Hong Men's related theories.

Up to now, there have been more than ten different opinions on the basic topics of "Hong Xue", such as when, who and where Hong Men was founded. Moreover, there are many aliases and branches of Hong Men in various places, and the list is endless. Before liberation, there were different theories. After liberation, the academic circles still followed the old theory for a period of time, and made a breakthrough since the 1960s. In "On the Origin of Heaven and Earth Society", Cai proposed that Hong Men Heaven and Earth Society originated in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, and was founded in Zhangpu County in the 26th year of Qianlong. Qin Baoqi and Liu Meizhen proposed that the Heaven and Earth Society was founded in the middle of Qianlong, and the founders were two monks who raised happiness and flooded. In the article "A Preliminary Study on the Origin of the Heaven and Earth Society —— Comment on the Origin of the Heaven and Earth Society by Comrade Cai", he is considered as the founder of the Heaven and Earth Society. It was founded in Fujian and Taiwan Province in the early Qing Dynasty, and then spread to Guangdong and Sichuan. In the article "Questioning the Origin of Heaven and Earth Society", He Zhiqing refuted the statement that Heaven and Earth Society originated in Qianlong period and was founded by monk Honger, and thought that Heaven and Earth Society was founded in the 13th year of Kangxi.

There are also great differences in academic circles about the nature of heaven and earth society. Its focus lies in the purpose of the heaven and earth society and its class attribute. Rong Mengyuan, Lai, Dai Yi, Yuan, He Zhiqing and others believe that the purpose or slogan of the Heaven and Earth Society is "opposing the Qing Dynasty and restoring sight". Qin Baoqi and Liu Meizhen thought that "Heaven and Earth Society was originally a secret society of Fujian and Guangxi coolies for generations to defend themselves against violence. The purpose of the Heaven and Earth Society is to share weal and woe, and to avoid bullying and being afraid of hard work.

Regarding the class attribute of the Heaven and Earth Society, Rong Mengyuan believes that the members of the Heaven and Earth Society are mainly bankrupt farmers, craftsmen and urban vagrants. Dai Yi believes that due to "high economic development, urban prosperity, the development of capitalist relations of production, and the strength of citizens, especially the civilian class, a heaven and earth society organization has emerged in southern China to meet the requirements of citizens". Another opinion is represented by Wei Jianyou and Shao Xunsheng. Wei Jianyou believes that the main members of the Heaven and Earth Society are bankrupt and unemployed farmers and craftsmen, rather than citizens under the development of capitalist relations. Its nature is an anti-feudal primitive peasant organization form, and its backwardness is manifested in serious hooliganism and banditry. Shao Xunzheng believes that the nature of the Heaven and Earth Society is the same as that of traditional secret societies such as Anbaili. "Bankrupt farmers, craftsmen, transport workers and rogue proletarians are still its main members, thus contacting the vast number of farmers and urban production workers, so it does not have a brand-new nature." Yuan neither agrees to describe the Heaven and Earth Society as "ancient" nor "a revolutionary organization with the color of modern bourgeois democratic revolution". He believes that the Heaven and Earth Society is a mass secret society with the aim of "opposing the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight", which is the product of racial contradictions in China in the early Qing Dynasty. "Anti-Qing Restoration" is its ideological basis, and its nature is constantly changing with the changes of major social contradictions.

(In view of the numerous versions of Hong Xue's research, the following related theories are for reference only).

1. Mr. Qin Baoqi, vice president of China Social History Research Association, director of Beijing Historical Society, director of the Institute of Qing History of Renmin University, and doctoral supervisor, decided that Hong Men Heaven and Earth Society was founded by Ryan, a monk who longed for happiness in Gaoxi, Xiao Yun, Fujian, and the birthplace of Hong Men Heaven and Earth Society was Gao Xi, Xiao Yun, Fujian. See Qin Baoqi's True History of Hong Men, Underground Society in China, New Theory of Secret Society in China, Research on Heaven and Earth Society in Early Qing Dynasty, Origin of Heaven and Earth Society, etc.

Hong Men, the Heaven and Earth Society, originated from a secret folk society in Fujian. Later, it spread to Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other provinces, and was taken overseas by Hong Men members among overseas Chinese.

Hong Men Heaven and Earth Society was founded in Gao Xi, Xiao Yun, Fujian Province, which is also consistent with the record in The Secrets of Hong Men. In the image part of the first volume of Historical Materials of Modern Secret Society, there is a "Siu Chu Card" with the words "Gao Xi, Xiao Yun, Fujian" written next to it. According to Hong Men's Secret Book, Hong Men's ancestor was Wan Yunlong, that is, he was overjoyed. This historical material is consistent with official books and archives. In the "imperial edict" on the 17th day of the first month of the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong, it was written: "According to the righteousness, the father is happy to be a monk, and he is a monk in Guanyin Pavilion." Ulana also claimed that "the prisoners (according to Xingyi and Chen Biao) confessed that Qianlong had jurisdiction over the spread of the Heaven and Earth Society in Kannonji, Gao Xi in the twenty-seventh year." It can be seen that the "ancestors" living in Gao Xi, Xiao Yun, Fujian mentioned in Hong Men's Secret Book are the monks Honger and Wantixi who became monks in Kannonji, Gao Xi, as recorded in official books and archives.

