On parts of speech

Function words are defined as words that generally do not act as sentence components and do not express true meaning. Their main function is to combine language units.

Types of function words: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeias.

It is an abstract but unambiguous word, which has no real meaning, so it is "invisible", but it does not include the symbols you said, nor is it what you called "terrible" and "awkward" words. Its main function is grammatical function.

The landlord's question is really harsh. This question is not simple, and it is very professional. I wonder if you can understand it?

Lexical grammaticalization is a complicated historical process involving many factors. This paper only makes some preliminary discussions on the factors that induce grammaticalization of Chinese vocabulary.

The change of syntactic position

In most cases, the grammaticalization of vocabulary is first caused by the change of the syntactic position of notional words. Chinese function words are mostly composed of verbs and adjectives. The usual syntactic position of verbs is to act as predicates in the "subject-predicate-object" format. In this combination form, there is generally only one verb as the predicate, which is the core component of the sentence structure, and the action or state expressed is true. If a verb is not used in the "subject-predicate-object" combination format, is not the only verb in a sentence, and is not the central verb (active word) of a sentence (for example, it acts as a secondary verb in a serial verb), then the verbality of this verb will be weakened. When a verb often acts as a secondary verb in a sentence, after its grammatical position is fixed, its meaning will be gradually abstracted and blurred, and then its grammatical function will change: it is no longer a component of the predicate, but becomes a modifier or supplementary component of the predicate verb, and the further ambiguity of its meaning will lead to the grammaticalization of the verb: from lexical unit to grammatical unit. Therefore, in the process of grammaticalization of vocabulary, the change of syntactic position and the influence of structural relationship are an important factor.

Take dynamic auxiliary words as an example. The dynamic auxiliary words "Jiang", "Zhe", "Qu" and "De" in modern Chinese are derived from verbs. Their evolution from verbs to dynamic auxiliary words begins with entering a series of verbs.

will

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the verb "Jiang" with the meaning of "Xie" appeared in serial form, and its basic format was "verb+Jiang+directional complement";

(1) Walking to the foot of Chiting Mountain, it was the end of a thunderstorm. Suddenly, someone helped Chao drag people into the desert. ("Return the Injustice")

(2) If you have a daughter, you will go, and your mother will cry with wailing, which makes people feel uncomfortable. ("Yan's family training? Manage the family ")

(3) I saw an old woman and flew to see Beidou Jun with her. ("Ancient Novels". The Secret Story)

The relation of "verb+general" in serial sentences is loose, and objects or conjunctions can often be inserted:

(4) Two people record that they will walk to a gate and a shaman will sit on a bed. ("The ancient novel is hooked?" Xiang Mingji ")

Suddenly, a three-foot white snake jumped into the boat ... put it in the room and returned it. (The Year of the Prince)

The linked "verb+general" means a kind of "carrying" action, which is carried out by the subject carrying the object. The action of "Dai" can only be carried out under the condition that the previous action is completed, and the word "Jiang" indicating "Dai" is attached to the previous verb to some extent. The verb before the word "Jiang" is mainly similar to the word "Jiang" in Wei and Jin Dynasties (such as "holding" or implying "carrying" (such as "dragging", even if there is no "Jiang", "dragging away" means "carrying away"). The dependence of "Jiang" on the previous verb and the coincidence with the meaning of the previous verb weaken its verbality.

The weakening of verb nature leads to the change of "Jiang" combination in Tang Dynasty.

(6) I mailed it, and there was no newspaper in March. ("Yuan Zhen" Reward Music ")

(7) It seems true to hold one's head high, ward off evil spirits and knead the future. ("Jiang" Ode to King Kong ")

Both of them are "verb+general+directional complement" structure, but the action has no object * * *, and the verb before "general" is not limited to carrying.

