What is Ma Shuo's central argument? "There is Bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse" or "There is a swift horse, but there is no Bole"

Where there is Bole, there is a swift horse.

23 Ma said

Text discussion

First, the overall perception

"All things are not equal, but sound" (preface to seeing Meng Dongye off by Han Yu). In Han Yu's prose, there are many chapters expressing grievances, among which Ma Shuo is one. "Shuo" is an ancient argumentative style, which is used to state the author's views on some issues. Although it is argumentative, it pays attention to literary talent. "Ma Shuo" means to support things. Metaphor means that talented people can't meet wise masters. The author hopes that the rulers can identify and reuse talents so that they can give full play to their talents. The full text reposes the author's sense of resentment and poverty, satirizes, criticizes and accuses the rulers of burying and destroying talents.

These views and feelings of the author are expressed through concrete images. Based on the legends of Bole and Maxima, this paper compares talents to Maxima, compares ignorant and stupid rulers to horse eaters, and describes Maxima's experience of "being humiliated by slaves and dying in a trough", describes the failure of talented people all his life, and describes Maxima as "not having enough to eat and not having enough beauty"

Second, the problem research

1. What are the meanings of Bole and Maxima and the relationship between them?

Bringing talents thousands of miles away, Boleyu can find people who appreciate and appoint talents. Bole comes first, then swift horse, which is common, but Bole is not. It is necessary to find and care for talents, otherwise talents will be buried, and talents are equal to no talents. In Han Yu's view, what the world lacks is not talents, but people who find talents. Therefore, what is revealed in the lecture is the author's feelings about the failure of talents, as well as the resentment and accusation against the rulers for burying and destroying talents.

2. What are the structural features of this article?

Although this article is short, its structure is exquisite. Ask the previous question first: "There is Bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse." Then, I mentioned that "a swift horse is common, but Bole is not common" and discussed it from the opposite side. Maxima and Bole are closely dependent on each other, but Bole is not common, so it is inevitable that Maxima will be buried for life. Then, naturally, I wrote about the experience that Maxima was buried and the reason why its beauty was not obvious. I strongly condemn the ignorant "horse eater" and make a bitter ridicule. Although this article is short, the center is very prominent. It begins with "Bole is unusual", and in the middle, it writes about the ignorance and consequences of the horse eater with "I don't know it can travel thousands of miles" and "just beauty", and then denounces the ignorance of the horse eater, and finally boils down to "It really doesn't understand horses!" This central sentence runs through the whole text.

Practice note

Recite the text first, and talk about the author's thoughts and feelings through the experience of "a swift horse" not meeting "Bole".

The purpose of designing this topic is to implement the requirements of Chinese curriculum standards on reciting classical Chinese. The practice of speaking requires students to express the thoughts and feelings entrusted by the author orally in the article, that is, the resentment of not meeting talents and aiming high. It not only exercises the oral expression ability, but also deepens the understanding of the text content. What different students say also has the function of mutual inspiration and in-depth thinking.

Translate the following paragraph and pay attention to the meaning or usage of the underlined words.

If you don't follow its path, you must make the best use of it, but you can't understand it. If it is implemented, we must face it and say, "There are no horses in the world!" Oh! Is it really innocent? I really don't know anything about horses.

This question aims to guide students to be familiar with the text and understand the key sentences. For the translation, see "Reference Translation" in "Related Materials". The usage of the added "strategy" and "device" can only be understood. As for grammatical meaning, students are not required to master it.

Third, what kind of talents does today's society need? How can we cultivate more talents and make the best use of them? These topics are always new, please talk about your own views in connection with reality.

This is a completely open exercise. It is intended to guide students to contact with the current social reality and re-examine the ideological content of this work with modern concepts, so as to further deepen their understanding of the text content. Several questions in this topic design are "always talking about the new", so there is no standard answer. Students only need to express their understanding and talk about their own views. It doesn't matter if individual students have extreme views. Try to let students speak freely. I believe that through the confrontation of different viewpoints, most students can distinguish right from wrong.

