Who can tell me what a fairy tale is?

Fairy tales are a kind of children's literature. This kind of works create images and reflect life through rich imagination, exaggeration and symbols, and educate children with Cinderella (2 1 picture). Language is popular and vivid, and stories are often bizarre and fascinating. Fairy tales often adopt anthropomorphic methods, such as flowers, birds, insects, fish, flowers and trees, the whole nature, furniture and toys, etc., which can give life, inject thoughts and emotions and make them personalized. But there are two kinds of fairy tales, one is created by writers, and the more famous ones are Andersen's fairy tales in Denmark, Hogg's fairy tales in Germany and Wilde's fairy tales in England. The other is spread orally among the people, and then searched and sorted by people who are interested in it. Famous Grimm fairy tales such as Snow White, Little Red Riding Hood and Cinderella are all selected from them. [ 1]

Fairy tales (fairy tales)

Tale) is a novel-themed popular literary work, usually written for children. There are many supernatural characters in fairy tales, such as talking animals, elves, fairies, giants, witches and so on. In the writing method of modern western literature, "fairy tale ending" (fairy tale

Ending usually refers to a happy ending, such as the princess and prince in many fairy tales.

Because in many western cultures, fairy tale elements such as demons and witches are often considered to exist in the real world, and fairy tales may become legends and close to historical facts. Stylistically, the main difference between fairy tales and legends and epics is that fairy tales often add more fictional descriptions of people, events and things to their stories to enhance their storytelling. One example is that the beginning of a story is described as "a long time ago" rather than the specific real time.

In recent centuries, various forms of fairy tales have widely existed in different countries and cultures. Fairy tales can exist orally or in written form, but only in written form can they be handed down, so it is difficult to verify the exact age of fairy tales. However, according to the literary records that can be verified, fairy tales have existed for at least 1000 years. In the west, early fairy tales are not called "fairy tales"

"Story" is regarded as the style of short stories. "Fairy"

The word "tale" is thought to have been first put forward by the French writer Ms. d'Aulnoy. Today, the spread of fairy tales is still dominated by words.

In the early days, the audience of "fairy tales" included adults and children. Later, with the emergence of children's and family fairy tales collected in Brothers Grimm and other writers' works, the genre of fairy tales was formally linked with children, and this relationship deepened from then on.

In the classification of fairy tales, folklore scholars have adopted many different methods, among which Arne-Thompson classification and Vladimir propp's morphological analysis are the most famous.

Edit the concept of this paragraph.

The definition of "fairy tale" in Modern Chinese Dictionary is "a genre of children's literature, which compiles stories suitable for children's appreciation through rich imagination, fantasy and exaggeration". The basic explanation of the word "fairy tale" in Ci Hai is "a kind of children's literature, which shapes artistic images, reflects life and promotes the growth of children's character through imagination, fantasy and exaggeration". To sum up, the so-called fairy tale is one of the genres of children's literature, which shapes the image through rich fantasy, exaggeration, symbol and personification, so as to be suitable for children to read. [2]

Edit the historical origin of this paragraph.

Fairy tales are originally part of traditional oral folk stories, which are usually told dramatically and passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth. Therefore, the history of fairy tales is difficult to verify. Especially the stories told by early illiterate storytellers, there is usually no written record for future generations to refer to. The earliest fairy tale circulated in written form was in ancient Egypt in 1 300 BC. Since then, fairy tales have appeared in written literary works, such as Cupid in the Golden Donkey written by Reus from 100 BC to 200 AD.

And psyche) or India's "Five Classics" between 200 and 300 A.D., but it is impossible to know from the stories themselves whether these stories reflect the folk stories circulating in the local society at that time. There is a lot of evidence that many stories in later fairy tales are rewritten according to folk stories. These stories are usually based on older folk stories, such as Arabian Nights, vikram and Vampires and Bell and the Dragon.

Besides these collections, Taoist philosophers in China, such as Liezi and Zhuangzi, also put some fairy tales in their philosophical thoughts in their expressions. From a broader definition, Aesop's Fables (6th century BC) is the first famous collection of fairy tales in the western world. suggestion

There are many allusions in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.

Cat in Boots, Spencer's Fairy Tale Queen and Shakespeare's plays. The story of King Lear is thought to have quoted many fairy tales. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Italian Giovanni Francesco

Straparola in Funny Night

Straparola) reinterprets stories in western literature. The story in the book contains a lot of fairy tales, and Giambattista (Giambattista)

Naples in basil is full of fairy tales. Carlo Gozzi used many fairy tales in his Italian opera scenes. For example, there is a scene in his opera taken from the Italian fairy tale "Love of Oranges".

