Can anyone tell me the rules and playing methods of baseball?

The rules of baseball are not as complicated as people think. Simply put, they are pitching, hitting, and catching. A baseball game is played between two teams, taking turns attacking and defending. In a 9-inning game, the team with the most points wins. After all three pitchers from one team are out, the two teams exchange offense and defense. If the two teams are tied after 9 games, there will be an extra game until a winner is determined.

The offense in which an offensive player hits the ball and runs the bases, touching first, second, and third base in sequence, and finally safely touching home base, scores one point. Most of the scoring in baseball games is when the batter reaches first base first and then runs to home plate to score, but there are also very exciting home run situations. The so-called home run is when the batter hits the ball (usually off the outfield fence) and the batter safely returns to home plate. A hit is a hit when the batter safely reaches base without an error. The batter can automatically reach base after the pitcher throws four bad balls. The main baseball terms are as follows:

Field

Inbounds area

From home plate through the first and third sidelines and their extensions to the retaining wall or fence (including The area within the vertical space) is called the "inbound area".

Out-of-bounds area

The area from home base through the first and third base lines and their extensions to the retaining wall or fence (including vertical spaces) is called "out-of-bounds area".

Infield

The inbounds area of ??the square formed by connecting the four bases is the infield.

Outfield: The inbounds area outside the infield, that is, the fan-shaped area formed from outside the infield to the ends of the arc connecting the two sidelines is the outfield.

Sideline: The line from home base to first base and its extension and the line from home base to third base and its extension are called sidelines. Base line: The line connecting the bases is called the base line.

Base positions: The four positions in the four corners of the infield that a runner must touch in sequence in order to score are called "base positions".

The pitcher's area is 5.49 meters in diameter, 0.25 meters above the ground, surrounded by slopes, and the mound for pitchers to throw is the pitcher's area. Behind the center of the mound is a platform with a pitcher's plate in the middle (Figure 7)

Batters' Box: The area where the batter stands upright when hitting the ball is called the "batsman's box."

The catching area: The area where the catcher must stand when preparing to catch the pitcher's pitch is called the "catching area".

The base running instructor area: located outside first and third base, the area for the running instructor to guide the team members in running bases and hitting is called the "base running instructor area".

Team seats: The seats prepared for players on the field, substitutes who are not playing, and other members of the team wearing sportswear are called "player benches."

Wild pass line: drawn 18.29 meters outside the sideline, at least parallel to the sideline from home base to first base and home base to third base. The line used to distinguish the effective area of ????the game from the ineffective area is called " Wild pass line.”

Players

Defending team, defending team members: The players who perform defensive activities on the field are called "defending team members"; any player who performs defensive activities is called "offensive team members".

Home team or first-defense team: If a team plays at its own team's stadium or a local stadium, that team is the "home team". It is customary to defend first, also called "first defense team".

Fielder; any player who plays defense is called a "fielder".

Infielders; players who defend various positions in the infield are called "infielders."

Outfielder: The player who plays defense in the outfield is called an "outfielder".

Pitcher: The defensive team member who pitches to the batter is called a "pitcher".

Batter: The offensive team member who hits the ball in the batter's box is called a "batter".

Battling runner: The offensive team member who runs toward first base after hitting the ball is called a "batting runner."

Runner: A member of the offensive team who reaches first base safely and continues to carry out offensive actions such as advancing, stealing, and scoring is called a "runner."

Base-running instructor: The team member or coach who stands in the base-running instructor area and guides batters to hit the ball and runners to run is called a "base-running instructor".

Substitutes: Non-starting players who are not listed in the roster of players and replace players on the field to participate in the game are called "substitutes".

Pitching

Pitching: The ball thrown by the pitcher to the batter is called a "pitch". Front pitching; a pitcher pitching with his body facing the batter is called "front pitching".

Side pitching: The pitcher uses one side of his body to pitch to the batter, which is called "side pitching".

The pitcher's pivot foot; the pitcher's pivot foot when he touches the pitching plate and pitches is called the "pitcher's pivot foot."

The pitcher's free foot: The pitcher's foot that does not act as an axis but extends when pitching is called the "pitcher's free foot." "Free foot" is also called "stretch foot".

Illegal pitching: pitching that violates the rules is called "illegal pitching". The following pitches are considered "illegal pitches":

When the pitcher pitches to a batter without his pivot foot touching the plate;

A sudden pitch to an unprepared batter When;

When pitching in violation of the regulations regarding front pitching and side pitching. Pitching is invalid: A pitcher who does not call a strike or a ball and has no offensive or defensive effect is called a "pitching invalid".

