Are science and philosophy integrated?

What is the relationship between philosophy and science?

The word philosophy is the translation of ancient Greek or western "philosophy" by modern Japanese scholars. Then, in the history of mankind, Thales, an ancient Greek philosopher, and Laozi, an ancient China philosopher, took the lead in rationally raising the question about the origin of the world. Ancient Greek philosophers said that "water" is the source of all things, and "water" is the beginning of all things. Ancient philosophers in China said that "Tao" is the source of all things, and "Tao" is the beginning of all things. Furthermore, when ancient Greek philosophers and ancient China philosophers explained the origin of the world in a rational way, they expressed metaphysics in different dialectical ways of thinking, which were called ancient Greek philosophy and China philosophy respectively. The birth of ancient Greek philosophy and China's philosophy shows that ancient Greek philosophers and ancient China philosophers have changed from "god" thinking to "godless" philosophical thinking.

As far as western philosophy is concerned, the theoretical thought of ancient Greek philosophers is the ideological basis of post-western philosophy. The ancient Greek philosopher Thales (about 624 BC ~ 546 BC) did not leave any theoretical words when explaining the origin of the world, but from the study of the history of western philosophy, tracing back to his philosophical point of view, it can be summarized in one sentence: "Everything in the water belongs to the water." The first philosophical proposition put forward by Thales, an ancient Greek philosopher, is that "water is the starting point of all things", which is the original philosophical thought of ancient Greek philosophers. The thinking of the first philosophical proposition of ancient Greek philosophers is no longer a subjective "God", but a simple materialism, simple dialectics and simple life experience, which is the "real existence" of the phenomenal world and then serves as the starting point for the birth of western philosophy.

Laozi, an ancient philosopher in China (about 57 BC1year to 47 BC1year), was the founder of China's philosophy. His philosophical thoughts were embodied in his book Laozi, and Laozi's philosophical thoughts came from the Book of Changes earlier and earlier. The cosmology of "Shen Tao-Morality-Xiang Tao-Daoshi" by the ancient philosopher Laozi represents the highest metaphysics in China and the basic spirit of China's philosophical thought. The ancient philosopher Laozi's theory of building Tao is to explore and explain the origin of the universe. Moreover, so far, Lao Tzu is the first to propose that "Tao" is the origin of all things in the universe, and all things originate from Tao and eventually return to "Tao"; Moreover, Lao Tzu explained who created the universe, explained the virtue of Yin-Yang behavior principle as the "first promoter" of the universe, and explained the virtue that everything in the universe follows and obeys the "natural purpose"; That is to say, the Tao of "everything is negative and holds Yang, and everything is angry and thinks that it is harmonious" always follows the natural purpose in the activities of biochemical things, that is, "Tao is natural". Therefore, the ancient philosopher Lao Zi's theory of constructing "Tao" represents an important symbol of the transition of ancient China philosophers from "God" thinking to "God-less" philosophical thinking. Moreover, Laozi's philosophical thought has gone far beyond the "real existence" of the phenomenon world in simple materialism, simple dialectics and simple life experience. Therefore, Laozi's philosophical thought is beyond the reach of later generations.

Therefore, China's philosophy and western philosophy are essentially different in ideological genes, that is to say, China's "philosophy" theory and western "philosophy" theory are essentially different in philosophical concepts.

The birth of ancient Greek philosophy and China's philosophy shows that human thinking has changed from "god" thinking to "godless" philosophical thinking, and human beings should explore and explain the origin of the universe, and then thoroughly understand "natural purpose" and explain the objective behavior law that "natural purpose" determines "human purpose". In other words, the origin of the universe has objective behavioral laws and biochemical purposes in the activities of biochemical things (definitely not the other way around, it is "human purpose" that determines "natural purpose").

The study of "the origin of the universe" or "the purpose of nature" is the highest, most universal and absolute objective behavior law of natural value orientation, that is, the behavior law of all things in the universe. Then, the behavior law of all things in the universe, of course, also includes "human behavior" and "human purpose", that is, the value orientation and ultimate goal of human ethics.

There is an absolute "natural purpose" above "human purpose", and "human purpose" should follow "natural purpose" That is to say, the laws of natural science, social science and thinking science recognized by human cognitive subjects should follow the objective behavior law of natural value orientation, or the laws of physical chemistry, biological physiology, everything and human ethics recognized by human cognitive subjects should follow the objective behavior law of natural value orientation.

The birth of human "philosophy" illustrates the theme and purpose of philosophical research. So, how do we define philosophy?