At the same time, Pu Songling of China collected many fairy tales in Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio published by him at 1766. Fairy tales themselves became popular in French upper class at the end of17th century, among which fairy tales compiled by the fable poet La Fontaine and another famous writer Charles Perrault (the author of Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella) are popular representatives. Although the fairy tales of Tlapa Lola (the author of Puss in Boots), Charles Perrault and Bajray contain many earliest fairy tales, these editors have reinterpreted these stories to meet the literary effect.

"Grimm's Fairy Tales" and the first one who tried to keep not only the characters in the fairy tale, but also the story style was the Grimm brothers in Germany. Ironically, although the first edition of Grimm's Fairy Tales (18 12 to 18 15) is a treasure house for folklore researchers, in order to ensure sales and popularity, the Grimm brothers began to rewrite the story in later editions. The deformation of Grimm's fairy tales not only deviates from the original folk stories, but also affects the appearance of the original folk stories. In addition, Brothers Grimm did not include some German folk stories, because they thought that the stories that appeared in Charles Perrault's stories were French stories rather than German stories. Andersen's fairy tales are the most famous.

Edit this story category

Original fairy tale

The audience of Wang Jianfeng's original fairy tales included both adults and children, but after19th century and 20th century, fairy tales gradually became a part of children's literature.

A group of French writers, including Mrs. Onoi, tried to spread their works for adults to children. A countess at that time also claimed that if she was a child, she would like to read fairy tales. Later, the French woman writer Prince Jean-Marie Le Beaumont rewrote Beauty and the Beast for children readers, and her version has been passed down to this day. After their children's and family's fairy tales were published, the Brothers Grimm rewrote their stories into a more suitable version for children to respond to readers' complaints.

Modern fairy tales

In modern times, fairy tales have been adapted into versions suitable for children. In order to make fairy tales more suitable for children to read, the brothers Grimm are also committed to reducing the description of sex in the stories. In the first edition of Grimm's Fairy Tales, Rapunzel began to ask the witch why her clothes became tighter and tighter after several late-night visits by the prince, so the witch knew Rapunzel was pregnant, but in the next edition, it was revised to make it easier to pull the prince and more difficult to pull the witch. But later versions added violence (such as punishment for bad people). But Tolkien also found that in order to be more suitable for children to read, the kebab of cannibals in Du Songshu's story was cancelled in one version. In the Victorian era, stories were often rewritten by enlightenment because of the background of the times. For example, Dickens protested against prohibition in Cinderella's story.

Fairy tales adapted for children continue after the twentieth century. Disney's Snow White is mainly written for children. The Japanese animation "Fantastic Princess" is also based on fairy tales.

Edit this famous fairy tale

Andersen's fairy tales are stories written by Andersen in Denmark, such as The Ugly Duckling and The Daughter of the Sea.

Grimm's fairy tales, a collection of German Grimm brothers' stories, such as Rapunzel and Snow White.

The Story of Mother Goose is a French story written and collected by French Charles perrot, such as Cat in Boots, Little Red Riding Hood and Mother Goose.

The Story of Alibaba is composed of some philosophical stories suitable for children collected by the people.

Arabian Nights is a collection of Arabic stories, but some of them are not fairy tales.

Wilde's fairy tales were compiled by the English writer Wilde.

のこ Love.

Witch Village is a collection of fairy tales about children's EQ education written by William Wang.

Independent fairy tales

Beauty and the Beast, 1756, French

Candy house

Jack and Peas, 1807, English

Three Little Pigs

Goldilocks

The Three Princes of Serendip, England

Taro urajima, Japan

Andersen's Fairy Tales

Japanese Momotaro

Japanese Kintaro

Japanese Princess Zhu Lin

The Wizard of Oz, 1900, USA.

Charlotte's Web

Auntie Tiger

[Movie] Alice in Wonderland

Bambi the deer

Little Prince

The gingerbread man

Robin Hood

Sword in the Stone

Peter Pan

Edit this paragraph classification method

Arne-Thompson classification

1. Animal stories 1. Wild animals (1) clever foxes or other animals.

② Other wild animals

2. Wild animals and livestock

3. Wild animals and humans

4. Livestock

5. Other animals and things

2. Ordinary folk stories 1. Magic story ① Magic opponent

(2) supernatural or enchanted relatives A. Wife

B. Husband

C. Brothers and sisters

(3) Magic work and tasks.

