The Popular History of Tibet (58) —— Xiang Xiong's Song of National Destruction (Ⅱ)

Friends of the Himalayas, Happy New Year. I'm an old friend of yours, Lao Bu of Tibet Tenth National Games.

In the last issue, we used the fan song of Tibetan princess Samaga to introduce three very important components in Tibetan society: Zhong and Ben.

These three things have existed since ancient times, and their functions can still be seen now, which can be described as timeless.

I know many Tibetan tour guides are listening to my program, so you should pay attention to it. You must remember the words "Zhong, Ben"!

I believe you all know that Ben is not qualified to be a tour guide in Tibet. But now the heat in Tibet is so high that all kinds of ghosts come out for nothing.

I saw a video the other day, and a buddy said that the prayer flag column in front of Jokhang Temple was a lightning rod. Later, he also said that people who want to know about Tibet pay attention to me.

I pay attention to your hammer, so you take it back to the ditch.

When you see this in the future, you'd better stay away from it to avoid being struck by lightning. In case God's eyes are not good, he cut them wrong!

There is a funny big brother in our group. He said to me earnestly, "Wow, Bob, Tibet tourism training has a long way to go!"

It feels like I have taught all the tour guides in Tibet.

I've never worked, I don't carry this pot!

Compared with Ben, Zhong and Wu De, far fewer people know it.

When the time comes, take it out and give a shout to the tourists. It will be like lightning immediately, especially high!

It's a little far. Let's go back and talk about the content.

In this issue, I will first talk about Samadha's songs, and then talk about the dispute between the two elephant kings to see which one you think is the real Qionglong Silver City.

I won't repeat the contents of the last issue. If it's your first time to listen to Lao Bu's program, I suggest you listen to the last issue first to find out why the princess sings fan songs.

As usual, the lyrics of fans' songs are posted in the content introduction, so you can watch them yourself. [ 1]

In this mystery song, Samaga first sang Xiang Xiong's capital. "This place is called Qionglong Yinbao, and people around it say that its appearance is cliffs, but from the inside it is a treasure trove.

Isn't my place on the cliff great?

From the appearance, it is pale and rough! "

From the description of the lyrics, Qionglong Silver City looks like a cliff from the outside, and it is magnificent inside, while from the outside, Qionglong Silver City looks pale and rugged.

The "Qiong Long Yin Bao" mentioned in this lyric is the name of Xiang Xiong Wang Du.

This word is a mixture of Chinese and Tibetan, and the Tibetan pronunciation is "Qiong Long Ao Ga". "Joan" means "Dapeng bird" and "Dragon" means "place", which together means "land of Peng birds". "Oga" means "Silver Castle". When the last two words are put together again, the place name of Qionglong Silver City appears.

The second paragraph of this song is relatively simple. The basic meaning is that Xiang Xiong is not very good to her, and his slaves are not very obedient.

But in this passage, there is a very interesting place, that is, when Samaga sang, he used Guge instead of Xiangxiong.

As for the explanation of the word Guge, let's wait until the Guge dynasty to elaborate.

The third paragraph of the lyrics is particularly interesting. She said: "There is a wild yak above the northern pastoral area. If you want to kill wild yaks, you should shout in the valley and send Dong Shi and Dong Shi to kill them. Give a signal from Taniguchi to ask Shi Xia and Shi Shi of Jidi to do it; Shoot an arrow from the middle and shoot it at Luo and E in Yalm. Shout from the deep valley, signal from the mouth of the valley, and then shoot the wild yak from the middle. "

If we compare the lyrics we talked about in the last issue, we can see that Joan Bobbins showed her advantages in front of Zampa.

Wild yak, tiger and white deer are actually metaphors of some kind of power. The wild yak in Samaga's lyrics is undoubtedly a metaphor for the male host Li Mixia.

The funniest thing is that Samaga tells all the military arrangements on how to shoot elephants in the lyrics, such as who is called in the deep valley, who is used in the signal of Taniguchi, and who is used to shoot yaks from the middle. Even after the fight with brother Xiang, how to divide the spoils has been arranged.

In the later lyrics, what can't be left or right? Who are the osprey and otter in the lyrics? I can't understand them at all.

The next paragraph of lyrics is a bit lyrical.

It seems that brothers and sisters who are far apart can see each other after taking pictures of Xiangxiong.