The "carrying" meaning of the word "Jiang" is weakened, which is mainly used to express the situation and result after the action is completed, and a new structure of "verb+Jiang+object" appears:

(8) Seize the white, seize all the beautiful blue sky. (Bai Juyi's "Jiang Lou Ye Yuan Yin Nine Stones Green into Thirty Rhymes")

Moreover, it has developed from indicating the result of the action to indicating the completion of the action:

(9) the crane is lost in front of the hall, and the plum is lost after the pavilion. (Bai Juyi's poem "Looking at the Snow Banquet in the Flower-picking Building")

When the completion state of one action is the accompanying state or mode of another action, "Jiang" has another usage and corresponding structure "verb [,1]+ Jiang+verb [,2]";

(10) Riders go hunting in Nanshankou, and there will be no more foxes and rabbits in the south of the city. (Cen Can's "Wei Jie Du Ma Zhi Ge")

The development of examples (9) and (10) shows that the word "Jiang" has been used as a dynamic auxiliary word.

The starting point of the change of the word "Jiang" is that the verb "Jiang" enters the conjunction form. Under the influence of context (semantics, meaning of previous verbs, etc. ), the word "Jiang" in the position of the second verb weakens its verbality, causing changes in the binding relationship (weakening the selectivity of the verb), and then the meaning of "carrying" gradually disappears, mainly indicating the state and result of the action in the sentence, and finally develops into an auxiliary word that only indicates the grammatical meaning of completion and continuation. 〔( 1)〕

The evolution of the word "Jiang" is also the grammaticalization process of most other dynamic auxiliary words.

take

(1 1) In spring, when bees are about to give birth, they are caught with three or two heads. (natural history)

This is a serial sentence, the object is "take" and the verb "catch" in front of "take", which means or aims to "get".

(12) Take medicine together and treat each other, and you don't need to be a natural person. (Zhang Ji's "Gift to Shi Jianwu")

The meaning of "take" is not "get", but the result of action.

(13) Yin Qin moistens the mind with the phase as the lung and the book of meditation as the emperor's heart. (Lu Guimeng's "Feng He Attacks the United States, Xie Youyi Participates")

(14) If your husband gets along with you, you can take it off the bike and find a seal. (Qin Taoyu's Zi Ma Zi)

"Take" develops from "result" to "action completion" (for example 13) or "continuation" (for example 14). 〔(2)〕

get

(15) The first name was Li Xin, who was a general of the Qin Dynasty and also the winner of the Prince yan dan. ("Historical Records? Biography of General Lee (volume 109)

In serial form, the verb before "de" has the meaning of "de".

(16) Hunan flavor sleeps in a different place, and mother goes to Ann? 1. The value of selfishness and emptiness. ("Shi Shuo Xin Yu? Virtue ")

The verb before "de" doesn't mean "get", and "de" means the result of action.

(17) I ordered him to come back, and he even lost his horse and horse. (Han Yu's Zhao Yang Zhigang)

(18) After it reached Nanzong's mind, this body should be old and bimodal. (Taiping Guangji Volume 49 Dongyang Nightmare Record)

(19) Jiang Shang came to Kanhua in the evening, and the fisherman came back with a clean coat. (Zheng Gu's Occasionally in the Snow)

In the example of (17)-( 19), the word "de" further evolved from indicating the result of the action to a dynamic auxiliary word indicating the completion or continuation of the action.

The grammaticalization process of the above dynamic auxiliary words can be summarized as: continuous action → indicating the result of action (complement) → indicating the completion and continuation of action (auxiliary words).

In this grammaticalization chain, the transformation of syntactic position into specific grammatical structure (connection) is the inducement and foundation of its change. Only in a specific grammatical position, under the interaction of context and other factors, these words may have new uses, and their meanings will continue to be blurred, eventually developing from verbs to auxiliary words. On the contrary, in the same period, there were no "will", "go" and "de" used as verbs, and their semantics and functions remained unchanged. Moreover, a group of verbs that entered the same grammatical structure around the Tang and Five Dynasties had similar changes along the same way, resulting in a group of auxiliary words with similar functions, which more clearly showed the influence and function of syntactic position change and structural relationship adjustment on lexical grammaticalization.

