Is Ta 'er Temple fun? Notes on Ta 'er Temple Tourism

Ta 'er Temple, located in Xining City, Qinghai Province, is a part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is one of the important holy places of Tibetan Buddhism with a long history. The Buddhist culture here is very prosperous and full of cultural flavor, which is suitable for people who cultivate themselves. Here, I would like to share with you the precautions for traveling in Ta 'er Temple.

After dinner, the topic of men still revolves around women and anecdotes about dealing with all kinds of beautiful women in business, which is also the best way to pass the time.

Speaking of self-study at night, Mei's boyfriend called and Mei asked me to answer the phone. He warmly invited me to play with Mei Quyushu, promising first-class food, good drinks and good hospitality. May wants to go and ask my opinion. I thought about it for a moment, and I felt no problem after I went in. If it snows when I come out, it will be dangerous to drive, so I decided to go in summer and autumn.

Woke up naturally the next day. First, I read a book. Today's task is light. After a rest, I went to Ta 'er Temple, which is not too far from Xining. After breakfast, I went to the place where May told me to take a taxi. There is a shuttle bus in the tourist season, but now it is the off-season, and the shuttle bus has stopped. In a fixed place, I will take a taxi there.

I was the third person to get on the bus. There is already one person sitting in the co-pilot's seat, another in the back seat of the driver, and I am sitting in the middle of the back row. Finally, a tall, strong and slightly older man. I suggest that the young man (thinner) sitting in the co-pilot seat give up his seat to this uncle. The young man readily agreed, and his uncle thanked him and sat in the front. The young man sat next to me and the driver set off.

My uncle knew from my clothes and my accent that I was traveling, and he got a general idea of my trip. When he learned that I was going to Tibet, he said that when he was young, he often went to Tibet by bike alone. Moreover, for this reason, he also wrote a book, which is really extraordinary and courageous! ?

The young man sitting on my left, a chef in a restaurant, went home to see his parents this time. ?

The young man sitting on my right performed a song and dance with Tibetan characteristics in a famous hotel in Xining, and introduced me to the hotel. I think one day I can go to dinner and watch a song and dance performance with May.

With this, I feel that I will go to Ta 'er Temple soon. Uncle asked the driver to stop by the road for a while. I still don't know what uncle is doing. After waiting for a little while, my uncle rushed up and brought me a book in his hand. I accepted it with joy and said, thank you very much. I will definitely watch it! My uncle said to me, "I hope this book will be helpful to your trip to Tibet."

Say goodbye, uncle, thank you! ?

We will arrive at Ta 'er Temple soon. The Ta 'er Temple itself is open and there is no need to buy a ticket, but if you want to enter a special temple, you need to buy another ticket.

The origin of Ta 'er Temple,

We must start with Zong Kaba, the founder of Gelug Sect (Yellow Sect) of Tibetan Buddhism. According to legend, Zong Kaba was born in Zongka (now Taer Temple, Huangzhong County, Qinghai Province) on June 1357+00, and people respectfully called him "Zong Kaba".

Zong Kaba has been very clever since he was a child. At the age of 3, he entered Xiazong Temple and received close training. At the age of seven, he entered Xiaqiong Temple and was appointed by Misha. After studying Buddhism with Duan Zhiren, a monk for 9 years, he left Xiaqiong Temple to study Tibetan Buddhism on foot at the age of 65,438+06. Later, when I arrived in Houzang, I visited various famous temples and studied law diligently. At the age of 29, he became a monk in Nanjierakang Temple in Yalong River area.

At the age of 34, he had profound attainments in Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, Buddhism, and Buddhism, giving lectures everywhere, and his position in Buddhism and even in society was constantly improving.

140 1 and 1406 respectively wrote the most extensive theory of bodhi Taoism and the most extensive theory of tantric Buddhism, which laid a theoretical and ideological foundation for his establishment of the gelug Sect. His life's works amount to 170 volumes.

Zong Kaba left home to study law in Tibet for many years. His mother, Shannon Acheson, was so anxious that someone sent her a bunch of white hair and told him that her mother was white-haired and hoped that he would come back and live for a while.