Teaching suggestion

This article is short and readable, and the words are not difficult. According to previous teaching practice, students not only love reading, but also are easy to recite. The key is that teachers should guide students to read carefully. Students can read aloud repeatedly. The content should also be discussed, but not too deep. We should seriously consider students' life experience and acceptance at this stage, and take a general idea as the standard. The teacher's story should be concise and clear, and don't quote a lot, so as not to deprive students of reading time. In the long run, only by reciting this short passage skillfully can students really benefit.

1. Lead reading, that is, the teacher (or choose 1 ~ 2 students) leads the whole class to read sentence by sentence, so that students can feel the tone of the article emotionally. Readers should be fully prepared in advance and be able to recite the full text smoothly.

2. Carefully taste the author's thoughts and feelings in combination with the function words in the text (see the article "Five Characters" in Related Materials), and read while discussing. You can also deepen students' understanding of these function words in a comparative way. For example, if you replace the following underlined words with words in brackets, the effect will be different:

This is a horse, although it can walk 1000 miles.

It is also (almost) required to take Wan Li Road.

I really don't know anything about horses.

3. Analyze the change of intonation layer by layer, with clear focus.

related data

I. Author and writing background

Ma Shuo was written in the 11th and 16th years of Zhenyuan (795-800). At that time, Han Yu entered the official career, which was very disappointing. He wrote to the Prime Minister for help three times, "but his ambition is not clear"; "How to talk to people (gatekeepers) with three feet and a door". Nevertheless, he declared that he was "concerned about the country and the people" and would not hide in the mountains. Later, I attached myself to the curtain of Dong Jin, the ambassador of Xuanwu, and Zhang Jianfeng, the ambassador of Wuning, and I was unhappy, so I sighed that "Bole is not always there".

At the same time as Ma Shuo, there are also works of "Dragon Theory" (Miscellaneous Theory 1). The legend that dragons are used to describe sages and clouds are used to describe sages, and that "dragons hiss into clouds" and then "qi rides in the universe and the ocean is poor in the universe" shows that sages can't do without the appointment of sages, and sages can't do without their assistance, which can be regarded as a companion piece of Ma Shuo.

Second, refer to the translation.

Only when there is Bole in the world can there be a swift horse. There are often swift horses, but Bole is not often. Therefore, even valuable horses can only be humiliated by servants and die in the stable with ordinary horses, and they can't get the title of swift horse.

A horse that travels thousands of miles a day may eat a stone of grain at a meal, and the person who feeds the horse doesn't know how to feed it according to its ability to travel thousands of miles a day. Although such a horse has the ability to travel thousands of miles a day, its food intake and physical strength are insufficient, and its talent and good quality will not be shown. If it is impossible to be on an equal footing with an ordinary horse, how can it be required to travel thousands of miles every day?

Pushing it in the wrong way and feeding it are not enough for it to give full play to its talents. Listen to its cry and don't understand its meaning. On the contrary, standing in front of it with a whip, it said, "There is no swift horse in the world!" " Alas! Is there really no maxima? In fact, they really don't know maxima!

Third, the story of Bole and Maxima

Han Ming will go to see Chun Shen Jun and wait until March to see him again. Speaking of pawning, Chun Shen Jun is very happy. ..... Khan said, "Did you hear about the horse? A person's teeth are too good (can drive for several years) to go to Taihang by salt car. Toe sinking (same as "stretching"), knee breaking, tail chin (same as "sinking") (same as "skin") collapsing, juice splashing on the ground, white sweat exchange, middle squat delay (slow movement), and negative pole can not be installed. Bole got off the bus and cried. He took off his clothes (ramie woven clothes) and covered them. The horse will spray it (with "prone"), lift it up and make a sound, and make a sound to the sky. If it pays gold, why do it? He regards Bole as a bosom friend. ……"

Chu Ce IV of Warring States Policy

Four, the five words "Ye" (Jiang Feng)

"Ye" is a common function word in classical Chinese. Most of them are placed at the end of the sentence, indicating the tone of the speaker, and sometimes they are placed in the sentence to indicate a short pause, reminding readers of what to say next. These usages seem common, but when used properly, they can also express some subtle meanings and arouse readers' aftertaste. This is the case with Ma Shuo's five words "Ye".