In modern Chinese, the preposition "Jiang" used for disposal is derived from the verb "Jiang" and has the meaning of "take". The grammaticalization process of the preposition "Jiang" also reflects the influence of syntactic position change on it.

Mr. Zhu Minche (1957) studied the development process of "jiang" from verb to preposition.

In the pre-Qin period, the verb "Jiang" indicating "Na" was only used in the form of "subject+Jiang+object": [(3)]

I do. ("Xunzi? Stage ")

After the Han Dynasty, "Jiang" began to be used for linkage:

(2 1) So the female sword should be given to the King of Chu. (Looking for God)

In the example (2 1), "hui", as the first verb component of the serial form, indicates the accompanying situation of the latter verb "qu". Obviously, the latter verb "Qu" is the central verb in a serial sentence, which leads to the weakening of the verb meaning of "Jiang" and the beginning of abstraction.

After entering the Tang Dynasty, "Jiang" entered the conjunction form of "Jiang+noun+transitive verb";

(22) "grandson" uses a duck for private use, Yu u? (2) breaking family property and flogging 20 times. ("in and out")

The object of "Jiang" here is also the "private" object of the verb after the linked verb, and "Jiang" is still a verb component. But just like the example (2 1), the central verb in the sentence is "private use", and "Jiang" as a non-central verb is only an auxiliary action. The position of the auxiliary word in the semantic expression of this sentence further blurs the meaning of the word "Jiang", because "if the meaning expressed by a certain component (behavior here) in a language is not very significant (because the meaning expressed by another behavior in the sentence is more significant), then the meaning expressed by it will easily disappear into people's impressions ..." (Zhu Minche, 1957)

As a result, the meaning of "Jiang" is further blurred in the conjunction structure, which leads to the disappearance of its original lexical meaning and its transformation into a preposition;

(23) forced to laugh as a teacher, worried about seeing a life full of worries. (Du Fu's Heart Collection)

Like the auxiliary word "Jiang", the grammaticalization process of "Jiang" from verb to preposition stems from the change of its syntactic position. The word "Jiang" whose syntactic position has not changed in the same period still maintains its verb semantics and functions, and there is no grammaticalization evolution process.

From the above examples and analysis, we can see that the change of syntactic position and its fixation are usually manifested as follows: a notional word often appears in a syntactic position suitable for expressing a specific grammatical relationship from the core syntactic position in the sentence structure, which causes its semantic change (abstraction → grammaticalization) and then develops into a function word that specifically expresses this grammatical relationship or grammatical function. The six syntactic components of Chinese, namely, subject, predicate, object, definite, form and complement, existed in the pre-Qin period, and the word order was quite fixed. These syntactic elements have different positions in the sentence structure. Among them, subject, predicate and object are the core components, which are the syntactic positions mainly undertaken by notional words. Attribute, form and complement are non-core components, and words with true or less true lexical meaning may enter. Therefore, the possibility of legalizing words in these syntactic positions is different. Generally speaking, the positions of adverbials and complements are more likely to lead to grammaticalization, because words representing grammatical categories such as scope, degree, time, tools, ways, reasons, objects and results generally appear in these two positions (Xie Huiquan, 1987). If the meanings of the words in these two positions are further blurred, they may be transformed into grammatical units that simply express various grammatical meanings.

From the above investigation of the grammaticalization process of Chinese verbs, we can see that most verbs that have undergone grammaticalization have entered a more formal sequence form due to the change of syntactic position. As non-central verbs, these verbs are structurally and semantically attached to the central verbs before or after them. This situation and position lead to the weakening of these verbs and the abstraction of their meanings. At the same time, its grammatical function will change accordingly, either as an adverbial before the central verb or as a complement after the central verb. The further grammaticalization of word meaning makes these verbs grammaticalized: adverbial verbs are transformed into prepositions, and complement verbs are transformed into auxiliary words.

Second, the change of meaning.

