According to the outline of the opium war situation, talk about the course of the opium war.

1839 July, Lin's case happened in Tsim Sha Tsui Village, Kowloon. The British sailor was drunk, made trouble in the village and killed the villager Lin. Lin Zexu asked the British commercial director Yi Fa to hand over the murderer, but Yi Fa himself gave a light sentence.

1On August 5, 839, Lin Zexu banned all trade and sent troops into Macao.

Shredderman Rules

Further deport the British. This incident thus became the fuse of the Opium War. 1 839 65438+1October1day, the British cabinet decided to "send a fleet to the Sea of China" on the grounds that business was blocked and British lives were threatened, although according to the laws of China, British people have no right to store opium in China.

1840 65438+1On October 5th, according to Daoguang's will, Lin Zexu officially closed Hong Kong and cut off trade with Britain forever. On October 8th, 65438/kloc-0, the captain of the British "Volain" announced that Guangzhou Port and the Pearl River Estuary would be closed from June 65438 to October 8th, 65438. 16 10/6 16, Queen Victoria made a speech in Parliament, saying that she was paying close attention to the interests of British people in China and national dignity. The events in China led to the interruption of trade relations between our subjects and that country. I am very concerned about this incident and will continue to pay attention to it, which affects the interests of our subjects and the dignity of the royal family.

In February, the British government appointed Yi Law and Yi Law as deputy plenipotentiaries, and Yi Law was the commander-in-chief of the British army.

In April, the British Parliament held a heated debate on this issue. Under the influence of Queen Victoria, the British government finally passed the military action by 27 1 vote to 262. The British government has never officially declared war, thinking that military action is only revenge, not war.

In June, a mobile fleet consisting of more than 40 British ships and 4,000 soldiers (including 18 Royal Irish Wing, 26th Scottish Rifle Wing, 49th Bangladesh Wing, Bangladesh Corps of Engineers and Madras Corps of Engineers, etc.). ) led the Iraqi law from India to the Sea of China, marking the official start of the first Opium War.

Gamilidge, a 1080-ton warship repurchased by the Qing army, was loaded with 34 guns.

The fleet has 16 warships (including 3 large warships equipped with 74 cannons), 4 steam warships and 28 transport ships. After the war broke out, Britain continued to reinforce from the mainland. By the end of the war in August, 1842, there were 25 British warships, steam ships 15, hospital ships, survey ships and more than 60 transport ships.

According to Rhodes Murphy's analysis, the deep reason why Britain sent troops was that it wanted to have the opportunity of free trade with the huge China market, so as to directly enter the China market. And hoped that the Qing government could recognize Britain as an equal country. However, due to the traditional world order, the five-service tribute system and other unequal diplomacy, China's arrogant attitude of posing as China made Britain unable to tolerate contempt or neglect and exclusion, and China's attitude seemed out of place in the international community that had entered the modern world at that time. Britain regards China's refusal as a sign of backwardness, while some western Renye Fang have a sense of mission and resort to force to push China into the modern world when necessary, which will benefit both sides. It was the arrogance of both sides that led to the outbreak of confrontation.

The British army went north for the first time.

At the beginning of the war, China only regarded the British army as barbarians, not as a threat. 1840 In June, Yi Law, commander-in-chief and plenipotentiary of the British army, led the troops to sea in Guangzhou. According to the instructions of British Foreign Secretary Bamazun, the expeditionary force blocked Guangzhou Haikou and Xiamen (now Fujian).

184 1 year 65438+1October 7th, British troops attacked the outer suburb of Humen and Shajiao Fort.