In the lyrics, "Long Milky Way" and "Clear Springs on the Ground" confront each other, feeling that they are describing the yearning between brother and sister, facing each other from afar.

Anyway, Samaga finished singing in the end, and the ministers of Tubo wrote it down. Then the priest said, "why don't you write a letter to Zamp?" ! "

Samaga said, "I have no letter for you. My brother is healthy and I am very happy. No matter what risks Zapp entrusts, I will definitely do it. Please present this to Zapp! "

After that, I gave the minister a pack of turquoise and yak tail.

There is a difference between historical records and folklore in this place.

In folklore, Samaga brought turquoise and a headscarf for women to hang cloth.

It is said that turquoise represents courage. When these two things were put together, Samaga said to his brother, If you are a man, take turquoise and your army to kill elephants. If you are not a man, decorate yourself with a headscarf!

I don't know where turquoise represents courage.

I know a saying about turquoise.

A Tibetan brother told me that turquoise has a function, that is, it can be used to hold souls.

It is said that such a thing happened in their village and they lost their souls.

If such a thing happens, the family must quickly ask the master for help. When the master came home, he first recited the scriptures and divined to find out which direction and how far the soul had gone.

After the calculation, let the disciples or relatives climb to the roof, holding the lost turquoise necklace in one hand and waving sheepskin in the other, screaming.

When you shout, walk in the direction of losing your soul. If the soul goes to Shannan, you can't get a good result by shouting at Ali.

As for how long to shout, it depends on how far the soul runs.

It is said that souls are different, and some can run out of the sheep for a day. And that kind of strength, speed, can run thousands of miles.

If you are close, shout for a while and come back. If you run far, you have no choice. Call someone else!

After the soul calls back, it can't enter the body immediately.

It is said that there are two ways to lose your soul, or you lose your soul yourself. In this case, the soul who ran outside, who knows what dirty things he encountered, could not return to his body immediately, so he had to put them in turquoise to purify them first, and then go back slowly.

In another case, another soul enters your body, which is called "possession". This situation is even more troublesome. The master must talk to the possessed ghost first, and then your soul can come back.

I guess that means I'm afraid of fighting between two souls.

Anyway, if the soul is lost, it must be stored in turquoise to return to the body.

People who lose their souls will wear a very special turquoise necklace around their necks.

This kind of necklace has two characteristics. One is that it is extremely tight and makes people feel breathless.

In addition, there are two thin sticks on the neck at the chin to conduct the soul.

If you see someone wearing this necklace, don't provoke them, something may happen in the future. But I have run in Tibet so many times. Anyway, I've never seen anyone wear a necklace. I wonder if this brother has told me this.

But another thing this brother told me, I think there may be some truth.

He said: "You see, the Gawu boxes we brought are basically turquoise. This is because everything in the Kawu box has aura, and turquoise can keep aura. "

After talking about turquoise, let's talk about yak tail.

When I was talking about the reform of the Tubo system, I said that the Tubo dynasty paid special attention to martial arts and gave special rewards to those who were brave and good at fighting.

In the White History written by Mr. Gendun Qunpei, it is recorded that "if more than one (Tubo) is killed, it will be a sign of glory."

This is the first system of Tubo military households, and there are similar records in Tang Shi. "(Tubo) died very seriously, and the first door was desperate."

At the same time, for those who are brave and good at fighting, they will be rewarded with costumes made of tiger skin and leopard skin, while for those who get cold feet, they will hang a fox tail on their heads.

The record in the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty Tubo Biography is that "those who are defeated in battle hang the fox's tail on their heads, which shows that they are afraid of foxes. They are outnumbered and will be ashamed to ask and think they will die." [2]

This means that this guy is as timid as a fox, and everyone laughs at him and thinks he is better than dead.

The key point here is that "people will ask questions when there are many people", which means that when a buddy with fox tail goes out in public, someone will definitely ask him deliberately: "Hey, brother! The shape is quite unique. Where did it come from? Very 6 7! "

According to the present statement, this is a large-scale social death scene, and it is estimated that people can't stand it!

The yak tail given by Samaga should have the same meaning as the fox tail.

It is estimated that it took a lot of effort to find a fox at that time, but there were plenty of yaks. Just one cow.

When it comes to folklore, it will be simplified. After all, it is impossible to tell you the story again. These things behind the cow's tail and the fox's tail are simply headscarves.