Determined not to return to the Buddha, Zong Kaba sent his mother and sister a self-portrait with nosebleeds and a lion's roar Buddha, and wrote in the letter: "If 654.38+ ten thousand lion's roar Buddha and Bodhi tree can build a pagoda as a fetus in my birthplace, it will be like meeting me."

1379, according to Zong Kaba's last wish, his mother and her followers built a lotus pagoda with stone chips, which is the earliest building of Ta 'er Temple. 1577, Amin Chinese Buddhist temple named Maitreya Hall was built next to this tower. Because there is a tower in front of the temple, Amdo Han people call it Ta 'er Temple.

Ta 'er Temple was named because there were towers before temples. Ta 'er Temple is in He Zhong, Qinghai.

The Buddhist center in the northwest of China, the sacred place of Yellow Religion, is mainly built on the hillside and distributed on the hillside of a ditch on Lianhua Mountain. There are more than 9,300 rooms (seats) such as Dajinwa Temple, Dajingtang Temple, Maitreya Temple, Jiujian Temple, Huasi Temple, Xiaojinwa Temple, Jubazha Cang, Dinko Zhacang, Man Bazaza Cang, Dalalang, Big Kitchen and Ruyi Pagoda, which form a whole. ?

Ta 'er Temple includes Dajinwa Temple, Xiaojinwa Temple, Flower Temple, Dajingtang, Jiudian Temple, Dalalang Ruyi Tower and Taiping Tower.

There are more than 65,438+0,000 courtyards and more than 4,500 monasteries and monasteries, such as Bodhi Pagoda and Portal Pagoda, which are relatively large. Palace, Buddhist temple, study, bedroom, Lama's shack and courtyard complement each other and blend into one. Since ancient times, it has been the center of yellow religion and the holy land of Buddhism.

The buildings in the temple cover the Han Palace and Tibetan flat-topped style, and the Chinese Three-eaves Xieshan Temple is ingeniously integrated with the ingenious whip wall, Sanskrit mantra, bronze mirror and the brick embedded in the bottom floor under the Tibetan eaves, forming a building complex with a harmonious and perfect combination of Chinese and Tibetan artistic styles.

Ta 'er Temple is not only the holy land of Lamaism in China, but also one of the institutions of higher learning that have trained a large number of Tibetan intellectuals. There are four schools in the temple: Xianzong, Tantric, Astronomy and Medicine.

The main hall of Ta 'er Temple is strewn at random, reflecting each other and imposing. ?

Since Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, the imperial court has presented many gifts to Ta 'er Temple, including plaques, utensils, Buddha statues, scriptures and stupas. The living Buddha systems in this temple, such as Aga, Saichi, Lako, Seduo, Xiangsa, Sna and Quexi, were named Hutuketu or Nomenkan Khan in Qing Dynasty. Among them, Aga, Saichi and Lako are Hutuktu in Beijing, and some of them have also served as handprint lamas in Yonghe Palace in Beijing and Wutai Mountain in Shanxi.

It is for these special reasons that Ta 'er Temple has developed rapidly and become one of the six famous temples of Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism at home and abroad. There are more than 9,300 buildings in Ta 'er Temple, covering an area of more than 600 mu and 25 halls. At the peak, there were more than 3,600 monks, which still existed in the early days of liberation.

1983 people. ?

Due to historical accumulation, the temple is extremely rich in cultural relics, with buildings, artifacts, Buddha statues and literature collections, making it an art treasure house. There are four colleges in the temple: Xianzong, Tantric, Shilun, Medical Ming and Qianbazhazang. It studies Buddhism and Tibetan, writing, astronomy, calendar, medicine, dance, sculpture, painting, architecture and so on. In the seventh year of Daoguang (A.D. 1827), a Buddhist temple was established to print Tibetan scriptures and various works. ?

The temple holds four large-scale Buddhist ceremonies in the first month, April, June and September of the lunar calendar every year, which are called "Four Buddhist Scriptures". By then, people from all over the country will gather together on a large scale. In addition, in the late October of the lunar calendar, there is a "Five Sacrifices Lantern Festival" to commemorate Zong Kaba's death, and there is a year-end activity to send athel Loren.

Ta 'er Temple originally had a complete administrative and religious organization system. The highest authority of its administrative organization is the meeting of all monks, which is presided over by the Franco-Prussian Platform, and consists of Gauerk Conference and Dagiwa. The Geilke Conference is the standing committee of all meetings of monks and temples, composed of Dharma and Taiwan Province.