Pitcher's foul rule: The illegal behavior of a pitcher holding a runner or throwing a ball when there is a runner on the base is called a "pitcher's foul". At this time, each runner will be awarded a safe advance, but the batter will not be awarded a "ball".

The strike zone: vertically above the home plate, the height is the three-dimensional space between the top of the knee and the armpit in the natural standing position of the batter when hitting the ball. This area is called the "strike zone" .

Bad pitch: A pitch that is legally thrown by a pitcher but does not enter the "strike zone" or has hit the ground before entering the "strike zone" and the batter does not hit it is called a "bad ball".

Blow pitch: A pitch that deviates from home plate and cannot be caught by the catcher is called a "blow pitch." Note: When the ball rolls out of the wild pass line or the backstop, the runner will be deemed to have safely advanced to a base.

False catch: The catcher misses a pitch that the pitcher can catch through normal efforts, causing the runner to advance an extra base. This is called a "missed catch".

Sudden pitch: The batter is not ready to hit the ball, and the pitcher suddenly throws to him quickly, which is called "sudden pitch". This is an illegal pitch.

Responsibility: The runs responsible for the pitcher are called "responsibility".

Offensive and defensive activities

"Start of the game" or "Continue the game": The referee announces the start of the game or an order to resume the game when there is a dead ball situation.

Inning: Both sides of the game exchange offensive and defensive bars once for three outs, which is called "one inning". When only three players on one side are out without switching offense and defense, it is called a "half inning". Safety: The umpire's determination that a runner has legally taken the base he wants to occupy is called a "safety."

Scoring: The offensive behavior of a member of the offensive team hitting the ball, running the bases, touching first, second, and third base in sequence, and finally safely touching home base is called "scoring."

Out: A player on the offensive team who is deprived of the right to hit, run or score is called "out".

Batting: The offensive behavior of a batter standing in the batter's box and hitting a pitcher with a bat is called "batting".

Illegal batting: A ball hit by a batter taking any of the following actions is an "illegal batting":

(1) One or both feet land on the bat When the ball is hit by swinging on the ground outside the player's area or with one foot touching the home plate in whole or in part;

(2) When the ball is hit with a bat that does not comply with the rules.

Butter: The batter misses the ball, misses a strike, hits a foul ball before two strikes, touches a foul ball, hits the ball late and the ball touches the body, hits the body, or hits the ball. When "wiping a baseball" is counted as one "hit". Ball: A "ball" is counted when a batter misses a ball or the pitcher throws an illegal pitch.

Inbound ball: A legally hit ball will be deemed an "inbound ball" if it meets any of the following circumstances.

:

(1) When it stops in the inbounds area between home base and first base or between home base and third base;

(2) The ground ball passes first or third When a base rolls from the inbounds area behind the base to the outfield or out of bounds;

(3) When it touches the first, second or third base bag;

(4) When it lands in the inbounds area after first and third base;

(5) When it touches the referee or the player of the playing team in the inbounds area;

(6) ) directly crosses the home run line from above the inbounds area.

Note: When catching a ball on the sideline, it should be judged according to the vertical line between the fielder's glove and the ground when it touches the ball, rather than whether the fielder is standing in or out of bounds when he touches the ball. determined by region. A ball in the air that lands on first or third base or in the foul area of ??the outfield behind first or third base and then pops out of the foul area is still a " foul ball ".

A foul ball; a legally hit ball will be deemed a "foul ball" if it meets any of the following circumstances:

(1) It stops between home base and first base or when home base reaches In the foul area between third base;

(2) When an infield ball passes through the first and third bases and rolls from the foul area behind the base into the outfield or continues to roll out of bounds;

(3) When it falls in the out-of-bounds area behind first and third base;

(4) When it touches the body of the referee or a member of the playing team or other obstacles out of bounds. Note: A hit ball directly hits the pitcher's plate and is considered a "foul ball" when it bounces out of the foul area from home plate to first base or from home base to third base.

Flying ball: A high-flying ball that hits the air is called a "flying ball".

Ground ball: A ball that rolls or bounces on the ground is called a "ground ball".

Flat ball: A batted ball that is extremely fast and flies directly to the fielder without touching the ground or rising is called a "flat ball".

Butterball: A hit that hits the bat and then reaches the catcher's hands quickly and directly and is caught is called a "baseball."