This article is divided into three paragraphs, and the last sentence of each paragraph ends with the word "Ye". These three "yes" are particularly worthy of evaluation. The tone they express is determined by the content of each paragraph, and it also expresses the author's emotional state when describing these contents in reverse. The first paragraph mainly describes the reason why Maxima was buried, that is, "Bole is not vulgar", but it vividly describes the situation that Maxima was buried, that is, "humiliated by domestic slaves and died in a ditch". The generalization of this image has shown the author's indignation; Finally, I ended with "I don't say anything for a thousand miles", and then I wrote the word "Ye" to express my infinite regret. In the second paragraph, based on the characteristics of a swift horse, the author further reveals the reasons why its talent cannot be exerted, and puts the blame on the ignorance of the horse eater, and then presses hard. At the end of the article, the author's resentment and condemnation reached a climax with the rhetorical sentence of "Let it travel thousands of miles". The word "Ye" in this sentence not only embodies the author's strong feelings, but also contains the intention to appeal to the reader's sense of justice. The third paragraph is a summary of the full text. The author compares "no horse" with "I really don't know horses" in the form of questions and answers. The phrase "no horse" is ignored by the word "evil", while the phrase "I don't know the horse" is contained by the word "ye". Of course, there is the author's bitterness, and the profound ridicule of "horse eater" is also on the paper.

The above three words "Ye" are all related to the overall situation of the article. In a sense, they can also be said to be symbols of the whole context, which should be scrutinized repeatedly. There are two words "ye" left in the middle of the text: one is at the end of the sentence, that is, the word "ye" in "horse eaters don't know how to eat thousands of miles", which means that the author pretends not to talk for a while, which can save some useless words. Another word in the sentence, that is, the word "Ye" in "Although there is …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The best way to understand these subtle functions of the word "Ye" (including other function words) is to read the text repeatedly. Try to read the tone, read it attentively, as if every sentence came from your own mouth, and it is not difficult to understand it again.

(selected from middle school students' book 1984 No.65438 +0 1)

Verb (short for verb) Appreciate Ma Shuo (Wu Xiaoru)

Han Yu was a master of prose in Tang Dynasty and a poet who had a great influence on writers in Song Dynasty. People talk a lot about his "poetry as poetry" (writing poetry in prose), but seldom pay attention to his more prominent feature "poetry as text" The so-called "writing with poetry" refers to writing prose with poetic and lasting appeal characteristics, that is to say, poetizing prose (but this does not mean the new style of "prose poetry" introduced from the west). We say that prose is poetic, or that prose is poetic, and it is not limited to writing natural scenery, lyric sketches, typical characterization of characters and artistic description of events; On the contrary, you can also use the mood and charm of poetry to write reasoning or comments. One of the characteristics of Han Yu's prose is here.

It is said that Bole was a native of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is good at watching horses and distinguishing what a swift horse is. This was originally a character in a story told by a man named Han Ming to Chun Huang Xie in The Warring States Policy and Chu Ce. This story may be an ancient legend, or it may be a fable made up by Han Ming with art. The allusions of Bole have been quoted by Han Yu many times (see his Preface to the Letter of Recommendation, Sending the Text to the River and Yang), which shows that Han Yu has great feelings for Bole's story of identifying a swift horse due to the ups and downs of his own fate. But to be fair, his Ma Shuo is the best one, and readers like to read it because it is written like a poem.

One of the main characteristics of poetry is to resort to thinking in images, and its creative techniques are often based on metaphor. Of course, a good poem is always more subtle and tortuous than prose, with endless aftertaste. From the perspective of common sense, a reasoning essay is basically based on logical thinking. Ma Shuo by Han Yu is definitely a reasoned essay, but it is like a fable, but it is not a fable. Using metaphor to reason can not directly expose the arguments held, let alone impose personal views on readers. The whole article almost describes the experience of a swift horse through image thinking, presenting only living facts but omitting the pen and ink to tell the truth, which can be said to be the writing of poetry. More skillfully, the author uses the indispensable function words (auxiliary words, exclamations and conjunctions) in ancient Chinese, which embodies the interest and artistic conception of lyric poetry. Although we read it as an essay, it is like a lyric poem that is fully developed. This technique of "writing with poetry" began with Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty (no one ever admitted that Sima Qian was a poet) and was further developed by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi (especially Ouyang Xiu) reached a new height in the Song Dynasty. This is a new topic that we should pay attention to when we study the history of China literature and classical prose.