Daxiangzuo is composed of a big monk, an official and a six-clan Ganba. ?

Dagiwa is the executive organ of the Geilke Conference and the meeting of all monks and temples. It consists of three Ji Soddy Ba (masters in charge of the internal affairs of the whole temple, two masters in charge of external relations and three masters in charge of finance), four masters in charge of chores and 65,438+0 Tibetan and Chinese secretaries. There is a "Kang Zhe" in Dajiwa to manage the grain of the whole temple, a "Ba Rikang" seal, and a Jinta Temple, which is the office of Xining. ?

The head of religious organizations is still the Franco-Prussian Platform, with 1 general director and 65438 monk officials in charge of four colleges. Each college has its own Kampo, under which there are Ge Gui and Jing Tou. Now the prime minister of the temple management committee is in charge of the whole temple affairs. At present, there are more than 800 monks in * * (including living Buddha).

1 1 person, mainly including Aga, Quecang, Seduo, Quexi, Gaya, Mina, Tashi, Bumble and Yangjia. , Wande 63 people)

Ta 'er Temple has a collection.

A large number of gilded bronze Buddha statues

Bronze Buddha statues, gold and silver lanterns, gold books and scriptures, wooden tablets and scriptures, utensils, memorial towers, imperial tablets, murals, pile embroidery and other cultural relics. Among them, murals, pile embroidery and ghee carving are known as the three wonders of Ta 'er Temple. Murals are mostly painted on cloth curtains with mineral pigments. The main contents are classics, time machines and Buddha statues. Pile embroidery is to pile up embroidery patterns of Buddha, Bodhisattva, King of Heaven, Lohan, venerable person, flowers, birds and animals on the cloth curtain with silks and satins, sheepskin and cotton cloth of various colors.

Sun Buddha Festival?

On the morning of the "Sun Buddha", the lamas of Ta 'er Temple will gather together to make all kinds of preparations before the "Sun Buddha", then carry the huge Buddha statue to the top of the mountain along the mountain road next to the temple, and then spread the huge Buddha statue (Datang brand) from the hillside to the foot of the mountain. At this time, the huge Buddha statue will be displayed in front of thousands of people who come to visit. ?

After the "Sun Buddha", there will be dancing in the square of Ta 'er Temple. Lamas wear various masks and dance various religious dances. At the same time, lamas have to chant Buddhist scriptures and pray for blessings, and perform Tibetan opera, which is the annual stage for temples to perform religious arts. ?

The Buddha statue is actually a special Datang brand, which is an extremely rare treasure in scroll painting. On the day of the Buddha exhibition, the first ray of sunshine in the east shines on the earth, which is the best time for the Buddha to unfold, so the Buddha exhibition is also called the sun Buddha. Sunbathing Buddha is held during the two Dharma meetings in April and June of the lunar calendar every year, to commemorate the birth and enlightenment of Sakyamuni, the birth of Nirvana and Maitreya, and the birth and nirvana of Zong Kaba. ?

Three wonders of art

Among butter sculptures, Ta 'er Temple, frescoes and pile embroideries are known as "three wonders of art".

Murals?

Murals are paintings on the walls of various temples. Most of them are painted on cloth curtains, and some murals painted directly on walls and beams are painted with stones and minerals, which are bright and durable. Mural painting style belongs to the religious painting department of Lamaism, with strong Indian and Tibetan flavor. The contents of murals are mainly Buddhist scriptures and Buddhist scriptures, and the plot of the picture belongs to Buddhism, while the main and secondary characters belong to Buddhist teachings. ?

Pile embroidery?

Pile embroidery is one of the original Tibetan art varieties in Ta 'er Temple. Cut silks and satins of various colors into various shapes, such as Buddha statues, figures, flowers, birds and animals, etc. Enriched with wool or cotton, then embroidered on the curtain, because there are protrusions in the middle, the three-dimensional effect is obvious. Piles of "Eighteen Arhats" and other embroidered works of art are hung in the Grand Sutra Hall of this temple. Velvet embroidery includes embroidery and velvet cutting. Most of its contents and themes come from Buddhist stories and religious life. Is it a traditional art created by temples and a masterpiece of monks' art?