Hit the ball: A hit that intentionally waits for the ball to hit the stick or touches the ball lightly with the stick so that the ball slowly rolls into the infield is called "hit the ball."

Running-run bunt; an offensive tactic in which a runner on third base scores home plate before two outs is called a "run-run bunt". Sacrifice hit: A hit in which a batter sacrifices his right to reach base safely to allow a runner to score is called a "sacrifice hit." "Sacrifice hit" is divided into "sacrifice hit with flying ball" and "sacrifice hit with contact ball" according to different hitting methods.

An infield fly ball; when there are runners on first and second base or first, second and third base before two outs, the ball legally hit by the batter lands in the infield or near the infield, and An infield ball that can be easily caught by fielders 9 (including outfielders) (except for straight balls and balls hit by contact) is called an "infield ball", and the batter is ruled out and the game continues.

Hits: Any hit that the fielder makes without making an error and reaches the base safely is called a "hit". "Hits" are calculated according to the number of points that reach the base safely. hit", "home run").

Four-Balls on Base: The determination that a batter has scored four "balls" and safely advanced to first base is called "Four-Balls on Base."

Sliding the base: The base-occupying action in which a runner slides his body close to the ground is called "sliding the base."

Sliding off the base: In addition to entering first base from home base, any behavior of an offensive team member who slides too far and leaves the base is called "sliding off the base."

Re-stepping: The act of a runner returning and touching the original base legally according to regulations is called "re-stepping".

Leaving the base too early: The behavior of a runner leaving the base before the fielder touches the vacated ball is called "leaving the base too early".

Forced Base Run: The base running behavior in which a base runner is forced to give up his original base position and advance to the next base due to the batter runner on base is called "Forced Base Run". Stealing a base: The behavior of a runner quickly grabbing the next base when throwing a starting pitch and successfully running the base is called "stealing a base."

Snack kill: A fielder legally catches a flying ball or a flat ball hit by a batter before it hits the ground, or receives a pass from a fielder of his own team to hit a runner or base runner. The defensive behavior of going out is called "catching".

Catching: The defensive behavior in which a fielder does not use a hat, protective gear, or any part of a sportswear to catch the ball, but holds the ball firmly in his glove or hands before it hits the ground is called "catching." live".

Pitch kill: The pitching behavior in which the batter is sentenced to three "hits" and his right to continue batting is revoked is called "pitch kill".

Contact: The defensive behavior of a fielder holding the ball firmly with his glove or hand and touching the runner's body with the ball, hand or glove holding the ball to knock him out is called " Touch and kill". Pass and kill: The defensive behavior of a fielder passing the ball to assist other fielders of the team in completing the task of catching a runner or base runner is called "pass and kill", also called "assist".

Block: The defensive behavior of a fielder passing a ball to a runner or a runner who is forced to advance because the batter hits base is called "blocking". This offensive and defensive situation is called a "blocking situation."

Fielder's Pick: When a fielder is handling an inbound ground ball, the defensive behavior of not passing the batter but passing the first runner out is called "Fielder's Pick." .

Containment and passing: The act of a pitcher stepping on the pitching plate to contain and pass a runner is called "containment and passing."

Pinch: The defensive behavior of a fielder passing a ball to a runner running between two bases is called a "pinch." Double play: A defensive act in which a fielder's excellent defense causes two members of the offensive team to be out consecutively is called a "double play." Double kills include:

(1) Double kill: Double kill caused by a ban.

(2) Double kill caused by blocking and touching: a double kill caused by blocking and then touching.

Three plays: The defensive behavior in which the fielder makes no mistakes in defense and causes three members of the offensive team to be out consecutively is called "three plays".

Body: refers to any part of the body, clothing and equipment of offensive and defensive players or referees.

Contact: Contact with any part of the body, clothes and equipment of a player or referee on the field is called "contact".

Error: Any defensive behavior in which a fielder can catch or pass the ball through normal efforts, but fails to catch or pass the ball, causing the offensive team member to safely reach base or score, is called an "error." Wild pass: A pass in which a fielder's error in passing or catching the ball causes the ball to roll out of the wild pass line or hit an obstacle before rolling out, or roll into the stands, players' bench, etc., and become a "dead ball" is called a "wild pass".

Obstruction: Any behavior that affects the normal offensive and defensive performance of the game players is called "obstruction".

Blocking: The act of blocking a runner from advancing to the base while the fielder is not holding the ball or catching the ball is called "blocking".