The change of syntactic position and structural relationship will cause the change of word meaning and lead to the grammaticalization of content words; Similarly, the evolution and grammaticalization of word meaning will also cause changes in the function of words, which will be used in new grammatical positions and structural relationships, thus producing new function words. The change of word meaning is also an important factor affecting the grammaticalization of vocabulary.

In the process of the formation of the structural auxiliary word "ge", the influence of semantic change is more obvious.

"Ge" was originally a quantifier, designed to remember bamboo. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, it became a universal quantifier to count all kinds of things:

(24) Fifty negative service vectors. ("Xunzi? Discuss soldiers ")

I hope nine of the statues are full. I don't care about a hundred dollars by the bed. (Bao Zhao's "Quasi-Difficult to Go")

(26) More knives can be found. (Fayuan Zhu Lin? Xiang Mingji ")

Then, the use of a virtual reference that does not involve determining numbers is developed, which can be used without numbers:

For pilgrimage, you can see that there is no reason to go to East Road. (Zhang Ji's Message to Zhushanren) The function word "ge" can sometimes be used directly after adjectives:

(28) Surprised to fly without strength, with high powder wall and good sound and feathers. (Zheng Gu's "Birds")

The word "ge" after an adjective no longer indicates the number of objects, but becomes a sign that something has a certain nature, and its meaning is empty.

The evolution of word meaning leads to the change of combination relationship, from "number+noun" to "shape+noun", and finally the word "ge" followed by nouns and verbs. ;

(29) Shi Yun: "Since you can't, is there a monk dǐ behind you? 3 Watch it. " (Record of Dengchuan in Jingdezhen, Volume 8)

(30) Ask today, look for it tomorrow, and look carefully. (Zhuzi school, vol. 1 15)

(3 1) Mo Guai said you were asking for bones. ("Zhang Xie Champion" four out)

The evolution of the quantifier "ge" to the structural auxiliary word "ge" began with the emptiness of meaning. From counting bamboo, to general quantifiers, to empty quantifiers, to adjectives expressing the nature of things, and finally to nouns and verbs, it has become a structural auxiliary word used in some areas. In the process of the evolution of meaning from real to virtual, structural relations and grammatical functions are constantly adjusted and changed to adapt to the evolution of meaning, and finally the changes of parts of speech are completed simultaneously in meaning and function.

In modern Chinese, the trial auxiliary word "Kan" evolved from the verb "Kan", and its grammaticalization process also started from the grammaticalization of meaning.

The verb "Kan" originally meant "Zhan's";

(32) Looking at dǐ from a distance? (3) Huan is as red as blood, complaining about it, looking for it, and seeing a hungry ghost. (Hundred Boundaries, Tripitaka Collection, Volume 4)

During the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, the verb "Kan" was extended from "Zhan Shi" to "Kao": [(4)]

(33) His home is organic, so that monks can sit down: "Just sit and wait." Lift it up and point to the inner pot to see if the soup is hot. (Maha Monk Law, same as above, volume 22)

(34) After five or six days, it's ripe to see if your hands are cold or not. ("Qi Yao Minshu? Stupid j? (4) and wine ")

(35) Have a taste, and it is right to smell enough. (same as above)

"Look" evolved from a visual action to a general "test", and its meaning began to be abstract, laying the foundation for its grammaticalization.

In contemporary literature, the verb "Kan" with the meaning of "inspection" can be used after the active word without an object:

A strange woman is silent. Her mouth swelled when she touched it with her hand. ("Bai Yujing"? ān？ (5) meter explosion metaphor ")

(37) After the job is done, the dung tower remains the same. Three steps south of the pagoda, Brahman didn't believe it was feces, so he explored it with his hands and dug a hole. (Luoyang Galand? Chengbei? Ningyuan Temple ")

Here, "look" is still a verb, which means "test", and "explore" and "touch" are still words of "explore" and "touch".