In the view of western philosophy, because the seven sages of ancient Greek philosophers can't completely explain the origin of the universe and the truth of the virtue of the principle of behavior of all things in the universe, Greek philosophy can't give the principle of moral universal behavior which is above the human world and takes absoluteness as the criterion. Furthermore, the society in which Greek and western ancients subjectively admired "God" naturally dominated the world outlook of western ancients, and then formed western religions and religious theology. In the Middle Ages, Catholicism occupied a dominant position in all aspects of secular life and spiritual life, and philosophy became the handmaid of theology. However, when the western world entered the period of 17 ~ 18 century, European thoughts returned to this side of the world from the other side of religion. Therefore, modern western philosophy no longer asks "God", no longer seeks the ultimate reason of things, no longer seeks the ultimate noumenon of things, but turns to the phenomenon world to seek the "why" of things. Because of this, western philosophy turned to seek the "why" of things, which promoted western philosophy to seek the combination of sensibility and intellectuality, intuition and thinking in the "phenomenon world", and to seek the concept, judgment, deduction and practical verification of things based on the relationship between knowledge and objects, thus promoting the great development of various sciences led by "formal logic" (promoting mathematics, astronomy, physics and chemistry)

Since modern times, with the continuous development of science, the "thinking science" with linguistics, psychology, logic, behavior, informatics and brain science as its main contents is developing rapidly. As the object of "thought", "thinking" has increasingly become the field of "science". Moreover, three areas of the world-nature, society and thinking-have become the objects of "science". Therefore, due to the rapid development and brilliant achievements of science, modern western philosophy has been driven out of the hereditary field of epistemology, which makes the "why" philosophy decline.

Although western philosophy has given up the theme of questioning and reflection on "God", there are still rich and colorful philosophical viewpoints and theories in western philosophy at the philosophical level. With the development of modern western philosophy, the philosophical theories formed have various philosophical views, which can be summarized as "universal law theory", "epistemology", "linguistic analysis theory", "existential meaning theory", "spiritual realm theory", "cultural criticism theory" and "practice theory". On the whole, modern western philosophy, whether denying ontology or attributing ontology to the study of human existence, reflects that modern western philosophy has developed to 2 1 century, but it is against the theory of universal laws or ontology, and modern western philosophy boasts that it has realized a kind of consciousness. They think that the so-called "ontology" is probably an illusion invented by our human thinking, and the only things that can be verified and proved are those phenomena. However, what philosophers have argued for thousands of years is definitely not the phenomenon, but the essence behind the phenomenon. Although some western philosophers say that this essence is matter and some western philosophers say that this essence is spirit, the debate about it for more than 2000 years is still inconclusive. In this case, the western philosophers in 2 1 century did not further explore the ontology of the universe, but did the opposite, claiming that these arguments about ontology were boring. This shows that modern western philosophy no longer asks whether "the universe ontology" and "the behavior principle of the universe ontology" exist, but says that "ontology" itself may be something invented by human thinking. In this sense, the modern western philosophy in 2 1 century seems to have reached the level of complete enlightenment. They openly advocate that human beings no longer need to question ontology, but only need to pay attention to phenomena. Although this view seems to be the wisdom of modern western philosophy, from another perspective, it is also a helplessness of modern western philosophy. The reason is that the ideological gene of western philosophy (including modern western philosophy) is ancient Greek philosophy. However, although the seven sages of ancient Greek philosophers rationally distinguished the subjective "God", they still could not explain the first philosophical proposition of "God" and "God's behavior principle" in the phenomenal world, thus making the post-western philosophy lose the theme of the first philosophical proposition. This is why modern western philosophers think that the so-called "noumenon" is probably an illusion invented by our human thinking.

Due to the turn of modern western philosophy, its philosophical thinking and theory of "language turn", "existence turn" and "culture turn" as a way of human existence actually belong to human's own "practice theory". Therefore, the theory of modern western philosophy has turned to question and answer the existence of the universe ontology and the value existence of the universe ontology, which makes these philosophical theories turn to the absolute basis of the objective behavior law of natural value orientation, and thus can not really explain the "world of human significance". Why am I saying this? The reason is that "natural purpose" determines "human purpose", which is definitely not the opposite.

As far as China's philosophy is concerned, China philosophers have been studying the basic problems of China's philosophy since the birth of China's philosophy. The basic problem of China's philosophy is the relationship between "the nature of Tao" and "the birth of Tao" and "the unity of man and nature". In other words, China's philosophy is about the origin and biochemistry of all things in the universe and their universal behavior laws, which is the unity of "human purpose" and "natural purpose". Therefore, according to China's philosophical form, philosophy can be defined as follows:

In the process of loving wisdom, human beings study the metaphysics of "natural purpose" and "human purpose" and their dialectical unity, which is philosophy.

It is precisely because "natural purpose" and "human purpose" are invisible, inaudible and intangible, while "she" is a metaphysical objective existence and an object that people can think about. Therefore, China's philosophy is the metaphysics of Tao, which is the theme and purpose of human philosophy.