Walking ball: Continuing the game, hitting, passing, catching or throwing a ball that is effective offensively or defensively is called a "live ball".

Dead ball: A hit, pass, catch or pitch that suspends play is called a "dead ball". This situation of suspending play is called a "dead ball situation".

Timeout: A command issued by the referee to temporarily interrupt the game. At this time, the field becomes a dead ball situation. Appeal: The defensive team member's foul behavior against the attacking team member and asking the referee to rule out the game is called "appeal".

Protest; the behavior of the competition team requesting the referee to change the decision against the referee's error in enforcing the rules is called "protesting".

Referees and Records

Judgment: The judgment made by the referee is called "judgment".

Legal; conforming to the provisions of the rules is called "legal".

Illegal: Violation of the rules is called "illegal".

Abort the game: A game that is announced to have ended by the referee for some reason is called an "abort of the game".

Tie game: A valid game in which the two teams have equal scores announced by the referee is called a "tie game".

Forfeited match: A match that ends due to one side’s violation of the rules and the referee announces that the other side has won 9:0 is called a “forfeited match”.

Reschedule and continuation: A game in which the referee announces an early suspension for some reason and continues to complete the game regularly is called "rescheduled and continuation".

Two consecutive games: Participating in two consecutive games in one day is called "two consecutive games".

Penalty: According to the rules, the rules for referees to deal with violations of rules by team members and coaches are called "penalties".

Official scorer: The person assigned by the competition organizer to take charge of competition records and technical statistics is called the "official scorer".

The playing field

The playing field is a right-angled fan-shaped area, and both sides of the right angle are the lines that distinguish the in-bounds area and the out-of-bounds area. The area within the two side lines is the in-bounds area, and the area outside the two side lines is the out-of-bounds area. Both in-bounds and out-of-bounds areas (within the wild passing line) are valid areas for the game. The inbounds area is divided into the infield and the outfield. The infield is square, with a base set up at each corner. The base at the sharp corner is home plate, and the remaining bases in counterclockwise direction are first base, second base, and third base. The inbounds area outside the infield is the outfield. The competition venue must be flat and without any obstacles

Note: If there are spectators and obstacles within the specified valid competition venue, or the valid competition venue is less than the specified distance, the referee team shall make a decision based on the basic situation. Make on-the-spot regulations and notify both parties.

The distance between each base in the infield is 27.43 meters. The distance between the front center of the pitcher's plate and the sharp corner of home plate is 18.44 meters. Draw a wild passing line behind home plate and no less than 18.29 meters away from both sidelines. This range is the effective area for out-of-bounds games. The length of both sides is at least 76.20 meters. Any point on the connecting line at the top of the two sidelines should be no less than 76.20 meters away from the sharp corner of home plate (Figure 1)

Ball

Baseball is made of round cork, rubber or similar material The material is used as the center of the ball, which is wound with twine, and then two pieces of white horsehide or cowhide are wrapped with flat threads and tightly sewn together. The surface of the sphere should be smooth. Weight is 141.70g to 148.80g. Circumference is 22.90cm to 23.50cm. The elasticity is: from a height of 4.12 meters, it can bounce back to a height of 1.43 meters to 1.50 meters on a marble slab with a thickness of 6 cm.

Bat

A bat can be made from a whole piece of metal or hardwood or several wood chips glued together, in the shape of a wine bottle. The face of the rod must be smooth and have no cross-section joints. The metal rod must be sealed at both ends. Several wood pieces must be combined according to straight lines. The length of the rod shall not exceed 1.07 meters, and the diameter at the thickest part shall not exceed 7 cm. In order to make it easier to hold the stick, the length from one end of the stick to 45.70 cm can be wrapped with cloth strips, tape or rubber. Note: A bat made of several bamboo pieces glued together can also be regarded as a legal bat as long as it meets the above regulations, is safe and durable.

Clothing

During the game, members of the same team should wear uniforms of the same style and color (including exposed parts of undershirts, ball caps and socks, etc.). There should be no flashing buttons or accessories on the clothing, and there should be a clear number on the back of the top with a length of no less than 15.20 cm. The top and pants must be of the same size. If a player wears different attire from his teammates, he will not be allowed to participate in the competition. Each team should have two outfits of different shades. The first team in each game wears light colors and the second team wears dark colors.

Players may wear baseball shoes with flat iron spikes or rubber toes, but not conical metal spikes. Flat iron nails must not exceed 1.50 cm in length. Note: Coaches and running instructors should wear the same sportswear as the team members.