If the meaning of "look" is further blurred and used in imperative sentences, it will become a tentative auxiliary word. Such examples have appeared in the literature around the Six Dynasties:

(38) Going back to China, Wang Yun said, "You are a noble person. Try to be a noble person!" ("Folklore", "Thailand in Pinglan", volume 829)

(39) There are many long-lived people in the sand in front of the atrium of Jingshe: "Lend me your bow and arrow to try your hand." Answer: "Kerr." ("Maha monk dǐ? (3) Law, Sanzang (22)

Think about it. ("Ten Chants", same as above, volume 23)

The verb "see" has expanded its scope of use from the expression of visual action "foresee" and has become an abstract expression of sensory testing of all actions. This change in meaning leads to corresponding changes in its combination and grammatical function: from an active word with an object to an auxiliary word without an object. When the meaning of a word is abstracted to a certain extent, it causes the meaning of the word to be empty, so that it eventually loses its original lexical meaning and becomes a grammatical unit that only expresses an attempted meaning.

Content words in Chinese are mostly polysemous words, that is, a content word has several different but related sememes. These different sememes of the same word are usually produced by the extension of the meaning. Word meaning extension is the development of word meaning in the number of sememes, and the relationship between source meaning and extended meaning can also be regarded as the evolution of word meaning. The characteristics of the evolution of word meaning are usually from concrete to abstract, from individual to general, that is, the connotation of the concept expressed by word meaning decreases and the extension expands.

In the process of grammaticalization of Chinese vocabulary, the grammaticalization of a notional word usually occurs on a sememe, and the result of grammaticalization is that the word is independent on a sememe or separates a function word. As for the other sememes of this word, it will continue to be used according to the function of the notional word, and the notional word will not disappear because the function word comes from a sememe. This situation can be represented by the following figure:

At the same time, the possibility of grammaticalization of different sememe of a polysemous word is different. Generally speaking, it is difficult to grammaticalize a sememe with concrete real meaning, while it is easier to grammaticalize a sememe with more abstract and unreal meaning. This is because the action and state of abstract sememe are weak. If the abstraction is further weakened, it will easily become a grammatical unit.

This is why the evolution of word meaning can easily lead to grammaticalization of vocabulary.

It should be pointed out that syntactic position change and semantic change are two basic and interdependent conditions in the process of lexical grammaticalization. A notional word enters a certain structural relationship due to the change of syntactic position, which will lead to the change of meaning; Similarly, some changes in the meaning of notional words will also affect their functions and change the relationship and nature of their structures. The grammaticalization process of many notional words is the result of the interaction and influence of syntactic position change and semantic change.

Thirdly, the influence of context

The meaning and function of words are always reflected in a certain context. In the process of grammaticalization of vocabulary, the influence of context is also a noteworthy factor.

Context plays an important role in the grammaticalization of the rhetorical adverb "Gan".

"Dare" was originally an auxiliary verb with the meaning of "can, can and will". For example:

(4 1) I dare not help my friends. ("Poetry? Xiaoya? At the turn of October ")

(42) Dare to love and be afraid of my parents. ("Poetry? Zheng Feng? Zhong Zhongzi ")

As early as ancient times, when "dare" was used in rhetorical questions, it was equivalent to "dare":

(43) Zhou doesn't love Ding, but Zheng dares to love Tian? ("Zuo zhuan? Twelve years in Zhao Gong ")

This sentence is in Historical Records? Chu family: "Does Zheng An dare to love Tian?" It can be seen that "Dare" means "Dare to be safe" and "Dare". This usage continued until the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties:

(44) Do you dare to teach yourself specially after serving the public? ("Ancient Poetry for Jiao Zhongqing's Wife")

(45) In the past, * * * treated the situation and dared to forget to care for the poor? (Xie ti m: o? 6 "Give land to the poor")

At the same time, in literature, the meaning of "dare" has changed from "how dare" to rhetorical question, which has the same meaning as "qi":

(46) Qi people dare to be vulgar, so do they carry things with them? (He Xun's "To Mu Ling Brothers")

In Example (46), "Dare" and "Qi" are opposites, and "Dare" and "Qi" are synonymous.

