How many figures of speech are there in Chinese? What's the role?

Chinese rhetoric has 63 categories and 78 subcategories.

There are metaphors: simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor (also known as compound metaphor), metonymy (also known as inverse metaphor), anti-metaphor, mutual metaphor (also known as metonymy), metaphor (also known as strong metaphor), metaphor, embellishment metaphor and quotation metaphor;

There are sketch, analogy (also called contrast), avoiding repetition, changing use, layering, padding (also called contrast), setting off (also called contrast, setting off), inversion, inversion, reduplication, truthfulness (also called thimble and couplet), contrast, antithesis (also called duality, team warfare and parallelism)

There are overlapping intricacies, compound deviation, * * use, combination, call, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, demotion, metonymy, rhetorical questions, ambiguity, parallelism, antithesis, imitation (also divided into imitation, imitation), list, connection and exaggeration.

Features of common rhetorical functions in editing this paragraph

1. Metaphor:

Function: Make the expressed content vivid and concrete, and give people a vivid and profound impression. According to the similarity of things, explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with concrete, simple and common things, that is, make an analogy to help people understand them deeply.

Three types of metaphor: simile, metaphor and metonymy;

Category | Feature | Ontology | Metaphor | Carrier | Example

Simile | A appears like B | Like, like, like, like, like, like | The little girl looks like a flower.

Metaphor | A is B | Appear | Yes, become | Appear | That thick green scenery is simply a painting of green mountains and green waters.

Metonymy | A generation B does not appear | No | Appears | Countless arrows are shot on the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fall on the roof.

2. Analogy:

With rich imagination, write things as adults, or people as things, or things as things.

Function: It can stimulate readers' imagination and make the article more vivid.

Analogy can be divided into personification and imitation.

(1) personification:

Write things as adults, endow things with human thoughts, feelings and activities, and describe things with words that describe people.

Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid.

Example:

1. Peach, apricot and pear trees are all in full bloom.

Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. Du Fu in Hope in Spring

The sun blushed. Zhu Ziqing's Spring

(2) simulacra:

(1) treat people as crops, or write this thing as another thing.

example sentence

1. The crowd rushed up in despair.

Amid the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs.

② Write things A as things B. ..

example sentence

1. The volcano erupted.

Moonlight, like running water, pours quietly on this leaf and flower. ("Moonlight on the Lotus Pond" Zhu Ziqing)

3. exaggeration:

Deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the nature, characteristics, etc of things.

Function: prompt the essence of things, contrast the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and cause associative effects.

Examples of category characteristics

Magnification exaggerates the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things. The asphalt road was sunburned, and even the bronze medal in front of the shop seemed to be sunburned.

Only by reducing the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things can we see a big world in Barnabas.

Exaggerate in advance, say what comes later, and say what comes first. She was drunk before she got pregnant.

4. Parallelism:

Arrange three or more sentences with similar structure and length, consistent tone, related meaning or the same.

Function: strengthen the language situation and atmosphere, make the article more rhythmic, more organized and more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expression effect).

Example: Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.

5. Duality:

A pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structure and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings.

Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, high generality, easy to remember and beautiful in music.

Main ways

1, exactly. The dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are similar, similar, complementary and contrasting in meaning.

For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.

2. Objection. The dual form of the opposite or relative meaning of the upper and lower sentences.

For example, look at a thousand fingers coldly and bow your head as a willing ox.

3. Series pair (running pair). The meaning of the upper and lower sentences has dual forms, such as inheritance, progressiveness, causality, hypothesis and conditionality.

For example, I only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish.

6. Repeatedly:

To emphasize a certain meaning and express a certain feeling, deliberately repeat a word or sentence.

1. Repeat continuously (there are no other words in the middle)

Example: The valley echoed, he just left, he just left.

2. Repetition interval (there are other words in the middle)

For example, it seems that there are no three provinces, and the party and the country are more and more like one country. Without the three northeastern provinces, no one would make a sound, but the party and the country are more and more like a country.