(4) magical helper.

⑤ Magic items

6. Supernatural power or knowledge.

⑦ Other stories with supernatural phenomena.

2. Religious stories ① God's rewards and punishments

2 the truth comes out.

③ Paradise

④ Devil

⑤ Other religious stories

3. Short Story ① The boy who married the princess

The girl who married the prince

③ Prove loyalty and innocence.

A stubborn wife learns to obey.

⑤ Good class

⑥ Smart words and deeds

All landowners legend of fate

Robbers and killers

Pet-name ruby other true legends

4. The Story of the Stupid Devil ① Labor Agreement

(2) Cooperation between humans and ogres.

(3) The contest between humans and ogres.

④ Humans kill or harm ogres.

The ogre was frightened by human beings.

6. Humans are smarter than demons.

Save your life from the devil.

Jokes and anecdotes 1. Fool's story (1) A pair of silly lovers.

Stupid wife and her husband

Stupid husband and his wife

(4) a stupid couple.

2. The story of a woman looking for a wife

(2) jokes about elderly women

Other stories about women

3. A man's story ① A witty man.

② A lucky accident.

A stupid person.

4. clergy or religious figures (1) clergy.

(2) the clergy and sexton

③ Other jokes of religious figures

5. Anecdotes of other groups or people

6. Absurd stories

4. Program story 1. Serial story

2. A series of stories based on numbers, objects, animals or names.

3. A series of stories related to death

Role ability classification

Classification represents pictures

Fairy tales Pinocchio and Pinocchio imitating human body.

Superman Fairy Tale "The Giant's Garden"

The emperor's new clothes, a fairy tale with the same human body.

Andersen's Fairy Tales

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

Knowledge fairy tales

Edit this fairy tale and explain the basic idea in detail.

The basic idea of fairy tales is expressed through characters and storylines. Character image is the core of the whole work. Without vivid characters, it is impossible to convey the basic ideas of the works to readers vividly and forcefully.

brief introduction

Fairy tales are a kind of literary theme suitable for children to read. According to children's psychological characteristics and needs, fairy tales create vivid images through rich fantasy and exaggeration, reflect real life with tortuous and touching storylines and easy-to-understand language, suppress evil and promote good, and achieve the purpose of educating people.

There are generally four kinds of fairy tales: anthropomorphic fairy tales (such as Pinocchio), superman fairy tales (such as the giant's garden), ordinary fairy tales (such as the emperor's new clothes), intellectual fairy tales and so on. When reading, we should go deep into the author's fantasy world, understand the content of the article and understand the author's writing intention. Some fairy tales tell the truth directly through the mouth of the protagonist or with the concluding language in the article, while others need to be carefully read and understood, and the article can be deeply analyzed to realize the truth. Therefore, when reading fairy tales, we should learn to see the essence through phenomena and understand the true meaning of life.

Moreover, fairy tales show our yearning and pursuit of beauty, so they are often contrary to the reality of life.

In addition, fairy tales can make people knowledgeable and happy, and human beings grow up under the guidance of fairy tales.

The development of human fairy tales has a long history, and ancient myths and folk stories can also be regarded as a kind of fairy tales. The two most outstanding representatives of human fairy tale writers are Nordic, Danish Andersen and Swedish Selma Lakhov.

Character image

The characters in fairy tales are the most free and extensive, from the sun, the moon and the stars to birds, animals, insects, fish, flowers, trees and stones. No matter whether there is life, tangible or intangible, concrete matter or abstract concept, people can appear in fairy tales as characters with language actions and ideological character through "personification"; In addition, some ideas that come from people's imagination and only exist in the magical world can also become fairy tale characters, such as elves, witches, beasts and so on. Of course, fairy tales are more about people, ancient or modern, native or foreign, people at this stage or that stage. Moreover, in some fairy tales, the images of ordinary people and supernatural figures, and various anthropomorphic biological and abiotic images can appear at the same time, interact with each other and act together in the fairy tale environment designed by the author. But no matter what kind of fairy tale role you choose to play, it reflects the real life of human beings, and they also have the sociality of all kinds of characters. Screenwriters can't ask some living and non-living things to play roles at will. When choosing, on the one hand, we should take care of the original morphological habits and natural attributes of these things to see if there are some connections and similarities with the various human roles they play; On the other hand, we should consider the need to express the theme. What kind of roles fairy tales make appear depends largely on the theme. For example, birds who love singing choose birds as the embodiment of freedom and kings as the embodiment of tyranny. It is obviously inappropriate to turn birds in pigsty into pigs. It is also inappropriate to replace the king with an artist who has no power and cannot dominate the power of life and death. The bird's song was a free song, which caused the king to strangle it. If it is replaced by a robot bird that can be manipulated at will, it will be difficult to produce the plot of the king killing birds.