I think the advantage of our program is that we talk about systems and changes in sequence, and then these systems will keep flashing back in the later content.

So, you can keep deepening your impression. When you master this knowledge and travel to Tibet again, you will be touched and find the connection between some things and others. The surprise brought by this kind of touching really surpassed a bowl of delicious Baba.

Of course, it is also a wonderful thing to meet a bowl of delicious Baba, especially for a foodie like me.

Next, talk about the reaction of * * dry cloth.

After the Tubo minister returned to Lhasa, he sang a song intact and gave the turquoise and yak tail to Ganbu.

* * dry cloth understand at a glance, said to the minister, "this is a hint. If you dare to hit Li Mixia, take the otolith. If we don't dare, we will wear yak tails like women. "

So he began to prepare materials and prepare to attack Xiangxiong Kingdom.

Because of these things, some people think that Princess Tubo is buried in Xiang Xiong's undercover.

It should be said that Samaga may indeed be suspected of being undercover, but when Gambu married his sister to Li Mixia, he certainly didn't think it would take so long.

Because there are too many uncertainties in this matter, what if my sister and Li Mixia have a good relationship and the young couple unite to make Tubo? This situation is not unprecedented.

* * Ganbu married his sister, which is definitely in line with the desire of reconciliation between the two sides. As for the war that followed, it was a matter at the national level and had little to do with Samaga.

It is nonsense to say that Li Mixia is not good for her sister, and that * * Ganbu released Xiang Xiong in a rage.

* * Ganbu probably hasn't read Sun Tzu's Art of War, but he must understand that "Master must not be angry and fight."

In addition, what kind of existence is Xiang Xiong?

According to the Tang Tongdian, this country "has a thousand miles of things, which is better than 890,000 soldiers."

If you win 890,000 soldiers, the population of Xiangxiong will exceed 400,000 according to the calculation of one soldier and five people. As we said before, the population base of Tubo is not much more than this.

In other words, Xiang Xiong is a regime that can basically be on an equal footing with Tubo.

* * How can Ganbu bring people to smash a venue because her sister has been wronged?

I think people who say such things are suspected of insulting Gambu's IQ!

One more thing, I don't want to say that Gambo once hid. Even if we send troops from Shigatse, the straight-line distance to Qionglong Silver City is more than 300 kilometers. The Tubo army is still walking on the road, just like a man.

It may be true that the battle to eliminate elephant men lasted for three years.

Anyway, anyway, * * dry cloth wiped out Elephant Man, and then distributed 10,000 households in Elephant Man's old land (Dai Dong). As for the last elephant king, Li Mixia, it is said that he was captured, but Gambu did not kill him, but was imprisoned for seven years before he died.

Later, * * Gambu appointed Qiongbao Bangse as the first consul of Xiangxiong region.

However, at the wedding banquet of the Zambian celebration, it was Lu Dongzan and * * Ganbu who sang against each other, and * * Ganbu praised Lu Dongzan and made no mention of Qiong Baobang.

Then there is a problem. What's Joan Bunse doing? He was the first male elephant consul.

I guess so. Qiong Bao's family was born in Xiangxiong area, and Qiong Bao Bunse made a big picture of a small Tibetan country himself.

This means that both family forces and Bunce himself have a strong influence in the post-Tibet region.

Therefore, it is very suitable for Tubo and Xiangxiong to merge their investment projects and use Qiongbao Bangse as the project leader. However, the person in charge of this project is also the overall situation of Tubo, and he is too old to lead troops in person.

Bunce's main job may be to hide after sitting in the town and help the Tibetan army raise logistics materials. Or use the influence of the family to win over some waverers in Xiang Xiong.

And Lu Dong praised the young man, who could run and jump, and went to the front to lead the troops to fight. It is estimated that it is more logical for them to divide their work like this.

By the time Xiang Xiong was dealt with and the army returned to Lhasa to celebrate, Qiongbao Bones had been appointed as the consul of Xiang Xiong. Brother Xiang has just been conquered at this time, and all kinds of affairs are complicated. I don't think Joan Bobbins has time to go back to Lhasa at all. So at the celebration dinner, it became a duet of * * Ganbu and Ludongzan.

With Qiong Bao Bunse's particularly ostentatious personality, even if she sings, she must sing. How can he stand Liu Dongzan's ridicule in front of him? !