Colored butter pattern

Butter is a creamy food for Tibetans and other herders on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is a yellow-white oil made of milk after repeated stirring. This oil is solidified, soft, delicate and clean, and has strong plasticity.

Butter sculpture is a unique sculpture art of Tibetans. It is made of white and delicate ghee as raw material and mixed with various mineral pigments. It is beautifully shaped, brightly colored, soft in texture, with endless varieties of colors and full of auspicious and festive visual effects. Tibetan compatriots are convinced that those who sincerely and joyfully offer ghee sculptures to buddhas, bodhisattvas and dharma protectors can avoid disasters, get blessings and get great rewards, and can quickly achieve the three benefits and three bodhis of Apdoro.

According to legend, butter sculpture originated in Tibet. When Princess Tang Wencheng married Songzan Gambu, the king of local fans, she brought a Buddha statue from Chang 'an to the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. In the cold winter, there are no flowers for the Buddha. In order to show her respect, believers made flowers with ghee and offered them to the Buddha statue. ?

Since then, this has become the custom of the Tibetan people. 1594, butter sculpture spread to Ta 'er Temple. After the painstaking research of monks in this temple, it made new development in subject matter and technology, and became a unique superb oil sculpture art in Ta 'er Temple. Every year, on the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month, butter sculptures carefully made by artists will be exhibited in temples, becoming an annual event in temples.

The production of butter sculpture in Ta 'er Temple has a complete set of institutions and scientific procedures. There are two institutions specializing in butter sculpture in the temple, one is called "Jiezong Zengzha" and the other is called "Gongmangzengzha", commonly known as "upper flower garden" and "lower flower garden", and the two flower gardens compete with each other. ?

There are about 20 monks in each hospital. Generally, these monks were admitted to the hospital at the age of fifteen or sixteen, and they have been artists all their lives. The director (known as "Zhang Zhi") presided over the upper and lower flower beds, who decided the theme, composition and production division of butter sculpture.

The art of butter sculpture inherits the characteristics of Tibetan Buddhism, such as "essence", "complexity" and "ingenuity". Its design and production have been handed down from master to apprentice since ancient times, and are generally carefully produced in a closed environment.

Because the two gardens are kept secret from each other in theme and production technology, they have formed their own independent schools for a long time. They develop in the competition and show their achievements with new look and new technology every year. At present, the main inheritors of butter sculpture in Ta 'er Temple are Zhaxi Nima, Luozang Dragon Ball, Kalsang Gyal Cuo, Jiayang Xiere and Zhihua Ruozi.

Butter sculpture has a long production cycle and complex technology. It takes three months from preparation (October in Tibetan calendar) to official exhibition (15th day of the first month). In order to make ghee smooth, delicate and easy to operate, firstly, ghee should be soaked in ice water for repeated scrubbing, kneading, impurity removal and toughening, and kneaded into paste for later use.

Before shaping, monks who carve oil should bathe, make wishes and perform religious ceremonies. After the ceremony, Lama Zhang Chi and other monks selected the theme of the butter sculpture, then designed a draft, which was carefully conceived, planned and arranged, and then distributed to masters who were good at figures, animals, flowers and architecture to lead their disciples, and began to work separately in a cool room with the temperature below zero.

Firstly, according to the content of the proposed theme, the basic skeleton is carefully bound and made into "skeletons" of different shapes, namely, basic models, with soft leather bundles, hemp ropes and bamboo sticks.

Second, shape. The first raw material for modeling is to mix the old butter sculpture removed last year with wheat straw ash, pound it with a stick into hard and elastic black plastic mud, and use this black plastic mud to shape different shapes on the skeleton. Its molding method is similar to dough molding or clay molding. After the basic modeling is completed, the attitude, size and proportion of the whole structure must be modified and recognized by the ruler Lama. The second raw material is to knead all kinds of mineral pigments into butter, mix them into colorful oil and plastic raw materials, carefully coat them on the finished products, coat them with eyebrows and plastic flowers, and decorate them with gold, silver and blooming flowers for some special functions.

Finally, according to the overall requirements of the design, the molded ghee sculpture is installed with iron wire, that is, it is fixed on several large wooden boards or special pots, and the heights are scattered, and the pieces are suspended, creating shapes of different sizes, from pavilions and bodhisattvas to flowers, birds, insects and fish as small as three to five centimeters, becoming a vivid and lifelike complete three-dimensional picture. ?