As a rhetorical adverb, "Gan" was still used in the Tang and Five Dynasties;

(47) How many veterans are there? Bleeding is absurd, touching wine is car dust. (Du Fu's "Five Painful Spring Poems")

It is not difficult to blow all over the world in an instant, but this small tree is so small that it dares to be my air duct! ("Dunhuang change anthology?" Demon change ")

(49) Chinese music, originally Jiuquan, will eventually eat your tea, dare to move some bands? Same as above, about tea and wine)

The grammaticalization of "Gan" from auxiliary verbs to rhetorical adverbs is realized in the context of rhetorical questions. Namely: a. The auxiliary verb "gan" is located before the verb, and its position is equivalent to the interrogative adverb. B In rhetorical questions, the meaning of "dare" is still "dare not", which is contrary to the original meaning. Rhetorical forms are "dare" and "dare". Due to the use of this sentence pattern, the sememe component of "gan" gradually weakens or even loses, and finally becomes an interrogative adverb expressing a simple rhetorical question. 〔(5)〕

"Shi" can be used as a modal particle in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and its grammaticalization process is also closely related to the influence of context.

"Time" is a noun indicating the time when an action or state occurs:

(50) When it began to snow, the five places celebrated and merged into the fifth edition. ("Shi Shuo Xin Yu? Literature ")

"Shi" in the Tang Dynasty began to be grammaticalized in the context of "hypothetical sentences";

(5 1) People feel ashamed of their health when they are sick, but people feel relaxed when they are busy. (Poems by Bai Juyi)

The lexical meaning of "time" here has not completely disappeared, which can be seen from its comparison with "place" in the next couplet. But in the example (5 1), the author emphasizes the fact of "guest disease" and doesn't care about the time when this event happened, so the time represented by "time" in the example is irrelevant. In other words, the meaning of "time" in a sentence is not obvious. "If the meaning of a component in a language is not obvious, it will easily disappear in people's impressions ..." (Zhu Minche, 1957).

By the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the intertextuality of "Shi" or "If" or "Zhe" (modal particles) had become modal particles:

(52) If he is enlightened, he will turn all his disciples into disciples. ("Dunhuang change anthology?" Breaking magic change ")

(53) If you look far away, you will lose your mind; if you look near, you will lose your mind. (ditto, Vimalakīrti's scripture)

The grammaticalization of "time" from nouns to modal particles expressing hypotheses is realized under the influence of the context of hypothetical sentences.

The influence of context on lexical grammaticalization is also manifested in the semantic constraints and rules between words in sentences.

The common preposition "zhe" after the Six Dynasties and even the Tang and Five Dynasties originated from the grammaticalization of the verb "zhe", and its grammaticalization process was obviously restricted and influenced by the context.

The grammaticalization of the verb "zhe" began after the Han Dynasty. In the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures after the Han Dynasty, "zhe" began to be used in the form of "verb+zhe-locative word";

Like a flower wrapped around a golden pillar. (Buddhist Scriptures and Tripitaka, Volume 4)

(55) When Zhu Yi's wife heard about it, she hid Eden and hid the screen. (Classic of Virtue and Stupidity, ditto)

The verbs in these examples are mostly attached verbs, such as "winding" and "covering". The objects after "zhe" all indicate the place. The whole "verb+zhe+locative word" format means that the object is attached to a certain place through some action. "Hold" means the result of the previous action, leading to the place where the object reaches. Semantically, although the action of "zhe" is weakened, it still has obvious verb nature.

In the literature of the Six Dynasties, the use cases of "verb+zhe+locative words" increased rapidly, and the semantic types of verbs combined with "zhe" also expanded:

(56) On the first day or the second day, F incarnation was hidden because it was carrying another Tian She. ⑦ Inside the wall. ("Reflection? Wei Zhi? Yan Wenchuan's Pei Zhu cited Wei Lue (Volume September 18th).