Cut off China's overseas trade, and captured Dinghai (now Zhoushan City) in Zhejiang Province as a forward stronghold in July. At this time, along the coast of China, except for Guangdong, which was slightly preparing for the war under the supervision of Lin Zexu, the rest were relaxed. In August, British ships attacked the city at an alarming speed and arrived outside Dagukou, Tianjin. Daoguang, who originally advocated war, saw British ships approaching, was frightened by military forces and began to waver. 1On August 20th, 840, Daoguang approved the British letter and asked Qishan to tell the British side to allow trade and punish Lin Zexu, so that the British ship could withdraw to Guangzhou and send Qishan to Guangzhou for negotiations. At the same time, the British side is also epidemic, and autumn and winter are approaching, agreeing to negotiate in Guangdong. In June 5438+10, Qishan acted as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen were dismissed. 65438+February, Qishan negotiated with the Iraqi law through a private translator, delaying the time. After the British army went south, the Qing court ordered the governors of the coastal provinces to prepare for the defense of Haikou, and ordered the governor of the two rivers, Ilib, to lead troops to eastern Zhejiang to prepare for the recovery of Dinghai.

Yifa lost patience and decided to negotiate after the war. 184 1 1 On October 7th, the British army suddenly captured Humen plantain and Shajiao fort, and more than 700 people were killed in the garrison of the Qing army, and the warship sank11ship. Qishan was forced to yield, and signed the Draft Convention on Nasal Perforation with Yi Law on June 25th, 65438/KLOC-0. The first paragraph of the treaty is to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain. The next day, British troops occupied Hong Kong Island. Lin Zexu was sent to Xinjiang. Although he wrote to Daoguang, he insisted that smoking must be banned and coastal defense should be paid attention to, which was dismissed as nonsense by Daoguang. However, "Chuanbi Cao Yue" was not recognized by Emperor China from beginning to end, and Qishan did not use the official seal, so the treaty has no legal effect.

Guangdong navy commanded ships during the Opium War.

The people rebelled against Britain.

During the Opium War, the broad masses of people along the southeast coast of China actively supported and cooperated with the Qing army and spontaneously persisted in the anti-aggression struggle. Wherever the invading army went, it was resisted by the local people. When the British army captured Xiamen, the local people organized to attack the British army and forced the invading army to retreat to Gulangyu. The British army invaded Zhejiang, and the people of Zhejiang organized the "Blackwater Party" to crack down on the British army. After the invading army invaded the Yangtze River, the people along the Yangtze River attacked the British in various ways to stop the British fleet from advancing.

Battle of Humen Guangzhou

The Battle of Humen Guangzhou (1840.12 ~1841.8)1840 65438+February, Qishan and Yi.

Battle of piercing nose

The law began to be negotiated in Guangdong. Due to the harsh conditions put forward by Britain and the signing of Qishan without authorization, Daoguang Emperor was greatly dissatisfied, so Daoguang Emperor lifted Qishan's property and sent Yishan, Long Wen and Yang Fang to Guangdong to direct operations. 184111on October 7, the British army was also dissatisfied with the progress of the negotiations. The principle of righteousness and law is to strike first, dispatch naval and army troops to capture Shajiao and Dajiao Fort, the first gateway of Humen, and launch the Battle of Humen.

Hearing this, Emperor Daoguang ordered to declare war on Britain, appointed Yi Shan, the minister in charge of the guards, as the general to quell the rebellion, and dispatched more than 10,000 soldiers from all over the country to Guangdong. On February 23, Humen Fort was attacked. Although the troops bravely resisted, they still lost to the British, and Humenburg finally fell. On February 26th, the British army dispatched naval and army troops to attack along Humen crosspiece and Dahushan Fort, forcing Guangzhou to return to the Pearl River. Guangdong navy prefect Guan Tianpei happeneth martyrdom [25]. On may 2 1 day, Yishan ordered the navy and army 1700 people to set out at night by clipper, flogging rockets and injection pipes, attacking British ships at night and setting them on fire. On the morning of May 22nd, 2400 British troops counterattacked. The Qing army retreated. On May 24th, the British army attacked Guangzhou, occupied the kiosks in the southwest of the city, landed in the northwest of the city, outflanked the highlands in the north of the city, captured the fortress in the northeast of the city and shelled the city of Guangzhou. All the important places near Guangzhou were lost, and more than 8,000 people of the Qing army/KLOC-0 withdrew from the city, which led to chaos. In this situation, Yishan and others erected a white flag of peace [26], accepted the British conditions and signed the Guangzhou Peace Treaty. Britain not only failed to lead troops out of Guangzhou, but also blackmailed Guangzhou businessmen to pay the British 6 million silver dollars for city redemption. During this period, the civil anti-British atmosphere in Guangzhou was hot, and the atrocities of the British invaders aroused the people in Sanyuanli, a suburb north of the city, to spontaneously arm themselves against Britain. In order not to be punished by the emperor, Yishan lied about his exploits and even described the fiasco of the campaign as a total victory.