The category of "matter and spirit" in China's philosophy is an abstraction and generalization of all material forms and behavioral spirits in the universe, including both those in the natural field and those in the social field. That is to say, China's philosophy is the knowledge to explain that the physical world of the universe is the noumenon of the spiritual world, which exists in the physical world, and * * * is the objective truth that exists together. In other words, it answers the question of who is the primary and secondary relationship because there is no material world and spiritual world objectively.

It is precisely because philosophy is the study of "natural purpose" and "human purpose" and their dialectical unity that no subject in the scientific community can clearly answer the theme and purpose of philosophy on the object of "physics". In other words, the category of science determines that there are various specific research fields. Moreover, the way of thinking of various disciplines to study things is an existential way of thinking in their respective disciplines, which makes it impossible for every category of specific scientific to reason and deduce the meaning of the universe ontology and the meaning of the human world and their relationship through the study of their specific knowledge object fields. Therefore, the emergence of human philosophy is to seek the highest reason and behavior principle of things and the ultimate goal of mankind.

From the highest level of philosophy, the category of philosophical concepts endowed by philosophers should be the highest, absolute and universal. Why do you say that? Because, the universe noumenon biochemical everything, its nature and the behavior law of the birth of the universe noumenon are the nature of the universe noumenon and the natural and objective behavior law displayed by the birth of the universe noumenon, which is the only ultimate, absolute and universal. Philosophy can be simply summarized in one sentence, that is, the theory of "explaining the unity of the world with an absoluteness". Furthermore, this is also the reason why the real research results of philosophical theory are universal, authentic and instructive.

However, the scientific category determines that there are various categories in specific research fields. Then, it is targeted and relative to study the scientific concept categories given by scholars in various fields. As for discipline philosophy, it is a special theory of relativity, or it is philosophical, such as: the philosophy of a certain discipline; The title of doctor of philosophy in this subject, etc. Note: We don't talk about broad philosophy or philosophy, which is commonly known as non-academic philosophy. Therefore, China's philosophy, western philosophy and philosophy can't be explained simply in the sense of "philosophy".

From the above, we can know that the concept of philosophy is universal and the concept of science is relative. The two are different, so don't simply confuse, replace and generalize. In addition, we should correctly understand the dialectical unity of philosophy and science.

In view of the origin of the universe, it is impossible for us humans to jump out of the universe and look back at the universe from the outside by any scientific and technological means. Moreover, we can't use science to prove the origin of the universe. Furthermore, only through the support of science can human beings understand the world in a philosophical way and explain the origin of the world (philosophical thinking and scientific thinking should be dialectical unity).

It is particularly pointed out here that:

China's philosophy has its own unique concept category in the form of world philosophy. Then, the study of the concept category of China's philosophy will become the basic problem of studying China's philosophy, because when the basic problem of western philosophy is regarded as the basic problem of studying China's philosophy, there will be dislocation, ambiguity and distortion. Why do I say that? Because the basic problems of western philosophy give up the questioning and reflection on "God", western philosophy can't explain "God" and "God's behavior principle". Moreover, the "Heaven Emperor" mentioned by ancient philosophers in China is not the "God" or "God" in the eyes of westerners, and China's wisdom does not need the concept of God. In particular, China's classical literature, or China's philosophy, was translated into western languages by later generations and put into the theological framework of Christianity from the beginning. This brand of "Christianization" can be seen everywhere. There are many improper translations of China's philosophical concepts in Chinese-English dictionaries, which prevent us from thoroughly understanding the basic problems of China's philosophy and affect our later research.

Confucius (55 BC1-479), an ancient philosopher in China, was the founder of China's ethical philosophy. The moral framework of the ancient philosopher Confucius "Tao-Virtue-Benevolence" and the ethical theory of "Benevolence-Righteousness-Ritualness-Wisdom-Honesty" represent the highest ethical metaphysics of China and the basic spirit of China's philosophy of "Harmony between Man and Nature".

The theoretical and moral framework of "Tao-Virtue-Benevolence" constructed by Confucius, an ancient philosopher, aims to explore and explain the ethical issues of all things in the universe. Moreover, so far, Confucius took the lead in proposing the virtue of "Yin-Yang behavior principle" of everything existing in "Heaven", which is a moral code of conduct higher than "Benevolence", that is, the universal moral principle of the human world; Moreover, Confucius explained the natural virtue of human nature, and the ultimate basis of its ethical and moral value is to follow the "virtue of Tao", that is, the eternal and absolute principle of yin and yang behavior above the only human being.

Therefore, the ancient philosopher Confucius explained that the unity of "human purpose" and "natural purpose" is the ultimate goal of human ethical and moral values; That is, the original meaning of "harmony between man and nature".