In addition, when choosing characters, readers' hobbies, national habits and traditions, psychology and feelings formed over the years should also be properly respected. For example, regarding the image of mice, China people are different from Americans. We think mice are a negative image, while Americans prefer mice. For another example, foxes often appear as cunning images, while wolves appear as greedy and ferocious images. But this is not absolute. In the little grey wolf outside the wall, the little grey wolf is like a naive and lovely child.

Edit this fairy tale logic introduction

The logic of fairy tales refers to the law of combining fantasy with reality. All fairy tales are fictional, but some seem reasonable, while others feel far-fetched. The reason is that the former accords with the logic of fairy tales, while the latter ignores this point, thus destroying the rationality of the whole story.

The logic of fairy tales is based on assumptions, that is, the author must provide a hypothetical condition for the activities of fictional characters and the development of fictional story plots, and then proceed from this assumption to make things develop according to their own logic, so that fictional characters can develop reasonably and naturally under the assumed living environment conditions. In some super-human fairy tales, an ordinary person is not allowed to walk around at will, and all kinds of magic fairy methods will not be used for no reason. Fairyland will only happen when fairy tale characters are endowed with superhuman abilities and get some kind of "treasure", or when the characters enter a situation that is enough to produce magic. For example, in Colorful Cloud Carpet, the protagonist collects clouds, weaves a cloud carpet, and visits the sun god in the Sun Palace. Just because she is a fairy, she can accomplish these things. If she is a mortal, without certain conditions, it does not conform to the logic of fairy tales. Therefore, if superhuman fairy tales do not reveal the causes of superhuman strength, everything described in fairy tales will become passive and rootless, and the rationality of existence will be lost. For example, in The Tree of Music, the growth of a tree of music on the ground has a certain fairy tale logic, as written in the work: "This tree grew from the fragments of the violin, and Bessie's blood and sweat watered this land, and his music gave it life, making it a strange and extraordinary tree." The logic of fairy tales also requires us to follow the laws of life and nature when arranging the ideological activities of characters, the relationship between roles and the development and changes of events. That is to say, although fairy tales describe a fantasy world beyond reality, the characters and phenomena in them still have to strictly abide by the logic of real life. For example, the author can tell how a lamb dealt with a fierce wolf, but it would be completely absurd to write that a newborn lamb really ate the wolf. In Sammy the Cat Mother's Child, Sammy the squirrel can be the cat mother's child because he lost his mother, and the cat mother just lost her kitten. Under this special condition, Sammy was raised by the mother cat and accepted each other. In the work, Sammy didn't become a kitten, but he still kept all the characteristics of a squirrel. If you write it as a kitten, it doesn't conform to the logic of fairy tales. The same is true of fairy tales on earth, and the activities of characters are consistent with their identity and personality.

function

The logical expression of fairy tales makes the fictional story develop logically, even if the fake play is really done, it makes the works have strong artistic authenticity. However, using the logic of fairy tales can not change the pure fictional nature of fairy tales, so that readers can truly believe all kinds of fictional stories. On the contrary, it can only highlight the nature and function of fairy tales.

Scientific fairy tales should pay special attention to the logic of fairy tales and conform to scientific logic, and there is no violation of scientific laws and scientific reality.

An overview of the absurd charm of editing this paragraph

In novels, reportage and other realistic styles, people pursue a sense of reality. The closer they are to life itself, the more they can inspire readers' enthusiasm. On the other hand, the closer you get to life itself, the more boring fairy tales become. Comment: It's too unimaginative. Alice is in wonderland. Fairy tales should be magical and magnificent fantasy colors. The more bizarre, absurd and bizarre the imagination is, the more it can stimulate the reading enthusiasm of young readers. Singularity and absurdity are the most important aesthetic qualities of fairy tales. The Travel Notes of Hao Min's Sacred Vessels has become a world masterpiece because of its absurdity. Alice in Wonderland, Pinocchio, Adventures in a Lied Country, etc. They have won young readers from generation to generation with their excellent fantasy charm.