7. ask questions:

In order to attract others' attention, I deliberately asked questions first and then answered them myself.

Function: attract attention and inspire readers to think; Contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; It can better describe the ideological activities of the characters.

Example: Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.

8. rhetorical questions (provocation, cross-examination, cross-examination):

Express definite meaning in the form of questions, express negation in the form of affirmative questions, express affirmation in the form of negative questions, and only ask without answering. The answer is implicit in the rhetorical question.

Function: strengthen tone, make people think, stimulate readers' feelings, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of words.

As for me, don't I have anything to blame?

9. Quote:

Quote ready-made words (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.). ) The effects of improving language expression can be divided into two types: and.

Function: make the argument conclusive and sufficient, enhance persuasiveness and inspiration, and the language is refined, implicit and elegant.

Explicit quotation (direct quotation)

For example, Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. So disciples don't have to be like teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples.

Dark quotation (indirect quotation)

Example: Failure is the mother of success, so don't be discouraged.

10. Metonymy:

Don't directly say what you want to express, but borrow someone or something closely related to it instead.

Types of metonymy: characteristic substituting for things, concrete substituting for abstraction, part substituting for whole, and whole substituting for part.

Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of the language, make the writing concise and concise, and make the language rich in change and sense of humor; Attract people's association, so that the expression receives outstanding images, distinctive features, concrete and vivid effects.

Method:

(1) part of the whole generation. That is to say, replace the noumenon with the representative part of things.

If the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, the lonely sails come from the sun. (Looking at Tianmen Mountain from afar)

② Feature-generated ontology. In other words, the name of the ontological thing is replaced by the characteristics and signs of the borrowing body (person or thing).

For example, the compass turned angrily, spoke slowly and walked out ... (hometown)

③ Concrete generative abstraction

For example, the South China Morning Post has a history of ten years. (meiling three chapters)

(4) Tool replaces ontology.

For example, by the time the soil is turned over, eight out of ten households have already set fire to the hoard and can't open the pot. (Yu)

(5) proper name generalization. Replace the name of ontology with a special name of a typical person or thing.

For example, if you kill a Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! ("The Last Speech")

1 1. Irony:

Express the original intention with words or sentences that are opposite to the original intention, and strengthen the expression effect by saying irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings.

For example, (students studying in the Qing Dynasty) also have broken braids, which are flat. Except for the hat, they are all shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and you have to twist your neck a few times. It's really beautiful.

12. Contrast:

Contrast is a metaphor, which compares two different things or two aspects of the same thing together.

For example:

Some people are alive and he is dead; Some people died, but he is still alive. (Cang Kejia, "Some People")

Using contrast, we must have a deep understanding of the contradiction of what we want to express. Two things to be compared or two aspects of the same thing should be opposite, otherwise they cannot be compared.

Parallelism, duality, personification, exaggeration, rhetorical question ......

13. Lenovo:

That is imagination. For example, the sun came out and the ground seemed to be on fire.

14. Synaesthesia:

The so-called synaesthesia is a rhetorical way to describe one feeling and express another by using the psychological phenomenon that various feelings communicate with each other.

Function: The application of synaesthesia can achieve unforgettable results, and its expressive function is irreplaceable. It can turn abstraction into image and make readers understand it better. It can arouse people's rich associations; Can be eclectic and lively; It can be accurately expressed and has far-reaching influence; It can enrich the artistic conception of poetry and form a special artistic beauty.

take for example

"The morning bell is wet outside the clouds" (Du Fu's Kuizhou is too wet to go ashore) uses the word "wet" to describe the clock. The bell you smell goes through rain and clouds, so it is "wet". Touch and hearing communicate with each other.

"Good as a guqin, lofty as a mountain, and soup like running water" (Lv Chunqiu Ben Wei). Listening to the piano, you know that you are aiming at mountains and flowing water, and your hearing and vision are interlinked.