The finished butter sculpture should be tilted forward by about 20 degrees, which is convenient for the viewer to look up a little and see the panorama, and the other is afraid that the butter sculpture will melt from top to bottom, and the melting above will create the following shape. Generally speaking, due to the influence of temperature, the finished butter sculpture will be rebuilt every one or two years.

Because the melting point of butter sculpture is very low, 15 degrees will be deformed and will melt around 25 degrees. In order to prevent the influence of body temperature on ghee sculpture, artistic monks should soak their hands in biting snow before kneading. In order to prevent the hand from getting warmer, they must soak their hands in ice water and hold the ice from time to time to keep their fingers cold. Therefore, every monk has different degrees of arthropathy and even disability. ?

Without devotion to Buddhism and persistence in religious art, it is very difficult to do it. Year after year, in the dark greenhouse, the cold fingertips of Lama monks gurgle with warm colors belonging to spring and dreams. In their minds, butter sculpture is a talking flower, telling the secular vision and the colorful world of Tibetan Buddhism, telling the beauty and yearning. ?

Although the butter sculpture is called "flower", it has diverse themes and rich contents. It is mainly composed of various storylines such as gods and buddhas, civilian military commanders, birds and beasts, flowers and birds, fish and insects, forest trees, flower bonsai, pavilions and pavilions. Simple and flexible, large-scale scattered perspective, local focus perspective, clever use of three-dimensional sense, forming a complete three-dimensional picture. ?

Because it is not limited by time and space, butter sculpture is especially good at expressing complex plots with large scenes, and inherits the treatment method of "different time and the same place" in Buddhist murals. In a limited space, dozens of storylines can be criss-crossed in a picture in the form of comic strips, which looks complicated but not chaotic and seamless.

Debate on Ta 'er Temple

Debate is a Buddhist term and a debate on Buddhist theory. That is, after learning Buddhist scriptures, in order to strengthen the true understanding of Buddhist scriptures, monks exchange their learning experience and Buddhist teachings by asking and answering questions or asking and answering questions or asking and answering questions, just like our academic discussion. It is a way for lamas to learn Buddhist scriptures.

The debate in Ta 'er Temple is held from 3 pm to 4 pm every day. ?

When I arrived at the scene of the debate, I saw that most people had finished the debate, and only one place was still going on fiercely. The two men were very nervous and devoted, and the monk they were watching was also listening attentively. I feel that they are discussing the problem in depth, and the monks are listening and thinking at the same time. Although I can't understand what they are saying, their temperament makes me feel that they are very intelligent, very different from ordinary monks, and can be said to be extraordinary.

After watching the debate, I went up the mountain to see those small temples, each of which had Buddha statues, and many of them were about to close. The monk on duty put out the butter lamp in the temple and locked the door.

The residence of the Panchen Lama is also on the mountain. He didn't go in, he just looked outside. It is getting dark. In the photo, I stand on this platform and look at the Ta 'er Temple below. ?

At this time, a little Lama came, about twelve or thirteen years old. We smiled at each other and started talking.

The little monk came in at the age of six and has been studying. His homework is getting harder and harder. However, his Chinese is not very good. When I asked him some complicated questions, he didn't understand. Just then, a young adult Lama came to help us translate, so that we could communicate. After that, I chatted with him. His name is Lu Zang San Dan, and he is the highest grade student here. Temperament is completely different from ordinary lamas, generous and wise.

Lu Zang San Dan has a Japanese study book in his hand. He has learned English well and now teaches himself Japanese.

I asked him curiously about his study here, but I didn't expect to ask a short story.

Lu Zangsan Dan originally left home in a small temple in the country, and he has always been very studious. When there is not enough knowledge to learn in the temple, he wants to study in Ta 'er Temple. So he went to Ta 'er Temple to study with the support of some temple guests. I didn't expect that Ta 'er Temple had a strict system of recruiting monks, so it was not accepted at all that there was no background and no way.

Three Dan of Lu Zang has been meditating and chanting in front of Ta 'er Temple. Every day, it doesn't stop, and it doesn't stop raining. Every day the monks in the temple pass by the door. After a long time, everyone knew him, and several lamas in the temple who had the right to decide also noticed him.