Sense of absurdity

The concept of "absurdity" here is a sense of absurdity and absurdity in the aesthetic sense, with a broader concept, which is different from the word absurdity in real life. It covers many meanings such as fantasy, strangeness, strangeness, impetuousness, absurdity, nonsense and disbelief. It is this absurdity in a broad sense that can make fairy tales have interesting aesthetic effects. Absurdity is a means for children's writers to create fairy tales. Its manifestations can be varied, but in fairy tales, strong exaggeration, bizarre fantasy, distortion and humorous satire are often inseparable, among which exaggeration and imagination are the most important. In the fantasy world, anything can happen, and the unimaginable can also be regarded as factual experience. According to infinite imagination and rich performance, a fantasy world completely different from reality is created. For example, the world shown in Dalin and Kobayashi is an extremely absurd world with a disparity between the rich and the poor. In order to highlight the absurdity of this society, the author tries to exaggerate, distort and vilify the characters, and reveals the class essence of the exploiting class with extremely absurd stories. Therefore, the essence of absurdity is to embody the rationality of essence through the superficial absurdity, because people see and feel the new harmony and unity in the strangeness of image. Absurdity is to create a unique fantasy world at the expense of "natural possibility" and compensate for retaining "internal possibility", which has various implications in real life. Therefore, excellent absurdity should create a new aesthetic significance.

So, what kind of absurdity is an excellent absurdity? Excellent absurdity should be absurd, fresh, wonderful and witty.

Only absurdity, novelty and boldness can produce results, otherwise following the footsteps will never give people a sense of freshness. There is a phrase "surprise victory" in the Art of War, which refers to the diversity of strategies to "surprise victory". Similarly, the absurdity of fairy tales must be surprising, beyond the imagination of ordinary people, so that imagination and the truth of life have a strong contrast, then the best effect of absurdity will be reflected. For example, the 46 stories in Travel Notes of Hao Min's Hallows are very interesting because they are fantastic, bold and exaggerated, and absurd.

It should be said that only fresh and unique absurdity can leave a deep impression on people. But freshness and originality are hard-won, and they are also testing the sensitivity, wit and creativity of fairy tales.

Of course, absurdity can be wonderful sometimes. People sometimes describe beautiful scenes and always say that they are like entering the realm of fairy tales, which fully shows that there are indeed many beautiful factors in the absurdity of fairy tales. For example, Andersen's fairy tale "The Daughter of the Sea" vividly shows the absurdity and beauty of the "mermaid world under the sea". Of course, this kind of beauty is not only manifested in the beauty of artistic conception, but also includes the warmth of human feelings, the beauty of the soul, the sublimity of the spiritual realm and so on, all of which can be expressed through absurd fantasies. Daughter of the Sea expresses the little mermaid's lofty spiritual realm and beautiful and kind heart through her persistent pursuit of love and the touching story of sacrificing her life for love. Its absurd aesthetic significance is very rich and memorable.

Similarly, the fairy tale "Charity Giant" written by British writer Radahl is also beautiful and absurd. The kind giant in the story collected hundreds of millions of dreams floating in the air like light fog by catching butterflies in the net bag, put them in hundreds of millions of bottles, and then blew beautiful dreams and golden dreams into the bedrooms of thousands of sleeping children with a dream blower to make them sleep sweetly and happily.

In addition, absurdity can also be expressed through grotesque and funny. In fact, grotesque and funny often appear at the same time, revealing a meaningful smile. For example, the fairy tale "The Residents and Robbers of Doukou Town" by Norwegian writer Egener is an interesting work, which is famous for its absurdity. The three robbers in the fairy tale are not fierce and cruel robbers in people's general impression. On the contrary, they are three robbers full of childlike innocence, lazy and stupid, but not bad-hearted. Their slogan is: "Down with washing dishes!" Therefore, their den of thieves is dirty and smelly. In order to change this situation, they stole Aunt Sophie, who was sleeping, as a "housekeeper". However, Aunt Sophie tried to make them self-reliant. They would rather sit in a cell than be controlled. So she was sent home in a deep sleep. Later, the robbers were arrested, but the classroom was in the police room. With the help of the kind-hearted police couple's education, they finally gave up the robber profession and turned over a new leaf, which made great contributions to the town of cardamom in a fire fighting. The whole work is full of hilarious jokes in the absurd stories of generosity and benevolence, which makes people feel interesting to read.