It is precisely because Gao Xi, Xiao Yun is the birthplace of the Heaven and Earth Society that Gao Xi Temple is regarded as a holy place in the secrets of Hong Men, regardless of the legends, images and poems at the west foot. In Yao Dagao's manuscript, there are more than ten references to Gao Xi and Gao Xi Temple. He also mentioned that Wan Tixi, after forming an alliance with the five monks, fought with the Qing soldiers and died. "The body was buried at the foot of the third floor of Gaoxi Temple, at noon in Zishan, Dunji Lake". Gao Xi Temple and three floors are near Gaoxi Village in Xiao Yun today. There is a poem: "There is a bright light in front of the Buddha, and the five ancestors open flags to worship their ancestors. Zuguang is inedible and stays in Gaoxi to worship his ancestors. " This shows that Hong Men's ancestors did live in Gao Xi. In Hong Men's Secret Yang Manuscript, it is also recorded that Wan Tixi lives in "the temple on our mountain". In the documents of Heaven and Earth Society discovered by the local records bureau of your county, it is mentioned that people worshipped Wan Yunlong as their eldest brother in the "Gao Xi Uprising". In the image part of Historical Materials of Modern Secret Society, there is a picture of Gao Xi Temple, and the couplet on the door reads: "The beauty of the West Mountain is eternal, and the Three Rivers Canyon flows for thousands of years". In the poem, there are "high mountains in the town, beautiful mountains and rivers from generation to generation, the gate facing the sea, three parallel rivers, and a thousand years into a river". The landscape depicted is similar to Guanyin Pavilion in Gao Xi.

Gao Xi Guanyin Pavilion and Gao Xi Temple, located in Gao Xi Village, Dongxia Town, Xiao Yun, Fujian, are provincial-level cultural relics protection units. According to the records of the Qing Dynasty, in the 26th year of Qianlong (176 1), the Heaven and Earth Society was founded in Gao Xi Temple with the help of monks, and the Qianlong Emperor instructed the governors of Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Fujian and Zhejiang to make an all-out investigation, which lasted for two and a half years. Finally, it was discovered by Wu Tianna, Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, and Xu Si, Governor of Fujian, and by Secretary Hong Men. Gao Xi Temple is surrounded by mountains and seas, with winding bays in front and Liangshan in the back. Can enter and retreat, the geographical position is very superior, thus creating a huge private secret organization of Hong Men Heaven and Earth Society. 1In April, 1993, Qin Baoqi, vice president of the Institute of Qing History of Renmin University of China, Professor Luo Zhao, Professor Hao Zhiqing and Professor Chen Zuwu of China Academy of Social Sciences, and more than 20 experts and scholars from Switzerland, Germany and the United States made a special trip to visit Gao Xi Temple, further confirming that the temple was the founding place of Hong Men Heaven and Earth Society.

Gao Xi Temple was the alliance place of the first five ancestors of the Heaven and Earth Society during the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. Guanyin Pavilion in Gao Xi was officially founded by Tixi Yunlong, a Buddhist monk, in the 26th year of Qianlong (176 1). These two temples are the birthplace of Hong Men. 199/kloc-0 was announced as the third batch of provincial cultural relics protection units on March 20th. Guanyin Pavilion and Gao Xi Temple in Gao Xi have now become places where Hong Men people from overseas and Taiwan Province Province seek their roots and worship their ancestors.

2. As for other research theories, after several years of investigation and textual research, Jiangxi archaeologist Chen Jiang came to the conclusion that the location of Yi Ming Wang Fu Tomb in Nancheng County, Jiangxi Province is the birthplace of Hong Men. Chen Jiang pointed out in his monograph "The Origin of Hong Men" that in the autumn of 1644, Luochuan Wang and Yongning Wang, who lived in Nancheng County, formed secret groups to fight against the Qing Dynasty and regain their sight. They named the secret organization "Red Gate", the tomb of Yi Ming Wangfu, with a strong blood family nature. Zhu Youbin, the sixth grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was buried in Hong Men Town, Chengnan, accompanied by his heirs, princes and grandchildren, thus forming a tomb group with an area of 20 square kilometers. According to Chen Jiang's textual research, in addition to the children of Ming Yi's imperial clan, Hong Men's early core members also absorbed Jiangnan officials, gentry and literati, such as Fang Yizhi, Ai Nanying and Chen Xiaoyi, who deliberately evaded Zen and Taoism and vowed not to surrender to the Qing Dynasty. With their great influence, they expanded Hong Men and derived a strong geopolitical color.

In addition, this word has also been used in novels, and there are many plots in How Bad Guys Are Made.