I estimate that he may not have been there at all.

Of course, it wasn't long before there was any news about Joan Burns.

Soon Ganbu told him to go home and enjoy the sunshine, and then he was exposed to the intention of rebellion and finally forced to commit suicide.

Speaking of which, don't think brother Xiang is finished.

Although the cadres conquered Xiang Xiong, they also set up management institutions and tax systems in Xiang Xiong. But Xiang Xiong never stopped, and various rebellions broke out constantly.

It was not until a hundred years later, during the period of Chisong Dêzain, that the Tubo used the strategy of double espionage and wiped out the elephant male again.

It is said that when Tubo stormed Xiong Ke, the elephant, Chisong Dêzain sent someone to find the youngest concubine of Wang Xiong, the elephant, and promised to reward her handsomely. From her mouth, she learned that Wang Xiong the elephant would take the royal family to Dangrang Yongcuo Lake at the foot of Daguo Snow Mountain.

Therefore, Tubo ambushed in advance between Seqiong and Dongqiong (that is, Sepu and Tongpu areas in Lacang area today), and finally killed the elephant king and wiped out the entire elephant royal family.

Since then, Xiang Xiong has fallen into a dusty history.

Interestingly, the elephant king killed by Chisong Dêzain was named Li Mijia.

Then the question is, Li Mixia and Li Mijia have such similar names. Are they alone? Are historical materials mixed together, and one person's affairs are recorded in two Zampas respectively?

In fact, this question has always existed. At first, Tibetan historians consciously did not talk about the extinction of elephant men in Chisong Dêzain, but in fact they were not sure about this issue. Because there are many records related to elephant extinction in this dry cloth, which can confirm each other.

Later, some scholars mentioned another view, that is, Li Mixia is not a name, but an honorific title.

Later seals were found on some manuscripts. Mr. Nankanobu believes that this seal is the seal of Li Mijia, the king of Xiang Xiong, and the font on the seal is Xiang Xiong, which means "the king of all rulers in the world".

Therefore, scholars who study Xiang Xiong now tend to think that "Li Mijia" is the same as "Zanpu".

It's a bit presumptuous to talk about this issue, and Qionglong Silver City didn't have time to elaborate.

Tell you what, the next issue will be devoted to Qionglong Silver City. And in the next issue, I will talk about the dispute between the two Qionglong Silver Cities in combination with a famous tomb in Xiangxiong period.

Bibliography:

[1] Dunhuang Tibetan and Tubo Historical Documents _ Huang Bufan;

At this time of praise, we married a small country like an elephant, attacking and fighting at the same time.

Zanmeng Saimalga married Li Mixia, the elephant king, as a major national policy. Li Yin's original Princess Xiuge was pregnant with Xia Ting and didn't sleep with Zanmeng. Zan Meng gave it to Princess Xiuge and took Xia Ting away, instead of guarding Li Mixia. She has no children and lives alone. This story reached his brother's ears, and his brother Wang told Bujimuzan Munjiong: "Zanmeng goes against nature, and if it goes on like this, it will hinder the state affairs and tell her not to go on like this. She should manage Li Mixia's internal affairs and have children. " Mangzong was ordered to go to Qionglongcheng, which coincided with Zanmeng's absence and went to Mabang Lake to enjoy water and fish. Mangjiong went to Mabang again. Seeing Zanmeng's gift, Zanmeng asked, "Is your brother physically and mentally safe?" Answer: "Antai". He asked again, "Are you in a good mood, Mangji?" Answer: "comfortable." Later, Mang Jiong reported to Zanmeng the couple of his brother Zanpu. Zan Meng said, "Mang Jiong! Seeing you is like seeing your brother Zap. You are a guest, please accept my respect! "

Upon, praise the Mongolian Song Yue:

My share of the site,

A silver castle in Qionglong.

Everyone around you said,

The appearance is cliffs,

Looking inside is a golden treasure.

Where I live in front of the cliff,

Isn't it wonderful?

From the outside, it looks pale and rugged!

My share of slaves,

Guge's porter.

Isn't serving good?

Guge people will make enemies when they are familiar with it!

My share of food,

Fish and wheat.

Does it taste bad?

-Fish and wheat taste bitter!

My share of livestock,

Deer and wild donkeys,

Isn't domestication wonderful?

Deer and donkeys are wild!