15. Pun:

Using the polysemy of words and homophonic (or homophonic) conditions, it is intended to make a sentence have double meanings, that is, puns.

Puns can make language express implicit humor, deepen meaning and impress people.

16. Ding Zhen

Use the end of the last article as the beginning of the next article, and connect it end to end for more than two times, so that adjacent sentences or fragments or chapters can be handed down and connected end to end. This figure of speech is called top truth, also called thimble or couplet bead.

The use of real rhetoric can not only make the sentence structure neat and the tone coherent, but also highlight the interlocking organic connection between things.

17. Intermediate text

Intertextuality, also known as intertextuality, is a rhetoric method commonly used in ancient poetry.

In ancient Chinese, the meaning belonging to a sentence (or phrase) was divided into two sentences (or phrases), and the meanings of the upper and lower sentences should be complementary in interpretation, which is intertextuality.

The old saying goes like this: "It refers to writing in the other party, but it refers to writing in the text." Specifically, it is a form: the upper and lower sentences or two parts of a sentence seem to say the same thing, but in fact they echo, explain and complement each other and say the same thing.

18. Ring

Simply put, loop is the same as reading forward and backward. For example:

The water in the pool is ringing; The Valley of Gold is golden.

Xiangshan Buddha in Xiang Jing, Foshan; Wengyuan milk raises milk source Weng.

Sing Tao Port welcomes Hong Kong Island stars.

The guest lives in nature, but he is a guest in the sky; People have been to the Big Buddha Temple, which is bigger than others.

Edit this idiom with rhetorical devices.

1. Idioms of figurative rhetoric:

Grace is as heavy as a mountain, cold as ice, cold as bamboo, cold as chicken, cold as candle and sweat as smoke. If the city is empty, light as a feather, deafening, its reputation is as easy as a hand, its pain is like a hand, its face is as strong as a tiger's wing, and a lost dog is eager to answer.

2. Idioms of personification rhetoric:

Friends, friends, mice, eyes, eyes, silence, flowers, birds, flowers, flowers, clouds, clouds, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, thieves, rabbits, dead foxes, sad crouching dragon, hidden dragon.

3. Idioms with exaggerated rhetorical devices:

The sun and the moon fly like a shuttle, and the three heads and six arms are angry.

4. Idioms with other rhetorical devices (except metaphor, personification and exaggeration)

A simile: If your heart is empty, if the market is in full swing, if you are hungry, you will taste like chewing wax, and you will live longer than Nanshan anxious to return.

B metaphor: the traffic is well known, with angry words and swords, grass and trees are all soldiers, jade and pearls are dark, and old pearls are intertwined.

C metaphor: looking through the autumn wood, the second time around calmly and calmly, the door is like an axe, the iron wall is iron, and the jackal's palm is the finishing touch.

D contrast: honey in the mouth and sword in the mouth are not anticlimactic, love leisure and hate labor, loyal to the south and rebellious to the north.

E- Duality: Vast territory and abundant resources, grateful for great virtue, into the badlands, modest benefits, full of losses, well-known people get more help, those who have lost their way get less help, and opinions vary.

F metonymy: the illiterate shawl is sharp to reverse the imminent romantic love of Gankun, and the dissolute green and yellow of the river of no return is irrelevant and unarmed.

G analogy: the moon is closed and the flowers are blooming, and the plants are all soldiers, while the chickens are lifeless, the birds are singing and dancing, the heads are rushing, and the ears are falling apart.

H repeat: climb high and look far, change the outline, assess the situation, be sincere and fearful, the culprit has made great achievements, is disheartened, and stands still.

I asked: Nothing ventured, nothing gained, nothing ventured, nothing gained, nothing gained.

Pan Jieming: It's interesting to experience hardships as a Buddha.

K-loop: Those who come badly don't attack me, and I don't doubt people, and those who doubt people don't have to.

Top truth: everything you know and everything you say, everyone has the same heart, and the same heart has spread to ten times, again and again.