, it can be inferred that the total years of study in each school is 9 years. The three-body of the Book of Songs in calligraphy is limited to three years; Shuowen is limited to 2 years; The word forest is limited to 1 year. So the study period of calligraphy is 6 years. The academic system of arithmetic is divided into six years and seven years, 6

One-year study course: The Art of War and Cao Wu are limited to 1 year; "Nine Chapters" and "Isolated Island" are limited to three years; Zhang Qiujian and Xiahou sunshine limit 1 year; Zhou Xie and Jason Wu suan are limited to 1 year and ***6 years. The 7-year study course consists of 4 years of specialization and 3 years of Ji Gu, totaling 7 years. Both 6-year and 7-year arithmetic have to take notes and third-class numbers. The length of study in each medical discipline is: 7 years of physical therapy; "swelling and pain" and "little effect" are 5 years each; Eyes and ears for 4 years; "Angle method" for 3 years. Need to explain

However, the curriculum, teaching plan and years of study of law are unknown, and there are few clear texts to test, which need further study and summary.

Regarding the examination system of official schools, Selected Records of the New Tang Dynasty contains: "Before the fake doctor exam, readers have a thousand words; Try a paste and paste three words; The speaker has two thousand words. There are three ways to ask the great righteousness, and the second is the first. Those who don't do this will be punished. At the end of the year, I had a one-year career and asked ten questions about righteousness. Eight is the top, six is the middle and five is the bottom. Three times, I went home to accompany those who were nine years old at school and six years old at law. " According to "Tang Yao Hui Kai Yuan Li": "Those who learn" Kai Yuan Li "should ask all questions, try three strategies, and those who are all-pass are the best; More than 80 principles, more than two policies, and poor records; Everything else is subject to three rituals. "

The perfection of the official school system in the Tang Dynasty greatly promoted the academic development and cultural exchange in the Tang Dynasty, which made many countries and frontiers at that time

Ethnic minority areas send overseas students to government official schools. According to documents such as The Book of the New Tang Dynasty and Don Yao Hui, King Silla of Korea visited the DPRK many times during the Kaiyuan period and sent his children to imperial academy to study Confucian classics. In March of the second year of Kaicheng, more than 260 international students were sent, including Prince Silla. From the 9th century A.D. to the middle of100th century, about 90 Koreans took the imperial examination in China. The books they read in domestic schools were mainly the Five Classics, history and anthology, and the examination contents and teaching methods were mostly influenced by the Tang system.

At that time, school education in Japan was greatly influenced by the academic system of the Tang Dynasty. College graduates are called scholars, scholars and scholars. One subject is the Tang Dynasty: Zhouyi, Shangshu, Zhou Li, Yili, Book of Rites, Shi Mao and Zuo Zhuan, while Xiao Jing and The Analects of Confucius are seven classics.

In addition, there are arithmetic, calligraphy, law, medicine and other disciplines; The state government also set up doctors and students in imitation of the Tang Dynasty. In the cultural and educational exchanges between China and Japan, foreign students and monks studying abroad have made great contributions. Foreign students who came to Tang with Tang envoys can be divided into two categories: foreign students and monks studying abroad because of different research purposes. Those who engage in general cultural knowledge and specialized technology are called international students; Buddhist researchers are called monks studying abroad. International students are divided into learning students and those who apply for good health; Monks studying abroad are also divided into two categories: learning monks and benefiting monks. Learning to be excellent is an official, learning to be excellent is an official, and studying abroad for a long time for the purpose of further study; Inviting a monk who is beneficial to health is to study in depth with certain problems, and has certain academic attainments and research ability. Some of them are famous scholars, such as Ma Lu in Abe (later renamed Chao Heng).

The cultural and educational exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and the border ethnic minorities were also very close. After Princess Wencheng entered Tibet for fifteen years, "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty Tubo Hou" sent the children of great men from all walks of life to Chinese studies, studied poetry and invited Confucian scholars to write books. " In the 19th year of Kaiyuan, Princess Jincheng entered Tibet and brought many classic books, such as Shi Mao, Li Ji, Zuo Zhuan and Selected Works, for aristocratic children to learn. In this regard, there are a lot of narratives in the History of Seeking Classics of Tang Dynasty. In addition, Nanzhao, Bohai and other countries at that time sent people to Chang 'an and Luoyang official schools many times to "understand the ancient and modern systems". Especially in March of the second year of Kaicheng, accompanied by Prince He Zheng, 16 students entered the DPRK. Jibo

Shanghai invites students to study, so Qingzhou should be guarded and six people should be sent to the ferry. "

The above discussion is for reference only and I hope it will help you.