The British army went north again (1841.8 ~1842.8)

The British government was indifferent to the aggressive rights and interests of Guangzhou Yifa. Instead, it sent a plenipotentiary to China to expand its aggression. On August 2 184 1 day, Pu Dingcha led 37 ships and 2,500 men from Hong Kong to attack Xiamen, Fujian, occupied Gulangyu Island (the third battle of Xiamen), and turned north into Zhejiang. On August 1 day, the British army captured Dinghai (65,438), so they stopped attacking and waited for reinforcements.

During the Opium War, Tongan Suo (25 guns in total) was assembled.

After the defeat of Xiazhang and East Zhejiang, Daoguang sent senior officials of the official department, I Ching, to Zhejiang to replace General Yang Wei, and mobilized soldiers to prepare for the counterattack. 1in March of 842, Yijing decided to fight back at the same time by land and water in an attempt to recover Ningbo, Zhenhai and Dinghai in one fell swoop. On the night of March 10, the Qing army launched counterattacks against Ningbo and Zhenhai, which were not conducive to the war, and withdrew to their original places. The attack on Dinghai was postponed because of the unfavorable trend. On March 15, British troops stationed in Ningbo seized the opportunity to counterattack Cixi (now Cizhen) and Dabaoshan in the west of the city. The Qing army was defeated and retreated to the west of Cao 'e River. Seeing that the well-prepared counterattack in eastern Zhejiang failed again, Daoguang sent Shengjing general Qi Ying to Jiangnan to make peace with the British army (see the battle in eastern Zhejiang).

1841May 29th, the British troops entrenched in Sifangbao, a northern suburb of Guangzhou,

Sanyuanli former site of anti-British struggle

Breaking into Li Sanyuan, harassing and robbing. The local people rose up and killed several British soldiers. Later, the whole village, men, women and children, gathered in Sanyuan Ancient Temple, taking the Samsung flag as the flag, and "the flag goes in and the flag goes out." At the same time, they also contacted thousands of farmers and craftsmen nearby, armed with broadswords and spears, to meet the enemy in the rain. At this time, there was only one marine company in the British army. The British army was trapped in Niulangang, it rained heavily, and the gunpowder was wet, so it could not exert its power and launched hand-to-hand combat. A British soldier died. The British army fought hand-to-hand all the way and defeated the volunteers in the case of disparity in strength between the two sides. Finally, the brave British soldiers in red finally fought their way back to the fortress. The next morning, more than 20,000 people held high the Samsung flag and surrounded the square battery. The commander-in-chief of the British army sent a message to the local governor Yu Baochun that if the siege of the volunteers was not lifted, the main force of the British army would attack and slaughter Guangzhou. Knowing the strength of both sides, Yu Baochun knew that British guns would never get wet, so he advised him to be brave and avoid being slaughtered in Guangzhou, and was labeled as a traitor from then on. But in fact, from the perspective of the strength comparison between the two sides, this is very wise. After Sanyuanli's resistance to Britain, the people of Guangdong organized armed forces in the form of "social studies" to fight against aggression.