(57) If the text is small, sit on your knees. ("Shi Shuo Xin Yu? Virtue ")

(58) Take a bucket of rice and send it to the imperial court. (Six Degrees Set)

(59) Can be thrown outside the door. ("Shi Shuo Xin Yu? Founder ")

An important change in the format of "verb+zhe+locative word" in this period is that many verbs with "zhe" can't cause attachment. As mentioned above, the meaning of the verb "zhe" disappears, and it only serves as the introduction of the location, thus transforming the verb into a preposition.

It can be seen that in the grammaticalization process of "zhe" from verb to preposition, the semantic features of its attached verbs play an important role in its grammaticalization.

Observing the above four situations, we can find that they are also prepositions. In cases (56) and (57), "zhe" is equivalent to the modern Chinese preposition "zai", while in cases (58) and (59), "zhe" is equivalent to the modern Chinese preposition "Dao". This semantic difference is also determined by the semantic features of the verbs attached to "zhe". Examples (56) and (57) are static verbs, and their actions can reach a certain state after implementation. The "throw" and "send" in examples (58) and (59) are dynamic verbs, and their actions cannot reach a certain state after implementation. The different semantic features of verbs lead to the semantic differences of prepositions attached to "zhe".

Dynamic auxiliary words in modern Chinese are all evolved from verbs, and most of them have gone through the grammaticalization process of "the last verb in the progressive verb → the result complement of the predicate verb → dynamic auxiliary words". If we examine this process in detail, we will find that almost all dynamic auxiliary words are related to the influence and restriction of the semantic features of their antecedent verbs, especially in the grammaticalization stage of "follow verbs in a continuous way → result complement of predicate verbs", and the semantic features of their antecedent verbs play a decisive role. Like the above-mentioned "Jiang", "Qu" and "De", their grammaticalization process also shows this feature.

reanalyse

Reanalysis is a theory introduced from western linguistics, which is mainly used to explain the causes and processes of grammatical phenomena. Langacker( 1977) defines reanalysis as a structural change that does not change the surface expression. A structure that can be analyzed as (a, b) and c becomes a, (b, c) after reanalysis. 〔(6)〕

Mr. Ota Chen Fu used this theory to explain the generation of "Bei" sentence in Chinese historical grammar. He believes that the word "Bei" can be followed by a noun or a verb, but there is no morphological difference between nouns and verbs in Chinese. In Liangzi, Su Jun was hurt (Shi Shuo Xin Yu? In a sentence like Founder, "harm" can be understood as a noun. At this time, "Su Jun" is equivalent to "Qi" as the attributive of "harm", "Bei" is the semantic verb of "bitterness", and the whole sentence is an active sentence. If "Bei" is understood as an auxiliary verb and "harm" as a verb, then "Soviet army" becomes an actor and the sentence becomes a passive "Bei" sentence. The sentence is still the original sentence, but it has been given a new meaning because of the change of people's understanding. Mr OTA thinks that the passive "Bei" sentence in Chinese is produced in this way. At the same time, the word "Bei" is grammaticalized from a verb expressing "suffering" to a preposition pointing to the patient.

Benedict, an English scholar, also made a similar analysis in the article Passive and Dominant Development, which he thought was a re-analysis. 〔(7)〕

Similarly, the change of "ba+noun+transitive verb" from linkage to disposal can also be regarded as a reanalysis phenomenon:

No one recommended Mochou Han nationality. I hope Guan Chun will read this book. (Poems by Du Xunhe)

A. (linkage)

B. (one-time)

Strictly speaking, reanalysis is a cognitive behavior. Although it is closely related to grammaticalization of vocabulary, they are not the same. Lexical grammaticalization is the result of the evolution of language itself, which is gradually realized through the changes of lexical syntactic position and combination, the changes of word meaning (abstract and vague) and the adjustment of function. The function of reanalysis is to show and confirm the process of semantic emptiness and functional change in the form of results (function words) from the cognitive point of view. In other words, it is precisely because the grammaticalization of a lexical unit changes the semantic relationship of sentence structure that reanalysis marks the completion of the grammaticalization process of this lexical unit.