The first sentence of the article is the major premise: "There is Bole and then there is a swift horse." But this proposition itself is illogical. Because of his sense of determination, Bole's knowledge and experience in treating horses well must be obtained from a large number of swift horses in society (or nature) and then gradually summarized. So in the past, some people thought that Han Yu's sentence was putting the cart before the horse and idealism. We don't deny that according to the principle of materialism, his judgment is wrong. But taking it as the language of poetry, it is a thought-provoking epigram and a famous saying full of emotion. Because there are too few people in the world who have the knowledge and skills of Bole. So the author immediately points out the main idea from the front below, and there is no room to pour out the infinite grievances of Maxima. It is precisely because "Bole is rare" that many swift horses not only can't find an average herdsman, but are "humiliated only by slaves" and suffer a lot from ignorant villains. What is even more distressing is that these BMWs actually died in pairs. The unfortunate and painful ending they suffered is indescribable. Of course, the result is even less satisfactory. No one calls these valuable gods swift horses, and their deaths are naturally meaningless. The phrase "not a thousand miles" means that no one sympathizes with them, let alone expresses regret, regret and regret for their death. From the surface of the article, the author has done quite thoroughly; In fact, I don't know how much bitterness and pain there are, but it seems unrestrained, but its connotation is very rich. In fact, it is implicit (saying that his writing is graceful and restrained may be unacceptable to readers, but the author really didn't finish it). This is really a lyric poem.

The author focuses on the contradiction between "horse eater" and swift horse, and compares it, which not only writes the anguish of swift horse, but also writes the ignorance and domineering of those who don't know the real talent and practical learning. Maxima is useless when no one creates favorable objective conditions for it; Or although I want to show my strengths, I have nowhere to make it, even to the point where I can't make it. In this way, it can't even compare with an ordinary horse. How does it realize its special function of traveling thousands of miles every day? Therefore, its treatment is naturally not as good as that of a "regular horse", and it is not surprising that it was humiliated to death and will not attract people's attention. Not only that, even such a swift horse can't compare with "Changma", because it can't do its duty faithfully, it will be greatly blamed and punished, and it is often beaten innocently ("the policy doesn't go its own way", so it is unreasonable to beat it), and of course the treatment is even worse ("food can't make the best use of everything"). On the surface, the "horse eater" is not Bole and does not understand horse language; But there is a meaning in the bones that it is useless for people without talent to complain to those ignorant and overbearing rulers.

At this point, the author still seems to feel that he is not thirsty enough, so he continues to make a further description from the aspect of "people", with the meaning of "singing without understanding its meaning" This not only makes the article more vivid and profound, but also shows the author's more angry feelings. The author did not immediately condemn this "man" as blind as a bat and ignorant of horses. Instead, let him pretend that he doesn't understand this swift horse, and sighed with compassion: "There is no horse in the world!" " In other words, such "people" are still self-righteous in their subjective motives. It's not that he doesn't want to select talents. It's not that he doesn't have the heart to seek and use talents. Unfortunately, there are too few talents to find. "Where will there be real talents in the world?" Obviously, there is something wrong with "people" subjectively, but it pushes the formation of this situation to the unsatisfactory and unsatisfactory objective conditions. At present, a swift horse is humiliated to pieces, but laments that there is no horse in the world, thinking that people are not as good as "regular horses". This is not only a wonderful irony, but also an extremely severe and intense theory. At this point, the article has been written naturally, and the author just stood up and pointed out the topic, ending with the following three sentences of "alas", sharply proposing the contradiction between "no horse" and "no horse" ("no horse" is a congenital natural defect, and "no horse" is a man-made crime the day after tomorrow), forming a climax, which is extremely depressing and frustrating. The ancients said that the Yangtze River is majestic, and this concise and concentrated method is the result of Han Yu's writing. Of course, we can't help but be overwhelmed by the author's ups and downs and sad feelings, but we can't help but admire his concise pen and ink.

(Selected from Examples of Ancient Chinese Intensive Reading, Shanxi Education Press, 1987 edition)