Ah! Above the pastoral areas in the north,

There is a male wild yak,

If you want to kill wild yaks in northern pastoral areas,

Shouting from the valley,

Send Dong Shi and Dong Shi to do it;

The signal from taniguchi,

Call Shi Xia and Shi Shi of Jidi to do it;

Shoot an arrow from the middle,

Luo's and E's are handed over to Yalm.

Shouting from the deep valley,

The signal from taniguchi,

And then start in the middle,

Shoot wild yak.

Bull's head is the essence of Jonwa.

The horns and tendons were given to Dong and Dong,

Meat and skin for Luo and two,

Viscera and oxtail are divided into summer and cloth.

At the tip of the hook,

Hanging tiger meat,

Can't lean to the right,

Can't dump to the left.

If it leans to the right,

The osprey with a thin throat is looking forward to it;

If you fall to the left,

The little otter crawled and watched.

Tiger meat gradually droops,

If you don't take it off soon,

Tomorrow and the day after tomorrow,

The otter will eat it;

A big fish that can jump out of the water,

Will jump into the air and eat it.

What's on the hook,

But pay more attention,

Be careful!

Long galaxies,

The clear spring on the ground,

People in the two places look at each other and listen to each other.

It's getting closer! ……

Close to the sky,

The stars in the sky are shining,

It's getting closer! ……

The stars above are close to the rocks,

Rocks and stars sparkle;

Near the Durba River,

The jumping otter floats up and down.

It's near the land of Angar,

Six valleys are golden,

If you are close to Zhu Mo and Longruo, the mountains in carved eagle are cool.

It's getting closer! ……

Collect Sabina vulgaris branches.

On the beach in Yam,

A mare that is difficult to walk,

The body should be thrown into the thistle river,

Leftovers from the fish supervisor.

After singing, Mangjiong got up to say goodbye and asked Zanmeng to reply to Brother B..

Zanmeng said, "There is no letter. I'm glad your brother is safe physically and mentally. I will do as Zampa asks, regardless of my life and punishment. Give this to Zapp! "

Later, Zanmeng sent back a yak tail with a seal on it.

Bujimuzan Mangjiong returned to Zampa, reported that Zampa had no response, and Long song, who sang such lyrics, asked him to donate this sealed thing back.

Zampa opened the seal and saw that there were about thirty excellent pine otoliths in it.

He thought for a moment and said, "This seems to imply that if you dare to hit Li Mixia, you will take the otolith, but if you dare not, you will put on the yak tail like a woman."

After consulting with his subjects, the monarch sent troops to destroy Li Mixia.

[2], "Study on Tubo Military System" _ Dong He;

Personally. The Tubo army mainly rewards the dead in two ways: military families and rich and honorable burial. "New Tang book. "Tubo Biography" says: "The death of heavy soldiers is the first door." "Southwest rivers, such as moraine river, Yuanye Xiuwo river and Tamarix river. The mountains are all cypresses, and the slopes are all Gaoling. They build houses nearby, forgive them and draw white tigers. They all captured the noble people who made meritorious deeds and put on their skin. When they die, they will be brave. Ask the deceased to heal. "

The Tubo dynasty stipulated that the families of people who died in battle for generations were regarded as "honorary families"; For those who died bravely and tenaciously in the battle, a cemetery was built on the hillside, planted with pine and cypress, and painted with many animal patterns to commemorate the bravery and merits of the deceased before his death.

The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty Tubo Biography says: "Those who are defeated hang a fox at their head, showing their fear of the fox. Everyone knows it, and they will ask it. If they are ashamed, they think they will die."

The Tubo army rewards warriors and punishes cowards. Moreover, there are provisions in the legal provisions formulated by the Ministry of Justice to punish cowards. Hanging a fox skin is a personal insult to the defeated. One of the six symbols recorded in mkas-pavi-dgav-ston is "Brave", and the symbol is tiger robe. In addition, the first two of the "six praises" are "the brave praise the leopard and tiger skin, and the coward belittles the fox tail." The decoration of the Six Braves records the level of the brave, and its status is determined by the size of the tiger skin and leopard skin. The order is: tiger skin pants, tiger skin coat, tiger skin shawl, tiger skin shawl, whole tiger skin coat, whole leopard skin robe and so on. In other words, Tubo decorated the brave with tiger skin and leopard skin, and condemned cowardice with fox tail.