Later, the money for support was spent, and Lu Zangsan Dan often starved only by family relief or irregular support from others. Speaking of this passage, I can feel that his heart is still particularly sad. ?

Finally, one day, the Lama, the manager of the temple, came to inform him that he could formally enter the temple to study.

It turned out that several lamas in charge of the temple felt that Lu Zang San Dan was so persistent and loved learning Buddhism, and was moved by his persistence and determination. When someone raised an objection, the leader of the temple Lama made it clear that those who had the opportunity to study in it did not cherish and did not study hard. Lu Sandan is so studious and persistent, of course, he should be given a chance to learn. I believe he will learn well.

I think the person in charge has a good eye. Lu Zangsan Dan is a person who loves to learn.

Talking to Lu Zangsan Dan about what he saw just now, he said that the two were his classmates. He was busy today, so he didn't attend. Usually, they all debate the Bible together. No wonder, I think his temperament is the same as theirs, and he looks familiar.

During the conversation, Lu Zang and San Dan still felt a little unbalanced. Others could come in to study through many informal channels, such as various relationships, but they were so hard and tired, and they felt very sorry and uncomfortable for the unequal treatment and delayed time they had received in those six months.

I have completely different views from Lu Zang-San Dan, so I thought about it and said to him: It seems that you have suffered a lot before you got the chance to learn, but you got it by your own strength, and these hardships have also tempered your mind and become your wealth. Only what you get through your own efforts is truly yours and truly valuable. Those people can learn in a more convenient way, which seems relaxed, but it is not good for their growth.

Feeling this, Lu Zangsan Dan listened and accepted. After that, Lu Zang San Dan invited me to see the place his family bought. It turns out that there are some open spaces in Ta 'er Temple, and the monks' families will build some houses as places where they live when they come to see the monks, or where their friends live. They are usually bought and sold in monks' families. I went with a monk 12 years old. I saw a nice house, which can accommodate several people. Lu Zang San Dan said I could stay here if I wanted.

After thinking about it, I live here alone and I'm a little scared. I think, if Mei is coming, we will feel the feeling of living in Ta 'er Temple together. I told Lu Zangsan Dan that I didn't tell my friend, so I still have to go back to my friend's house, otherwise my friend will be worried. If my friends can come tomorrow, we'll stay together for one night.

Seeing that it was getting late, I offered to go back. Seeing that I was interested in his row of books, Sandan Lu Zang took out one and told it to me. I asked him to write his name in the book. He wrote down his Chinese name and Tibetan name, as well as his mailing address, saying that if he didn't understand anything, he could write to discuss it with him.

It has his Japanese name on it.

It's already dark. I don't know how to get out of here if they don't see me off. Lu Zang, San Dan and the young monk walked me to the door and watched me go far before leaving safely.

By the time I got home, May had been waiting for me for a long time. She's really worried. Fortunately, I came back in time, otherwise she was already wondering whether to find a friend to inquire about my situation in Ta 'er Temple. I told her that I could stay in the temple at night. She seems very distrustful and comfortable. I still don't feel safe living there alone, so I forgot the idea of living there.

This book, written by Zong Kaba, focuses on "wisdom in the middle view" in Buddhism, which is an important concept in Buddhism. This book is very helpful to help us understand this concept in depth. Thanks to Gacuo, with this book, I opened a window to learn about Tibetan Buddhism. Zong Kaba has a deep study of Buddhism, and his books are helpful to deeply understand the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism. Through reading this little book, I feel that Buddhism founded by Buddha is very wise. It looks like philosophy to me.

This is a brand-new discovery, and I have developed a strong interest in Tibetan Buddhism since then.

My trip to Tibet is destined to be a journey of in-depth understanding of Tibetan Buddhism. Looking forward to my trip to Tibet.

Since then, I have a firm idea in my heart. Even if there is any big difficulty, I will try my best to overcome it and finish this trip!

I really enjoyed today's trip. I met two sincere friends and got two meaningful books. These two books are still on my bookshelf!

For travelers who like Buddhism, this is the ultimate adventure, and your soul will be baptized in the end. All this is strange and subtle, which brings you pleasure and confidence in life.