The Qing army retreated.

The British government thought that the rights and interests of "Chuanbi Cao Yue" were too small, so it sent Pudingcha to China instead of Yifa.

Opium war form

As a plenipotentiary, expand aggression. 184 1 On August 27th, 2008, the British army went north again and captured Gulangyu, Xiamen, Dinghai, Zhenhai (now Ningbo) and Zhapu (Zhejiang Pinghu). Among them, Dinghai was breached for the second time. Even Changge Yun Fei and 4,000 soldiers were killed, and the British suffered heavy losses. The British army later attacked Wusong, the gateway to the Yangtze River. Chen Huacheng, the prefect of the south of the Yangtze River, led an army to stick to Xibao. Niu Jian, governor of Liangjiang River, wanted peace, and his order to retreat was rejected. Niu Jian escaped, Dongbao was occupied, and Chen Huacheng and his men fought alone until they died. The defeat of Wusong made British warships sail into the Yangtze River. Hailing, deputy commander-in-chief of Zhenjiang garrison, heard that Zhapu and Wusong were disobedient and thought that the Han people collaborated with the enemy and killed them. On July 2 1 day, more than 6,600 British troops defeated the defenders of green camp outside Zhenjiang, and crossed the city to fight with 1500 Mongolian Eight Banners. 37 British soldiers were killed, 129 was injured, and about 600 flag soldiers were killed. Hailing committed suicide. The whole city was burned and robbed, and it was in ruins. On the other side of Zhenjiang, the gentry and businessmen in Yangzhou were frightened and paid 502,000 yuan to the British army to redeem the city to avoid military occupation. On August 4, the British army pushed Nanjing, and the Qing court was at a disadvantage.

184 1 year from September 30th to March 30th 1 1 year, the British fleet also invaded Taiwan Province province for many times. Because the defenders were well prepared and skillful in tactics, they won a rare victory in the whole war, and only captured the British 182 people (see the struggle against Britain in Taiwan Province Province).

1In May of 842, the British army abandoned Ningbo and concentrated its forces on the north. 18, Zhapu Town, Pinghu, Zhejiang Province was captured. /kloc-in June of 0/6, the battle of Wusong started, and Chen Huacheng, the prefect of Jiangnan, died. After that, British reinforcements arrived outside the Yangtze River estuary, and Pu Dingcha ignored the begging and notes of Jianying and others. He returned to the Yangtze River with 73 ships and 65,438+2,000 troops, ready to cut off the China inland traffic artery canal. On July 2 1 day, more than 6,900 British troops launched the Zhenjiang campaign and met with stubborn resistance. Zhenjiang was killed and wounded by 169 and captured. On August 4, British ships advanced on Xiaguan River in Nanjing, and then the British landed from Yanziji to inspect the terrain and threatened to attack Nanjing City. Under the deterrence of the British army, the imperial envoys of the Qing Dynasty, Jian Ying and Bu, and the governors of Liangjiang compromised and were forced to make peace with the British army at Jinghai Temple and Shangjiang Kaobang. During the negotiation, the local Jingjiang defense war was triggered by the evil deeds of the British army, and the invaders were killed or injured 13 and lost.

1842 July 2 1 British troops attack Zhenjiang city.

Judging from the battle of Jingjiang in Taiwan Province, there is something suspicious about the number of British casualties recorded today.

1842 On August 29th, Mao and Pudingcha signed the unequal treaty "treaty of nanking" between China and Britain.

The Opium War was the first war in which China's soldiers and civilians resisted the invasion of western capitalist powers. The vast number of officers and men fought bravely and showed lofty patriotism. However, due to the uncertainty of peace and war in the Qing court, the decision-making was changeable, the generals were ineffective in command, the tactics were dull, and the weapons and equipment were backward, which was finally defeated by the British army. The practice of the Opium War showed that the backward feudal army could no longer defeat the initially modernized capitalist army. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

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